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HISTORY 



OF THE 

ITNITXID STATES OT AMSUXCA. 

WITH A 

OEOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX, 

AND A 
FOR THE USE OF FAMILIES AND SCHOOLS. 



BY 
FREDERICK BUTLER, A. M. 



PRINTED BY LAZELL & FRANCIS, 
BUFFALO. N. Y. 

1826. 



h: I 7 S 




' DISTRICT OFCONNECTICUT, SS. 

Be it remembered, That on the twentieth day of 
December, in the fiftieth year of the Independence of 
the United States of America, Deniing h Francis, oi 
the said district, have deposited in this office the title 
of a Book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, 
in the words following, to wit : — 

^' A History of the United States of America, with a Geographical 
Appendix, and a Chronological Table of Contents; for the use of 
Families and Schools. By Frederick Butler, A. M." 

In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, en- 
titled "An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the 
copies of maps, charts, and books, to the autliors and proprietors of 
such copies, during the times therein mentioned." — And also to the 
act entitled ''An act supplementary to an act, entitled, 'An act for 
the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, 
charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, 
during the times therein mentioned,' and extending the benefits 
thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical 
and other prints." 

CHARLES A. INGERSOLL, 

Clerk of the District of Connecticut 
A.trae copy of Record, examined and sealed by me, 
CHARLES A. INGERcOLL, 

Clerk of the District of Connecticut. 







J PllliFACi:. 



The history of all the nations of the earth, from the 

> founding of the first monarchy after tlie flooJ, down to 

N. the settlement of North America, shews that tiiey all had 

^ their origin in a state of barbarism, and that all their 

attainments in civil refinement, were derived from war, 

and commerce, except the Israelites, in tlie ancient 

Canaan; that natioii was an exception, to that of all 

others. 

The emigrations from England and other kingdoms 
of Europe, in the 17th century, that peopled the wilds 
of North America, and the nation that has grown out of 
those emigrations, resemble that of the Jewish nation, 
in many of their more prominent features, and the par- 
allel between the two nations, for the first two hundred 
years of their existence, is more striking than that of 
any other two nations that have appeared upon the whole 
page of history. 

A pure religion, as the basis of pure moral virtue, was 
the immediate cause of all the happiness and prosperity 
of the Jews; but when they corrupted the^e, they w(ttQ 
visited with all the calamities that were comai'>a Ut all 
other nations, until they were driven from their country 
an<l s< attered among the nations of the earth. 

So long as a pure religion and a pure moral virtiic, 
coiUiiiue to be the basis of the happiness and prf»sperity 
of the United States, so long we shall fluuri;^h a^ a na- 
tion; but whenever these si) ill be prostituted to tiie lust 

1* 



^^ PREFACE. 

of amhitioh, then we may expect caiamiiies directly pm- 
portioiied to our rrifira) and religious degeneracy. 

If it shoidd be inquired by any, will not our free sys- 
tems of efUication: our genera! diffusion of information, 
and our hee jjfovernments, guard us against all the ca- 
laraities tliat have been common to all other nations'? 
The answer i.s at hand. These, however valuable in 
themselves, are only the hand-maids of religion and 
moral virtue; and v/hen united, have been the imjnedi- 
ate causes of exalting the United States to that liigh el- 
evatioD which they have attained; but whenever they 
sha'l he deserted by religion and virtue, and left to act 
alone, ihey will fall ; our free government will be subvert- 
ed ; a despotism will rise upon its ruins, and the United 
States will be degraded to a level with the enslaved na- 
tions of the earth. 

These facts are not only illustrated in the instance of 
the Jewish nation, but in that of all other nations, both 
ancient and modern, to the present time. 

Those ancient nations that had not the gospel as the 
basis of their religion and virtue, were nevertheless so 
sensible of the importance of the latter, that they deified 
the virtues, and thus attempted to give them permanence 
and respectability ; this answered for a time ; but as they 
had no fixed standard for the moral virtues, they were 
soon corrupted by the lust of ambition, and proved theix' 
own ruin. 

The same is equally true of all those modern nations, 
that have grown out of the dark ages, under the corrup- 
tions of Poj)ery; they have prostituted the gospel to the \ 
absurdities of a heathen philos(»phy; depressed or de- 



PREFACE. T 

stroved iho moral virtues, and riuis involved themselves in 
all the calamities of the ancient heathen world. 

Let me not be understood to say tiiat religion is gov- 
ernment, or that the moral virtues are government; but 
let me be understood to say that they are the only sure 
foundation of government. 

This remark may be illustrated by contrasting Eng- 
land, for instance, before the reformation, with Eno-land 
since tlie Reformation ; or by contrasting^ EnjrJand in 
her present prosperity, with the United States ; but mucii 
more forcibly by contrasting tiie United States of ►'suuth 
America, with the United States of North America. 

Mr. Rollin in his Ancient History, and Mr. Russell in 
his Modern Europe, have both given a full illustrauoti of 
these remarks; and the author of this work, in his 
Sketches of Universal History, has given a miniature 
view of the same subject, that it may become famiharto 
every family and every individual in the United btates. 

In collecting and arranging the materials of this werk, 
the author has endeavored to give as strong an impress- 
ion to the foregoing sentiments, as the nature of twines 
would fairly authori&e, in order to fix upon the minds of 
the rising generation, the necessity and importance of 
cultivating and preserving pure religion and pure moral 
virtue, so long as they wish to enjoy the benefits of a 
free education and a free government'. 

In order that the history of the United States might 
be fairly understood, the author has judged it necessary 
to give a concise chronological m'iqw of the several ad^ 
ventures that led to the diecoyery and settlement of 



^ PREFACE. 

North America, together with a miniature view of the 
rise and progress of the several colonies that commenc- 
ed and carried through the Revolutionary war, and laid 
the foundation of the present National Government.— 
He also judged it necessary to give a concise chronolo- 
gical view of the rise of the several States that have 
since become members of the Confederacy. 

The whole, when taken collectively, exhibit to the 
world the greatest amount of peace, j)rosperity, and hw- 
munhappiuess, that has ever before been known, or ev- 
en contemplated by philosophers, statesmen, or poets; 
a sum of human happiness that cannot be understood 
in Europe, and is very imperfectly realized, cveu by 
ourselves, in the United States; a sum of human happi- 
ness that falls but little short of the enjoyments of the 
great millennial period. 

But says the .Turist, are we not indebted to the great 
Montesquieu, (author of the Spirit of Laws, in the last 
cenvury,) for much of our improvements in jurispru' 
deuce, and refiuements in civil governmejit? 

The answer is at hand. Montesquieu was a French- 
jj^c^rj, and an eminent Frenchman; he infused into his 
countrymen, the very essence of the principles of his 
Bini »t of Laws ; but made no provision for the religion 
of the gospel and the moral virtues, and the French 
Revolution hos exhibited to the world, the character of 
a nation destitute of a pure religion, and the moral 

virtues. 

But, says the civilian, are we not indobted to the Brit- 
ish Constitution for all the privdegcs of free government 



PREFACE. 9 

which we enjoy 1 The answer is at hand, again. The 
British Constitution is truly a " stupendous fabric of hu- 
man inventing;" but what was that to EngUshmen in 
the reigns of Henry VIII. Queen Mary, James I. Ciiarles 
I. or even Charles II. until the Reformation taught the 
knowledge of the gospel and the moral virtues, in Eilg- 
land and Scotland 1 The great balance of power in the 
three estates of the British Constitution, is every thing 
in government to Englishmen under the Protestant 
reigns of the House of Hanover ; it is every thing in 
government, in the United States ; and when coupled 
with the Bible, and made the protector of pure religion 
and the moral virtues, has become the palladium of the 
happiness and the prosperity of this Nation. 

The design of the author, is not to favor any particu- 
lar sect or denomination of christians; but to urge the 
importance of national religion and virtue, as the only 
sure basis of a free government. He has been the more 
particular in this, because this work is immediately de- 
sififned for the use of families and schools, which are, in 
themselves, little comraufiities, that form the great com- 
munity, and are immediately the nurseries of national 
character. 

To the heads of these, the author begs leave to address 
himself, by saying, let the rising generation have every 
possible advantage to acquire a thorough knowledge of 
the Bible, as the only sure basis of all true knowledge, 
as well as of pure moral virtue; reniembering thai they 
are to become the guardians of all those pre-eminent 
privileges that we enjoy, and that to them will be com- 
mitted the destinies of this great and rising Nation. 



NOTES. 

[Th6 following Notes should have been inserted in the Appendix.] 

Gen. Putnam and Major Small. 

Our readers will recollect tbat in the account we gave 
of the Marquii* La Fayette's visit to Bunker Hill, in 
1825, allusion was njadetothe fact of Gen. Putnam's 
havii*sr saved the life of his former friend and companion 
in arms, Major Small, of the British army. Putnam 
and iSrnail had served together in the |»recedini( war with 
Frnnce, and had contracted a stj onjv and intimate friend- 
ship lor each other. In the hoitesi part of the battle of 
l?unkef's Hill, Putnam observed some of his unerring 
marksmen taking deadly aim at Small, who wa.> at the 
head of a part of th« British forces, and by an instinc- 
tive impulse, turned aside tlieir nuskets, nnd saved his 
friend's life. A respectable officer who w;is on the spot 
and personally acquainted with the facis which he re- 
latf's, has sent us the hdlowing anecdotes of these two 
officers, \\hich even at this distance of time cannot be 
read without interest. Putnam was naturally brave and 
undaunted: he was a patriot as u ell as a solriie • ; of 
the most usu-orruptible integrity, as well as the most un- 
shaken fiiHiness and resohuion. We knew bin) per- 
sonally towards tlie close of his life. His appearinee 
corresponded with his character and princijjles— his per- 
son was venerable, his manners plain but ds^inifietf. his 
temper steady and serene, and his confideiu e in an o- 
verrulinjr Providence fixed and coiisoling ; and thouali 
he was then impaired by aj^e ann bodilv infirmity, he 
looked upon the past with satisfaction, and at the future 
wr.i) theho|>e of a devout but humbie Christian. 

''Not more thnn a week after the battle of Bunker 
Hill, and while Gen. Putnam had his station on Pros- 
pect IHll,a person in a horse cart, bearirf^ a fla^ of 
truc-P, brought to the American lines a hamper of por- 
ter, addressed to Gen. Putnam from his friend Major 
Small. This led to ^^onie conversation m the marque, 
wUen the Geneial reuiarked that Sn rdl remembered the 
service he had done him ; for, said he, I saved his life by 



NOTES. 11 

restraining a few shots that would certainly Imve killed 
him : two or three marksmen were in tiie act of level- 
ling their pieces over the breast work north of the re- 
doubt, when I came up to it fram the left and recognized 
Small. I stopped the fire and he escaped — let us drink 
health and long life to him. He is our enemy to be sure, 
but he is a generous hearted fellow, and 1 could nor see 
■ him killed in cold blood. 

The day before Washington joined the army at Cam- 
bridge, Gen. Putnam received from Major Small a note, 
importing that he felt himself under great obligation, 
and wished for an interview on the lines the Sunday fol- 
lowing, that he might express his gratitude in person. — 
This note was submitted to Washington, who advised a 
compliance on the part of Putnam. They met, under 
the shade of an oak ; and after a friendly conversation 
of half an hour, in which the transactions of by gone 
days were recalled, Small said — "^ou Jimsf know, Put- 
nam, that you can never succeed in this daring opposi- 
tion to his majesty's government. You have seen enough 
of British valour, and knoiv enough of the strength and 
power of Britain, to convince you that this Rebellion will 
be crushed : and what then will become of you ? I 
know you are a brave man, and may fnll ingloriously as 
a rebel — but as sure as you survive, a halter will be pro- 
vided for your neck! Your services in Canada with our 
army are remembered, and they all respect you. The 
government is desirous of conferring on you a reward, 
too long and too unjustly withheld ; and I come now 
with full authority from Gen. Gage, to assure you, that 
if you will leave the service in which you are engaged, 
and which from the nature of it must be transient, and 
join his majesty's standard under which you have so f)ft- 
en fought, you shall have the same rank in the Brinsh 
army as you now nominally hold over a mere rabble." — 
Here, taking the General by the hand and layini; the 
other on his shoulder, he continued — "Putnam, 1 know 
yon will fight, but who have you to support you ? I had 
a terrible witness of your daring spirit on yonder height, 
and 1 owe my life to your generosity — let me, then nev- 
er meet you again as an enemy." Gen. Putnam repli- 
ed — *'You know. Small, that we have had recent con- 
versations on this su! ject — only a short time l>efo! e hos- 
tilities commenced, and how fully I then stated to you 



12 NOTES. 

my perfect conviction of the justice of our cause, and 
my firm determination to stand or fall with my country. 
This determination remains unchanged : 1 know, in- 
deed, tlic* power of Britain, and the strength of her arm ; 
but, there is a higher power, and a stronjj^er arm, which 
will sustain me and save my country. Whde, therefore, 
I shall continue to love you, individually as a friend, if 
you mingle with those who come to trample on rights 
which God and nature gave, under pretence of "crushing 
rebellion," I must and will meet you as an enemy." — 
This conversation was immediately reported to Wash- 
ington ; who, with his accustomed prudence, remarked, 
that, considering the jealousy of the times, it had better 
not be made public." DwighVs Adv, 

Neic-YorJc Canals, 
In 1818, 1 had the pleasure to congratulate the legis- 
lature on the auspicious commencement and successful 
progress of the contemplated water communications be- 
tween the great western and northern lakes and the At- 
lantic ocean : and I now have the peculiar gratification 
to felicitate you on their completion. On the 26th of 
October last, the western canal was in a navigable state, 
and vessels passed from Lake Erie to the Atlantic 
ocean. In about eight years artificial communications, 
near 428 miles, have been opened — to the Hudson river 
from Lake Charaplain by the northern canal — to Lake 
Ontario by the Otsego river and the western canal, and 
to Lake Erie, and the other western lakes by the latter 
canal — thus affording an extent of inland navigation un- 
paralleled in the experience of mankind. The expense 
of these works and of some auxiUary, connected and in- 
cidental operations amounts to $9,130,373 83, exclusive 
•f interest paid on loans. The canal debt is as follows : 
84,524,270 99 at 5 per cent. 
3,213,500 at 6 per cent. 



7,737,770 99 
The annual interest of which is $419,023 55. The sum 
of $270,000 of the 6 per cent, stack is reimbursable at 
the pleasure of the state after the iirst day of October, 
and the remainder of the debt after the first day of Ju- 



NOTES. 13 

Ij 1838 and 1845. The amount of tolls received this 
yefir has not been exactly ascertained, but it will not fill 
short of half a million. [Subsequent otfi^ial statements 
make the amount received for tolls m ISio $521,^543.] 
Gov. Clinton's Message^ 18^6. 



Canals. 

On the 4th of July, 1825, a Canal from the Ohio river at 
the the mouth of the Scioto to Cleavelan 1, was beijan, 
and istobe 306 miles in lenifth. Another Canal from 
Cincinnati to Dayton, 60 miles lon^jf. is also commenced. 
These works are in a prosperous way, and it is supposed 
will be finished in three or four years. 

Kentucky has incorporated a company with liberal 
grants and privileges, for makin;sj a canal round the falls 
of the Ohio river at Louisville, and this operation is go- 
ing on under respectable auspices. 

The state of Illinois has authorised the construction 
of a Canal from Illinois river to Lake Michigan, ari !er 
very encoura?;mg circumstances; ando* i^r ircije .i.s for 
uniting the great Lakes of the west with rh<^ vvaters that 
fun into the Mississippi} are in coatemplaiion. 



ERRATA. 

Page. 

31, line 5 from top, for Tli«jgermore, read Higginson, 
1. 18 from top, for Harris, read Haines, line 12 
from bottom, for Georges, read Gorges, line 9 
from bottom, for Georges, read Gorges, line 1 
from bottom, for 1538, read 1638. 
32, 1. 10, from from top, for maintaining, read main- 
tained, line 2 from bottom, for as, read was. 
34, 1. 19, from top, for Newton, read Newtown. 

86, I. 13 from top, omit New-Ham pslii re. 

43, 1. 15 from bottom, for Holland, read Tolland. 

44, 1. 15 from top, for Jarenteens, read Tarenteens. 

45, 1. 19 from bottom, omit to, before the village. 

46, 1. 4 from top, for were, read was. 

49, 1. 9 from top, for Cotton, read Cutts ; 1. 1 from bot- 
tom, for second, read succeed. 

53, 1. 17 from top, for thirsty, read thirsting. 

57, 1.2 from top, for quoe pulchro, read qua pulchra ; 
line 10, omit comma between Say and Seal ; line 
1 from bottom for folios, read folio. 

65, 1. 7 for Nantucket, read Nantasket. 

72, 1. 9 for Arcadians, read Acadians. 

78, 1. 1 from bottom, for into, read with. 

85, 1. 18 from top, for Vanduvil, read Vandreuil. 

87, 1. 13 from top, for Pocack, read Pocock. 

88, 1. 6 from top, for cuti, read uti. 

96, 1. 13 from top, for Chickahoming, r. Chickahominy. 
102,1. 10 from top, for reasonable, read seasonable. 
108, 1.8 from top, for Wockocker, read Waskocken. 
109, 1. 11 from bottom, for Martinco, read Martineo ; 1. 

8 from bottom, to tlie word Ralph, add Lane. 
11?, I. Ofrom top, forOkirko, read Okisko ; 1. 5 from 

bottom, for Arundale, and Surrey, read Arundel 

and Surry. 
123, 1, 12 from bottom, for rescue, read secure. 
129, 1. 2, chap. vii. for Syreonnel, read T^reonnel. 
132, 1. 13 from bottom, for tena, read terra. 
136, 1 9 from top, for Bane, read Barre. 
144, 1. 12 Irom bottom, remove comma from Nievvcr 

Amstel. 
152, 1. 17 from bottom, for Gulielmar, read Gulielraa. 



ERRATA. 15 

Page. 

155, 1. 29 from top, omit comma between myrtle wax. 

157, 1. 5 from top, for Ceecil, read Coecil. 

173, 1. 3 from top, for forces, read focus. 

183, 1. 20 from top, for cartigat, read castigat; line IS 
from bottom, for audisque, read auditqne. 

190, 1. 21 from bottom, for compliment, read comple- 
ment. 

204, 1. 8 from top, for distinction, read destination. 

216, 1. 7 from bottom, for Piielps, read Piiilips. 

218, I. 1 from top, for rallied, read sallied. 

271, 1. 2 from bottom, for distresses, read distress. 

272, 1. 14 from bottom, for 1781, read 1782. 
290, 1-9, Chapter II. for Sciota, read Scioto. 

337, 1. 5 from top, for 17th January, read 17th February. 

The editors offer as an apology fixr the lono' list of 
Errata, in this work, that the jAuthor resides at Weth- 
ersfield, Connecticut ; a distance of more than 400 miles 
from Buffalo; which rendered it impossible ior b.im to 
examine and correct the proof-sheets; and the Printers 
were not accustomed to read his writing. The Author 
has endeavored to make o'.itthe Erriita, in as correct a 
manner as possible, from a perusal of a copy of thp 
work. 



The discovery of America, may be considered as one 
of tie nuist important events in the annals of mt n It 
tvill ur mately be productive of the greatest consequen- 
ces to this vvorUl. 

The first outhnes of the history of America, I have 
comprey'^ed irtothe following chronological form, shew- 
in^f n rhe concisest manner, the first adventures which 
Jed to the discovery and settlement of the several parts 
of the New World : 

Christopher Columbus, (a native of Genoa,) un- 
der "he patronage of Ferdinand and Isabella, King 
and Queen of Spain, diseovered the Islands of St. 
S;>.j\ador and Cuba, in the West-Indies, and re^ 
turned to Spain, A. D. 1492. 

Made a second vovage, which proved unsuc- 
•es.-ful, ' 1493* 

Made a third voyagCr and discovered South A- 
meiica, 1498. 

Americas Vespucius, under the patronage of 
the UK rchants of Seville, followed the track of 
Colundius; touched upon the Continent of South 
America ; returned ; published a pompous account 
of hi8 voyage and discoveries, and gave his name 
to the Continent of America, 14§9. 

John Cab<!t, a Venetian, obtained a grant from 
Henry V5f. of England, for foreign discoveries; 
explored the c< ast of North America; touched 
upon the coast of Labrador, and returned to Eng- 
land, 1496. 

The next year he explored the whole extent of 
the American coast, from Davis' Strait to Florida; 
discovered Newfoundland, and returned to Eng- 
land, 1497. 

Sebastian Cabot, (son of John Cabot,) under 
Henry \M. ])vr^nei.\ the adventures of his father; 
visited Newfoundland, and carried several natives 
to Bjigland, 1502. 



INTRODUCTION. 17 

Alvarez de Cabral, on his passajfe to India from 
Lisbon, (Portu;ja]) discovered Brazil, 150Q. 

Juaij L«f>n, an adventurer from Porto Rico, dis- 
covered Florida, gave it its name, and attempted 
Q settlement, 1513o 

Terra Firraa, (on the Continent of South A- 
merica,) was settled by Spain, 1520. 

Cortez, the Spanish adventnrer, conquered Mex- 
ico, 1521. 

The next adventurer was Stephen Gomez, a 
Spaniard, who explored the coast from Florida to 
Cape Race, latitude 46 deg. north, in search of a 
north-west passage to India, 1535. 

Pizarro, another Spanish adventurer, conquered 
Peru, 1540. 

Ferdinand de Soto, who had served under Cor- 
tes in the conquest of Mexico, sailed from the Isl- 
and of Cuba, with a military force of 900 men, 
and landed in Florida, in quest of the wealth of an- 
other city of Mexico. 1539. 

He traversed the interior, throuj^h the Chicka- 
saw country, crossed the Mississippi, and proceed- 
ed up Red River, a very considerable distance, 
where he died, at the end of three years. His 
troopj! returned to the Mississippi, constructed such 
shifiping as would convey tliem down the river, 
and thus returned to Cuba under Alverdo their 
leader, 1542. 

The Portuifuese settled Brazil, 1549. 

Francis I. Kinjij of France, made some efforts 
for discoveries in ihe N«'W SVoild, by John Vere- 
zano, a Florentine ; but he was lost in his second 
adventure, 1524. 

Ten years after this, Francis I. made another 
effort, by .Tames Quartier, who touched at New- 
foundland; discovered and gave name to the Gulf 
of ?^t. Lawrence, and made an unsuccessful at- 
tempt to find a passage to Chinn, 1534. 

The rtffxt year he explored the JSt. Lawrence, 
up to the rapids; wintered in the country, at a 
Fort which he buill cm the Isle of Orb ans, and in 
the spring, carried several of the navtives to 
France^ 1536^ 

2* 



18 INTRODUCTION. 

James Qiiartier pursued his adventures under 
die same paironaije, to complete a settleuKM't m 
Canada, or NewT ranee, where he remained, at 
a place which he named Charlebour^*-, about two 
years, and then retired to Newfoundland, 1540 

Francis 1. sent out other adventurers to strength- 
en tie settlements in Canada; but they all failed, 1542. 

About tills time bejjan the Nevvf»)undland fisl'.- 
eiies, winch have since proved so profitable to ihe 
Wfuld. 

The French, under Chattiilon, made some fur- 
ther discoveries in East Florida, and attempted a 
settlement, which failed, J56-I 

About ihis time, several French adventurers vis- 
ited the coast in quest of a pa^f^age to India, and 
returned to i ranee. Commodore Ribault, was 
dispatched from France by tl^e Admiral Coligni, 
with two ships, to plant a colony in North Ameri- 
ca. Fie touched at Fort Iloyal, (South Carolina,) 
landed his men, built a fort, and called it Charles, 
where he left a colony of twenty or thirty men, un- 
der Captain Albert, and returned to France, 1^64. 

This colony was overpowered by a fleet of six 
vessels froni ^Spain, and all massacred, 1566. 

The Irencdu with a fleet of three ships, reveng- 
ed on the 8}»aniards, tiie murder of their country- 
men, and destroyed the Fort and settlensent, 15G8. 

liienext adventurer that visited the coast, was 
Captain Frobisher, who sailed from England in 
quest of a North-West passage to India ; but being 
obstructed by the ice, lie abandoned the enterprise, 
and returned to Ei*glat]d, 1576. 

This year Sir Francis Drake doubled Cape 
Horn, and discovered New Albion, upon the west- 
ern eoas«, north of California. 

Uueen Elizabeth granted letters |)atent to Sir 
Humphry Gilbert, for foreigndiscoverie>, and in his 
adventures he touched at Newfoundland, and from 
thence to the Continei:t, and to(>k possession for 
the cr^jwn of England, lie was lost in a storm, 1583. 

'Fl;e coast of Virginia was discovered; named 
afler t!;e virgin Queen, and settled by 107 persons, 
acar Roanoke, by Hir Walter Raleigh, 1585. 



INTRODUCTION. 19 

The next year this colony returned to England, 
with kSlt Francis Drake, 1586. 

Sir Waiter Raieii^h. sent out sevea ships, with 
another colony, to the same setliemtnt on tlie Ro- 
anoke, wlicre they endured extrem*^ hardships, and 
were in their turn, conceyed. back to England, by 
Sir Frajicis Drake, 1587. 

Sir Waiter sent out Governor White with a col- 
ony, to streni»tlien the former colony at Roanoke, 
with a charter and a rej^uiar fohn ot" government; 
but iliey were gone, and Gt'jvernor White left a 
colony of 115, at Rcsanoke, and returned, 1588. 

Governor White came over aiiain, to recruit the 
little colony in Virginia ; but alas! they had all 
shared the fate of his former colony, and not a 
vesti<^;e of them remained, 1590. 

\Vith this colony, came out Mantco and Towaye, 
two natives who had been carried to England by 
former idveiUurers. The fornner was bap.tised in 
August, which is not only the first convert amongst 
the natives, but the first notice of any religious 
rite in all these numercius adventures. At the 
same time, a daughter was born in the colony, of 
a ^Irs, Dare, whom she called Virginia. This 
was the first christian birth in North America. 

A Spanisii expedition under Juan de Fuca, was 
sent out from IMexico, to explore a North- West 
passage, who discovered the strait that bears his 
name, latitude 48 north, and returned, 1593. 

In the reign of Henry IV. of France, an expe- 
dilioii sailed under De lalioche, constating of con- 
vicli, to conquer and settle Canada. De laLoche 
Ian. led lx)rty on ihe isle of Sables, where they lan- 
Ciiished seven years, and then twelve returned to 
Frant-e, where they were pardoned, ar.d received 
fifty crowns each, from the King, to recompense 
their suiTenng?!, 1598. 

This year Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and 
Elizabeth I>!j;nd, and Dover Clifi^", were discovered 
by Carth(dnmew Gosnold, and thirty-two adven- 
turers, who mailf an aU'jmj-.t to settle on Elizabeth 
Island; but failed and returned to England, 1602. 

At this time not one solitary English, French, 
or Dutch, settlement had been made, on the whole 



^ INTRODUCTION. 

coast of North America, through the lon^ period 
of adventures, for 110 years. 

The English made two adventures to Virginia, 
and not finding the third colony at R«:aijoke, and 
being roughly handled by the natives, they all re- 
turned to England,. 1603* 

The French began their settlement at Fort Roy- 
al, on the Bay of Fundy, 1604. 

The English, under Captain Weymouth, explor- 
ed the coast of the Province of Maine; made no 
settlement, but carried off several natives, and re- 
turned, 1605« 

This year James I. divided Virginia into two 
colonies or distiicts, (for there was not a settlement 
in either,) the southern was bounded on the 34tli 
and 41st degrees of north latitude, and styled the 
first colony, and srranted to the London Company. 
The northern or second colony, was included with- 
in the 3Sth and 45th degrees of north latitude, and 
grouted to the Plymouth company, 1606. 

Each of these companies consisted of a Presi- 
dent and twelve assistants, to govern the affairs 
of the colony; with express prohibitions to settle 
within ©ne hundred miles of each other. 

The next year another colony commenced the 
settlement of Jamestown, on James River, under 
Captain Newport, 1607. 

This was the first settlement planted in North 
America. 

The Plymouth Company sent out Admiral Sir 
Raw ley Gilbert with one hundred planters, to 
NorJlj Virginia, with Captain George Pophani for -. , \ 

their President. AdniiiHl Gilbert touched at Sag- | 

adahoc, (RMjnebec) River ; landed forty- five men, 
with their President, and tlie rest returned to Eng- 
laiid. At the same time a company from St. i\ia- 
lo( 9, in France, founded Quebec, 1607. 

The sufferings of the Sagadahoc colony; the 
loss of their htore-hou^e, by fire, and ol their Pres- 
ident, induced them to return to England, the next 
seasf'U, 1608. 

1 he same year Jamestown was burnt. 

This year tl»o Lon<t(in Conij^^any sent out sup- 
plies and a recruit of two hundred persons, to 



INTRODUCTION. IS 

strengthen the colonj at Jamestown, which now 
anjounled to five hundred, 1608 — 0.* 

Admirn] Somers, on his passage to America, 
with a part of this little fleet, was wrecked on one 
of the Bahama Islands, and hjst his ship; hw! the 
crew and passengers were all saved, and remain- 
ed there until tl»c next year, when thev were taken 
off by Eord Delaware, on his passage to Virginia.f 

'J'he eolony at Jnn-estown was now rediued to 
sixty, and had all embarked for England ; hut 
meeting his Lordship at the entrance of the Bay, 
they were induced to return with him and resume 
their settlement at Jamestown, June lOrh, 1610. 

Here commences the history of Virginia. 

This year ISir Thomas Dale and Sii Thomas 
Gates, sent out each 800 men, with cattle, swine, 
&c. for the settlement, 161 L 

In the year 1607 — 8, Captain Henry Hudson 
received a commission from Kiiii' James 1 for for- 
eign adventure, and in the service of the East- 
India Company, sailed in quest of a North-West 
passage, 1607 — 8. 

In 1609, 1 e left this service in disgust, and pros-. 
ecuied his adventures in the service ol the Dutch. 
He entered North Rjver, which he called by his 
own name, 1609. 

This adventure gave rise to the Dutch settlement 
at New Netherlands, 1613. 

Conception Bay, in iho Island of Newfoundland, 
was settled by John Gray, under a patent from 
King James, 1613. 

This year Captain Smith, with two ships, sailed 
to the GoasT of North Virginia, and took out with 
him,. Tantum or Squantum, an Indian fttrmerly 
earned to England, b\ Captain Weymouth, in 
1605. Captain Smith landed Tantum at Cape 
Cod, and explored the Massachusetts Bay, and re- 



*The same year the Rev. John Robinson removed 
with his flock, to Holland. 

tBy soaie it is understood that they built a vet^sel and 
sailed fur Jamestown, without the assistance of Lord 
Ijfelaware^ 



22 ' INTRODUCTION. 

turned to England in one vessel; but left the other 
with Captain Hunt, who touched at Sagadahoc 
River, and decoyed on board, twenty Indians, and 
carried them to fepain, where he sold them for 
^20 each, as slaves, 1614. 

This perfidious act proved highly prejudicial to 
the trade, hereafter. 

When Captain Smith returned to England, he 
drew a chart of tliis coast, and called it New-Eng- 
land which still continues. 

This year William Baffin, in search of a North- 
West passage, discovered the Bay that bears his 
name, 1616. 

About this time a sweeping sickness amongst the 
natives, desolated the coast about i\5assachusetts- 
Bay, and the tribe of Patuxet was wholly destroy- 
ed. This opened the way for the settlement of 
the Puritan Colony at Nev/-P!ymouth, 1620. 

The following Chronological Summary, will show the 
order of time in which the settlements in North Ameri- 
ca, but more j)articularly in the United States, com- 
menced. Also the order of time in which the several 
new Slates were admitted into the Federal Union: 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 



Quebec, (capital of Lower Canada,) settled by 

the French, 16GS. 

Newfoundland, by the English, 1610. 

Virginia; first settlement at Roanoke, 1585.— 

Jamestown, 1607; became permanent, 1610. 

New-York, 1610—1614. 

Nev/'Jersey, as a part of New-Netherlands, at the 
same time. First settlement at Elizabeth- 
town, about the year, 1661. 

New-Plymouth, by the Puritan Colony, 1620. 

Nova Scotia, by the Scotch under Sir William Al- 
exander, 1622. 

Confirmed to the English by France, after several 

changes, at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, • 1648. 

New-Hampshire, 1623. 



INTRODUCTION. 23 

Delaware and Pennsylvania, by llie Swedes and 

Fins, 1627. 

Massachusetts-Bay, 1628. 

Maryland, 1633. 

Connecticut and Rhcde-fsland, 1635. 

New-.Tersey. under a graiit to the Duke of York, 1664* 

Carolina, at Albemarle, (Northern Colony,) 1650. 

Do. at Port Royal, (Southern Colony,) 1670. 

Charter surrendered to the crown of England and 

government divided, 1729. 

Georgia, 1733. 

Vermont, settled from New-Hampshire, 1764. 

Admitted into the Federal Union, 1791. 

Kentucky, settled, 1773. 

Admitted into the Union, 1792. 

Tennessee, settled, 1754. 

Admitted into the Union, 1796. 

Ohio, settled, 1787. 

Admitted into the Union, 1802. 

Louisiana, settled by the French, 1699. 

Purchased by the United States, of France, for 

15,000,000 dollars, 1803. 

Became a State and was a(.4mitted into the Union, 1812. 

Indiana, became a State and was admitted into the 

Union, 1816. 

Mississippi, originally a part of Georgia, admit- 
ted into the Union, 1817. 

Illinois, became a State and was admitted, 1818. 

Alabama, originally a part of Georgia, admitted, 1819. 

Missouri, a part of the Louisiana purchase ad- 
mitted, 1821. 

Maine, originally a part of Massachusattes ad- 
mitted, 1821. 

Micliigan, became a Territorial government, 1800. 

Arkansas, a part of the Louisiana purchase, do. 1819. 

East and West Florida, ceded by Spain to the U- 
nited States, and became a Territorial govern- 
ment, 1821. 

By this table may be seen the most rapid and exten- 
sive settlements, that have ever been wimessed in the 
family of man; embracing an extent of territory, frona 
the Gulf of Mexico on the south, to Hudson's Bay on 



a4 INTRODUCTION. 

the north ; and from the shores of the Atlantic on the 
east, to the interior wilds of Louisiana on the west.— 
More than 2000 miles square, and embracing a popula- 
tion of more than fourteen millions of free people. All 
accomplished in the space of two centuries. Those 
very two centuries in which ihe Reformation waded 
in blood in Europe, and found a retreat in the wildc 
of America. 



lilSTOEY a-F Tf^TE UNITED STATES. 

P.4.^11.^ I. . 
CilAPTER I. 
llommencemait of the Sdtkment of JSfew. Eaglani. 

PIAMOUTll, 

TflE commttncemeiit of the reformation inEnirlancI, 
tinder John WrcKLiiFFE, ia the 14th Century; tlie rise of 
Discipies of \\ ickliffk cailed Lollards ; their principles, 
their persecsiiinis nndei- Henry Vlil. and the succeed- 
ing rijions; their flight to Germany, and Swi-t/e. land ; 
the refinement of their principles and modes of worship, 
imder the advice of John Calvin, the <«»eat Aoostie of 
Switzerland ; which ijave to their Church the title or 
r.ame of Parita i ; their return to Enj^ and, in the reign 
of Queen Elizabeth ; th^ir f)ersecutions in the reijfn of 
James tlie 1st; their tii',dit to Holland, in the year 1603, 
under the pious Jolin Rohinson, their pastor, are all faith- 
fully recorded in Neal's history of the Puritans, and in 
Hume's Iiistory of Englanc?. 

Let us now accompany a part of this little flock to the 
v/ilds of America, and witness how Goil rolls on the 
successive events of his providence, to accomplish his 
purposes and designs. 

Twelve years this little flock enjoyed their relicjion ia 
peace amonost their brethren in llolland ; i ut the abu- 
ses of the Sabbath, together with the confusion of busi- 
ness, and the general character of the Dutch, rendered 
their residence irksome: they therefore res(dved to make 
one more effort to find a retreat, where they misiht enjoj 
the reli<iion of their hearts in i^eace. To effect this, 

•they turned their attention to the shores of Nojth Ame- 
rica. 

They sent their agents to England to negociate with 
the London company, who wei'e at that time making 
efforts for the settlement of Virginia, and obtained a pa- 
tent for their accommodation, 1619. In Jidy, 1620, a 

^art of Mr. Robinson's congregation, tore thenlselv<^^s from 

3 



2Q HISTORY OP U. STATES. 

their beloved pastor and friends, and embarked for Eng- 
land, where thej landed to complete the preparations for 
tSieir voyage. 

in August they embarked at Southampton, and set 
sail for America; but were constrained to return, oa 
account of tl>e leakiness of one of their vessels. On the 
6th of September, they took their departure from Ply- 
Biouth, and on the 18th of November came to anchor iia 
the harbour of Cape-Cod. 

Their object was to join the Dutch colony at Manhat- 
tan, at the mouth of the Hudson river ; but the Dutch 
captain defeated this object, by touching at Cape-Cod, at 
the entrance of Massachusetts-Bay. * 

Such had been the severities, and distresses of the voy- 
age, that tliey preferred landing uponfhitesolitary coast, 
tiO encountering again the perils of tlie deep, at this'Iate 
seascmof the year. They accordingly made the neces- 
sary arrangements for landing, upon thi^ dreary, deso- 
late, inhospitable waste. To effect tRis, they first poured 
eut their souls to God in prayer, and thanksgiving, for 
his preservation, and deliverance; they next drew up, 
and subscribed a solemn compact -for the government of 
the colony ; and when this had been duly executed, by 
twenty-four heads of families, and seventeen single men, 
making forty-one subscribers^ in behalf of the whole; 
"which amounted to one hundred and one ; they proceed- 
ed to elect Mr. John Carver as tlteir Governor for one 
year. 

Thus bavinsr organized their little colony, they pro- 
ceeded to land their families, and effects, and to imprint 
the first footsteps of civilized man upon this desolate 
«hore of the New World. 

This leing accomplished, they fell on their knees, and 
poured out their souls renewedly, in prayers and praises 
with thanksgiving, and dedicated their hearts, their 
lives, and all tliat they possessed to God their deliverer ; 
and committed tinemselves to his most lioly keeping, — 
November 20th, 1620. 

When they had celebrated the first Sabbath in this 
Tittle colony, and thus rendered the shores of this howl- 
ing wilderness vocal with the praises of their God, they 
commenced the labours of the week, in exploring the 
^ast, in the shallop ; and the forest with an armed party, 
tB spy oat the land, and discover the face of the countisy.^ 



SETTLEMENT OF N. ENGLAND. W 

m quest of a permanent residence. In all their several 
attemptsto explore the forest, they cfiscovered llie sava- 
ges, who sometimes fled ai llieir approaiii, and at others 
annojed them with showers of arrows, and tlie horrors 
of their savage yells, but the report of their fire-arms 
awed them into submission, or held them at bay. 

On the 17th of De( endier, they discovered a sjte, at 
the bottom of a spacious, delightiul bay, which attracted 
their attention, as being best adapted to their nccessiiiesj, 
for a permanent residence. Tliere they planted theii* 
little colony, and called it Plymouth, in honor of the port, 
that witnessed their last adieu to the land of theirlaliiers, 
Tliere they erected their dwellinits, which formed the 
first village in New-Englaml ; a village of h)n huts ; 
here tliey a^vsin ceiebiated the sable ath, and the wiMerr- 
ness again becante vocal with the praises of their God, 
Thus they pl.uited down upon the borders of an un- 
bounded forest, at the commencement of a New-England 
winter; without sujiport, excepting the scanty remains 
of the voyage; and without friends to succour of protect 
them : before them was the wilderness, full of tlie habi- 
tations of cruelty ;. beliind them that ocean, with its bois- 
terous and tempestuous billows, which had borne them 
to these remote regions^ In their dwellings a mortal 
sickness soon prevailed, that rage^l through the winter, 
and swept ofit* forty-six of their number. To add to this 
and other calamities, tlieir store house look fire, and ci)n- 
suined much of their valuable effects. Heie was a pic- 
ture of distress, that opened a field for the display of 
the virtues of that religion, which they had foisaUeu 
fathers and mothers, houses, and lands, and even their 
dear native country, tise land of their fathers, nd thus 
jeoparded their lives upon the ocean, anii in the wilder- 
ness, to secure and enjoy. This fitdd (»f distress became 
to them a field of delight ; in the midst of their suffer- 
ings their hearts were unappalled, they trusted in God^ 
and he was their deliverer. 

In tiie midst of this distress, a friendly Indian wh# 
spoke English, came into their village, and excla.ined 
wdcome English, ivclcome English. By this Indian they 
learnt the geography of the adjacent country, the names, 
and number 'sf the tribes in this region; particularly 
that the tribe of Patuxet, which had possessed the section 
m which they had landed, had shortly byfur® been eat 



■IS HISTOIIY Orv. i?TATES. 

ofF by a mortal sickness. Throuo-h the instrumentality 
of this Indian, a friendly intercourse was opened with 
the neighbouring tribes, and a friendly conference intro- 
duced v. ith the neighbouring chiefs ; he taught them also 
iiow to cultivate the Indian corn. 

In the course of the winter, they formed themselves 
into a mihtary company, and chose Miles Standish for 
iheir captan, who became to the colony a distinguished 
chief. The iirst mihtary display of Captain t^tandish, 
aj»pears in his comlucting the great Sachem Massasoit, up- 
on a friendly interview with Governor Carver, March, 
1621. At this interview a treaty of alliance, ofiensive, 
anil defensive, was concluded, with an interchange of 
great civilities. The Governor kissed the hand of the 
Sachem, and the Sachem the hand of the Governor; and 
the treaty wad religiously observed for more than 50 
years. = 'aprain Standish became the champion of the 
colony, exhibiting specimens of distinguished coolness, 
intrepidity and bravery, that rendered his name a ter- 
ror to the savages, and greatly endeared him to the colo^ 
jiy. In the midst of these scenes, died Governor Car- 
ver, April, 1621, and was succeeded by Governor Brad- 
ford. 

This year they continued to explore the country, cul- 
lavatetne ground, and maintain upon just and equitable' 
terms, their friendly intercourse with the natives. And 
in autumn, they were blest with plentiful supplies for the 
approaching winter. 

This friendly intercourse excited the jealousy of the 
Naragansctt and other tribes, yet more remote, which 
produced some colhsions with the friendly tribes ; but 
ihem, the colony soon quelled by the terror of ifeeir lire- 
arms. 

At this time (Nov.) a ship arrived from England, w th 
rhirty-five passer.gers, by which they learnt the distract- 
ed state of their country ; amidst the trying scenes of 
privilege and prerogative, and they rejoiced in the God 
♦uf ihesr comforts, who had given them a quiet retreat a- 
midst the savages of the forest, wiiere they might enjoy 
the reli«»ionof tlieir hearts. 

During the administration of Gov. Bradford, o patent 
Wasobianied for the Plymouth company, from King 
diaries I. in the name of Wm. Bradford, his heirs, as-' 
neiates and assigns, which defined the limits of New» 



MASSACHUSETTS. m 

England, and confirmed their former title against all en^ 
croaciiments from tlie crown or foreign adventurers ; 
and gave tliem the right of holding tlie country, either 
by purchase or conquest. This patent gave strength ta 
the colony, and opened a commercial intercourse with 
England, in their fur trade, which proved useful and. 
profitable to the parties. 



* 



CHAPTER H. 

MASSACHUvSRTTS. 

In the year 1625, died E^ing James I. and was succeedf-^ 
ed by his son Charles I. That fire of civil and religious 
controfersy, which distracted the reign of James 1. was 
kindled into a flame in the reign of Charles I. by the 
madness of the King, his ministers and prelates ; at the 
head of whom stood the Duke ot Buckingham and Dish- 
op Laud. These scenes of distress and persecuti«)ns, 
drove into voluntary banishment, many of th.ose sons of 
liberty and virtue, which increased the colony of Plym- 
outh, and augmented her strength. Some of tlie best 
blood of the nation, looked to the wilds of America for 
a retreat and actually obtained patents from the croun, 
to accomplish their designs. 

In the year 16:37, King Charles!, granted a patent to 
Henry Roswell and others; constitutinir them a bfx'y j)oI- 
itic, un<Ier the name of "the Governor and company of 
Massachusetts Bay, in New-Kngland, Asc." This pat- 
ent was c()nfirmed by the Plymomh company, and ex- 
tended three miles north of the Merrimacand three sontii 
of the Charles river, and from the Atlantic on tlie east 



*Note. — On the :3d of Nov. 1620. King James ir'^ant- 
ed a patent to the Earl of Warwick and others, (to the 
number of about fort}') and their successors; stvf'ing 
them the council of Plymouth, in the c(Miiity of Devon, 
for the jilantuiii', ruling, ordering an;! governiuir of Nevv- 
Eiigland, in Am* rica. This charier include ■ nil that 
pan oi Aineria that lies between the 40ln and 48lh de- 
grees of north latilude. 

3* 



^0 HISTORY <3F U. STATES, 

to the Pacific on the west ; which laid the foundation of 
the coh)ny of Massachusetts. A settlement commenced 
this year, at Naiimkeag, (Salem) by an emigration from 
E no land,under the administration of Capt.John Endicott; 
this was augmented the next year, by another emigra- 
tion, to the number of three hundred. 

In 1629, John Winthrop and 1 homas Dudley, were 
chosen Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, of the colo- 
ny of Massachusetts, with Sir Richard Sulf^tj nbti.ll and 
geventeen others, as Assistants; and in 1630, they arriv- 
ed IVom England, witli their charter, accompanied by aa 
emigration of about fifteen Jnindred s(mls. Tliis acces- 
sion of wealth, numbers and character, gave new energies 
to New-England, and called forth the liomage of their 
hearts, in gratitude and praise to God, by a public tlirrnks- 
giving. 

Oh th.e 30th of July, 1630, the first christian church 
was formed in Boston,* and in August following, the first 
general Court was held. Justices were regularly ap-s 
pointed, as in England, and a regular support for the 
gospel, was provided by law. During this year, the set- 
Sements at and about Boston, progressed rapidly ; and 
the log huts, with thatched roofs, had become so numer- 
ous in Boston, that it became necessary to build the first 
Meeting-House. 

In the spring of 1631, the General Court resolved, 
■"that the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor and Legisla- 
ture, should be chosen by the freemen only ; that none 
should be admitted to the freedom of the company, but 
such as were chosen members, who had certificates from: 
their ministers, that they were of orthodox principles, and 
that none but freemen should vote as electors, or act as 
Magistrates or jurors." Seven men were chosen in Bos- 
ton, to regulate the distribution of the town lands, which 
originated the custom of choosing selectmen, to regulate 
iown affairs, throughout New-Euijland. 

This year the French from Le Arcadia, (NovaScotia) 
seized on a trading establishment at Penobscot, owned 
by the Plymouth company, (erected 1628) which kindled 
a fire that was never fully extintruished until the peace of 
1763. 

In 1632—3 and 4, several emigrations hom England 



^Indian name Shawmut. 



MASSACHUSETTS^. di 

arrived and settled the towns of Ipswich, Medford and 
Newberry. The churclies had now extended more tliaii 
thirty miles around Boston, an-l God sent out to tliem 
faithful pastors after his ovvn heart. Amongst the most 
distinguislied of the day, were a Hiiigimore, a Parker, 
2C Noyes, a Woodbrid^e, a Chauncey, and others, whosd 
praise is in the chu relies. 

At this time a friendly negotiation for mutual aid, sup- 
port and defence, took place between the colonies of 
Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, which proved highly 
important to the parties. 

The Mattering prospects of the Pilgrims in New-Eng- 
land, were soort published in England, where the spirit 
of bitterness and persecution continued to rage, and 
manv were induced to abandon their country, and fly in- 
to voluntary banishment, to join the standard of the 
church in the wilderness. Amongst the most distin- 
guished, were a Karris, a Hooker, a Cotton, a Stone, with 
Sir Henry Vane, and others, all pious and godly men, 
who held the first distinctions in the civil and religious 
establishments of New-Enpland. 

In 1634, the General Court passed a bill of rights, 
which guaranteed to the citizens of Massachusetts, the 
fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty; 
which remained during the continuance of their charter, 
and which, with little alteration, they have continued to 
^njoy to this day. 

About the year 1629, the Indian claims to the south- 
ern section of New-Hampshirt-, were extinguished by 
John Wheelwright and others, of the cohmy oi Massa- 
chusetts; but their efforts to settle it were feeble, and 
they sold their claims to two adventurers in Englandj 
Mason and Georgt^s, who attempted to divide New-Eng- 
land into twelve Lordships, finder a Viceroy or Govern- 
or General. The whole plan failed, although it was 
sanctioned by King Charles I. and Georges vested with 
the su|)reme authority. Jiiason died early, and Geor- 
ges, with all his schemes, languished and finally expired, 
without producing one solitary settleraput. 

About the years 1633 to 40, settlements commenced 
at Portsmouth, Dover. Hamj)ton and Kxetf r, but '.1 ey 
■were soon after assigned over to the jurisdiction ol Mas- 
sachusetts Bay. 

In 15S8, the great eaitliq,uake, (so called) was feH 



<^ HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

tlirou<^]iout the country, \vh;ch fixed a remarkable epocfe 
in the annals of New-TEiigiati !. 

In 1G39 and 40, the settlements progressed rapidly, 
and itnprovements kept pace with the settlements. Ke- 
Iign)ii was the first object of attention in New-England; 
next their civil government, and regular system of edu- 
cation. To effect these great objects, they built Meeting- 
Houses in all the towns; provided for, and settled Min- 
isters; they established regular civil and judicial courts, 
throughout the colonies; ai;d each colony maintaining its 
independence. They established regular schools, by 
law, throughout their towns, and in 1639, the colony of" 
Massachusetts laid the foundation of the College at Cam-' 
bridge, by appropriating, as a permanent fund, the sum of 
.£400, whicli had been granted in 163(3, for a public 
school. In 1639, the Rev. Jolin Harvard, Minister of 
Charlestown, made a bequest to the College, of five hun- 
dred and forty pounds, which conferred upon the insti** 
tution the honor (./ his name. In 1640, the General 
Court ^ranted to the College, the avails of the ferry at 
Charlestown; and the Rev. Henry Dunster, became their 
first President. To give permanence and respectability 
to the College, the General Court appointed the I\lagis«- 
trates and teaching Elders of the six nearest towns, tOr 
gether with the President, as a perpetual government. 

In 1650, the General Court gave to the College, a 
charter wliich appointed a new corporation^ consisting 
of seven, who were to be elective, under the title of the 
P n.sidtnt and ftUoics of Harvard College. These two' 
branches united, composed the Legislature of the Col- 
le e. Professorships in all the branches of science, have 
been regularly endowed in this < Ollege, (now Univ«;rsity 
of Cambridge) by a Mollis, a Hancock, a Boylston, a 
John Alford, a Gov. Bowdoin, and others, whose names 
distinguish their several Professorships. This institution 
bei»an early to flourisli, and has continued to flourish 
d<'wn to this time, when the number of students gener- 
ally amounts to about 300. 

l^rnitiiiii was mtroducecl into the colony, as early as 
1C39, and a weekly paj>er soon couuijenced at Caui-^ 
bridge. 

In i640, a system of laws, to tl.e nunsber of one hun- 
dred, as estubhshed by the (ieneral Court, styled the 
*' Body of Liberties." In this system, it was a fixed 



CONNECTICUT. m 

principle, "that bo injunction sliould be laid upon any 
church, church officer or meniblr, in point of doctrme, 
discipline, or worship, besides the institution ol the 
Lord." Whenever any Ijjw should prove deicclive, ''tho 
word of God was to become the rule of decision." 

At this time, more than four thousand famihes had 
fled from the persecutions of thei«r suffering country, and 
taken refujje in the wihis of New-Entr'and. The ex- 
pense of this numerous emigratitm, was estimated at a- 
bout two bundled thousand pounds sterlitjg, exchisive of 
the price paid to extinguish the Indian titles to their 
lands; and all these efforts were made to lay tiie i<»unda- 
tion of that civil and relijiious liberty, which they have 
transmitted down to us, their descendants, and which we 
so richly .enjoy. 

At this time, settlements had commenced in the colo- 
nies of New-Hampslure, Connecticut, New-Haven, and 
Rhode-Island, and were raj>idly proaressinjr. 

In 1643, commenced the General (Jonfederacy of New- 
Enirland. This compact became the [mlladium o^New- 
England ; and its jjood effects have been felt through 
the whole period of her political existence, to this day. 
The same ianffuage, laws and religion, united to the 
same pursuits, gave the same manners, customs ajiid hab- 
its, to the whole; and rendered them one cohjmoa 
family. 

1 will now proceed to bring forward the other colonic 
flf New-England, to the tim,e of this confederacy. 

CHAPTER III. 

CONNECTICUT. 

This district of country, lying south of Massachusetts 
and west of Plymouth, was granted by the Plymouth 
council in England, to the Earl «>f Warwick, and confir- 
med by Charles I. 1630, extending 120 miles west of 
the river Narragansett. 

In 1631, the Earl ol Warwick conveyed this grant to 
the Lords Say and Seal, and Brook and associates, m 
^rust for the })ilgrims. 

In IGSSj the Plymouth colony sent out adventurers t^R 



U HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

explore the country, by land. Tbey also explored the 
«oast, and sailed up the Connecticut, as far as the mouth 
of the Windsor river, wliere they erected a trading house* 

'JMie Dutch settlers at Manliattan, at the mifuih of the 
Hudson river, explored the coast upon the Sound arwi 
commenced a settlement at Branford ; they also explo- 
red the Connecticut and erected a small fort ai the mouth 
of the little river at Hartford, which site retains the nam© 
of Dutch-point to this day. 

In 1033 a settlement commenced, and a fort wa» 
built at the mouth of the Connecticut, by a company 
from Eniiland with Mr. Fenwick at their head, under the 
patronage of Lords Say and Seal, and Brook, and the 
place continues to retain the name of Saybrook. This 
settlement obtained a grant of the river (-onnecticut, by 
a treaty with the Pequots, which embraced the adjacent 
country indefinitely, 1634. 

In 1635, a little colony of about 100 persons, from tfe& 
towns of Dorchester, Newton and Cambridge, in Massa- 
chusetts, removed in a body, across this howling wilder- 
ness, with their families and effects, and in fourteen days 
thty traversed the desert, which for the first time,1)ecame 
vocal with the praise of the true God. They explored 
the banks of the Connecticut, at Windsor, near the 
mouth of the Scantic, a part of the company passed over 
the Connecticut, and planted down near the mouth of 
"Windsor river, in anxious expectation of their effects, 
and supplies for the approaching winter, which they had 
sent round by water. Here the scenes, and distresses of 
the pilgrims of Plymouth were renewed ; they were in 
the midst of numerous, fierce, savage tribes ; divided 
from their friends by a pathless desert ; their effects and 
supplies were all lost on their passage, and the blasts of 
a New-England winter, threatened them with inevitable 
ruin. They fed on such game as they could find, toge- 
ther with acorns, and even the bnrk of trees, tiirough the 
winter, and when spring returned, their hearts expand- 
ed with gratitude, and praise, to God their deliverer. 

In October 1636, a company from Watertown (Mas-* 
eachusetts,) settled atW ethersfield, and in 1637 acompa* 
fly from Newtown, (Massachusetts,) with their pious 
olergyman, the Rev. Mr. Hooker, commenced their 
snarch, with Jieir flocks and herds, traversed the deser?*, 



CONNECTICUT. 3li 

•t^sthe Windsor company dad done before, and commen- 
ced a settlement at Hartford. 

These settlements laid the foundation of the colony of 
Connecticut, by a solemn compact, bearing date January 
!4, 1639 ; this compact was confirmed by Rin*j Charles 
II. 1662, and continued as the palladium of Connecti- 
cut, down to the year 1818, when it was superceded by 
the new constitution. 

In. 1636, the first court in Connecticut was held at 
Wothersfield- 

The Pequot war had opened a field for explorina^ tiie 
©ountry, as well as for conquest, and led also to the settle- 
ment of New-Haven. This was eff*ected .by a company 
from Boston, with the Rev. John Davenport at their head ; 
a man of ♦i^reat piety and worth ; accompanied by Messrs. 
Eaton and Hopkins, (two noted London merchants,) who 
settled the town of New-Haven, 1638. There the first 
sermon was preached under a laro:e spreading oak, Aprils 
1638; which gave rise to the celebrated song of the Pil- 
grims; '"''Around the huge oak.'*'' 

This settlement at New-Haven, formed an independ- 
ent compact, very similar to that of Connecticut ; and the 
two colonies remained independent, until their mutual 
union in 1665. 

The government of the colony of New-Haven was 
more immediately a Theocracy, than either of the other 
•olonies in New-England. The church was at the head 
of the colony, and the learned and pious Mr. Davenport, 
was at the head of the church. They held all things in 
common; all purchases were made in the name of the 
colony, and all lands apportioned by a regular distribu- 
tion. None were admitted as freemen, but such as were 
church members; of course all the officers of the colony 
were men of religion. This fundamental principle of 
the colony, was confirmed by t! eir first general court;, 
held at N. Haven, Oct. 1639. This court consisted of 
the Governor, Lt. Governor, magistrates, and two repre- 
sentatives from each town, to be chosen annually. This 
general court was vested with legislative, and judicial 
powers ; with the right o' appeal, in all casps, to the su- 
preme court ; which was composed of all the magistrates 
in the colony ; six of whom constituted a quorum. 

.Thus organized, this Theocracy took the wordof Go«J! 



3«5 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

for the rule of their faith, and practice; and his iDOral, 
and judicial laws, for the basis of their civil code. 

The Antinomian absurdities, that were disti acting the 
church in Massachusetts, when Messrs. Davenj>ort, EatoH 
and Hopkins arrived there, from Enjriaiid, led them to 
iiuard this colony against similar evils, in their first 
foundation; and the f)urity of the church, winch grew 
out of this, as well as their civil, and judicial institutions, 
have proved lasting nionuments of tlie wisdom, and 
piety of their founders. 

In 1643, the colonies of Connecticut, and New-Ifaven 
entered into a confederacy with the colonies of Mas- 
sachusetts, Plymouth, and New-Hampshire, for mu^ 
t'=*al aid and defence. 

t:HAPTER IV. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

The Pilgrims carried with them into the wiids of 
America, the same civil, and reliijioijs principles, wliich 
prevailed in England, in the time of the commonwealth, 
and there formed the basis of their civil, and religious 
institutions. 

Impressed with the extremes of these virtues, the Rev. 
Rosier Williams emisfrated from England, and settled at 
Salem, as assistant to the Rev. Mr. Skelton, 1631. Mr. 
Williams soon disclosed tlie followiui^ sentiments : 1. 
"that such churches, or church mend)ers, as had held 
communion with the church of England, should man- 
ifest their repentance by a confession. 2. That it is 
not lawful for the godly to hold comnumion with the 
ungodly, either in prayer, or in an oath. 3. That it is not 
lawful for the unregenerate to pray. 4. That the magis- 
trates oughi to be exchided from all interference in reli- 
gious matters, and that whatever controuled a free tolera- 
tion of religious sentiment was persecution ; and lastly 
that Icing Charles' patent was founded in injustice, and 
therefore a nullity." 

Th( se sentiments, openly and publicly avowed, led 
the colony of Massachusetts to call Mr. WilUams to aa 
accountj and banish him from their limits. Mr. Will- 



RHODE-TSLANB. m 

uiiYis flpfl into tfie wiklernnss, and settled upon the banks 
of a i! >b!e river, near the confiiies of Massachusetts, 
where lie be:ii»i a settlement, which he called Providence; 
cojinnetnorative of his ijrovideniial deliverance, and 
pie-nervation. This commcneed the settlement of" Rhode- 
Is'and, laSi). in 163"^, .Villiam Coddincrton, a rich and 
res|>ectabie Merchant ot Boston, toijether wi'h rhe Rev. 
John Clark, and sixteen i>rhers, removed from Massar 
cl.usetrs, and purchased the island of Aqnetnect, which 
they called Rm >de-5shuid, (in alhisicm to the Island of 
Riio les,) vv!iere f liey comnienced a settlement. 

In Wi9 N' wjvort was settled, and they iormed a civil 
compact, an>l chose Mr. Coddinj;ton their first chief ma- 
gistrate. 

In li;i40 the inhabitants of Prnvidence associated in a 
form of government, and tlie settlements in the c:d(>nies 
pro^iessed- rapidly. These conip.»cts were |)niely de- 
mocratic, and embraced the whole field of religious tol- 



eraiioM. 



In \G44r, tlsev, throui;h Mr. ^Villiams, obtained a pa- 
tent from the Karl of Warwick, wn-ch <:uarranteed to 
them the ri'iht of jTovernin2' themselves. They pro- 
eeeded to elect a presidetit, and four comtnissicniers, as 
conservators of the peace, toilet her with a Leorisiative 
Court of commissioners, c;)nsistinsr of six, whose acts 
were binding;, unless repealed by the freemen. In May 
1647, the first General Court enacted a body of laws, 
tliat <r#ive :)ermanence to tlje government. 

In 165*2 th*^ charff^r of the Earl of Warwick, was dis- 
solved by order of Parliament ; but vvas a^iain resumed 
soon after, an 1 ctmtinucd until 1633, when they f)b- 
tained a rei:;u!ar charier fr(»m kino: Charles II. under 
thetitleof " tiw Govcnor and company of the English 
©olony of Rhode Islanl, and Providence Phintahons." 

Titis charier plar^erl Rhode Island upon lliesaine foot- 
inii: as the colmiv of C micctical, an 1 authorised thrvu t© 
pass and repass thiou.»h, and traffic with, any of the 
eolonies in !Vc\v-En /land. 

Th(^ first Le^ri.sbuive Council that assembled under 
this cha.-te>*, by a sp^c^nl af*r, ex^du b^ I Ro!Ti-^n '^a'^'tobcs 
from the liberties of freemen, and thereby from the gov- 
ernment. 

At the commencement of the reign of James XL wk» 
4 



38 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

was a Catholic, they were brought to smart in their turn 
for their intolerance. James ordered a writ of Quo 
TVarranlo, aira'mst tlieir clmrter, and placed Rhode-Island 
tinder the government of Sir Edmond Andros, Govern- 
or of Massachusetts, 1688. 

The Rev(dution in Enj^land, of 1688, wliich stripped 
James il. of his crown, and sent him into banishment, 
caused the recovery of Rhode-Island ; she resumed her 
tiharter, and has continued to ])reserve it. 

In 1764, Nicholas Brown, Esq. founded the University 
at Warren, which bears his name, by a donation of 
$5000. This was renjovedto Providence, shortly aftei% 
where it becamefloiirishinir and respectable. 

We will now carry forward the Pequot war. 

CHAPTER V. 

HISTORY OF THE PILGRIMS, CONTINUED. 

Pequot War. — We have noticed the plantir^^ of the 
colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New- 
Haven and Rhode-Island, down to the time of the New- 
'England Confederacy. We will now consider an at- 
tempt of the natives, to destroy the settlements of Con- 
necticut, and give a summary sketch of the Pequot war. 

When the Eng:lish explored the Connecticut ri»ver, in 
1634, the Pequots murdered a Captain Norton, with six 
of his company, which showed the hostility of their char- 
acter. In 1636, thev murdered a Mr. Oldham, at Block 
island. These acts of hostility roused the resentment 
of Massachusetts, and tkey res.dved to punish the out- 
rage and brinnj the offenders to justice. They accord- 
ingly detached Captain Endicot, with 90 men, with or- 
ders to take exemplary vengeance on the offenders.^ — 
They set sail immcidiately for Block-Island; j»romptly 
executed tlieir connHissioii, and from thence directed 
their course to Connecticut River, where they took twen- 
ty men, and returned to Pequot River, (Thames) where 
they commenced an attack upon their villages ; dispersed 
the Indians, (about 300) burnt their wigwams, canoes, 
corn, &.C. and returned to Boston. 

This roused the resentment of the savages ; they as- 



HISTORY OF TfiE PILGRIMS 39 

saulted the settlement at Savhrorsk, ind an action com- 
menced, in whicli one of the English was wounded. — 
Dej»redations were continued, and it l-ecime dan<;eious 
for the English to appear abroad in their fields, to pur- 
sue tlieir labours. In Aufinnn of the -^anie vear, t!ie 
Naraifanset chiefs entered into a coi>fe<ieracy with the 
Eniilisli at Boston, a<iainst tlie Fequots. 

The Plymouth colony complained of the a<ii2fressions 
of the Massachusetts colony, a<;ainst the Peqsiots ; but 
they justitied themselves, by the necessity of the case. 

About this time, the Pequots murdered one I'illy, on- 
the banks of Connecticut river, by cuttmir oft* his hands, 
and h^et, and thus leavinu" Injn to j)erish. 

In -ay 1637, six men were kdled at Wethersfield, and 
three women; twenty cows were driven oft', and Uiree 
younji; «;irls were taU^n prisoners. This led llie settlers 
to buiid a stone fort up n a risinji uround, near the 
great meadow, where the whole vi!laue retired to jass 
the niiht, and where tin* women and cinhlren were re- 
ceived in times of alarm; the men, after tins, wont arm- 
ed snto the field, to their common labour. 

The Dutch, at Manhattan, enct»ura»ed the Indians in 
their hostilities^ which led to a union of effort between 
Connecticut and Ma.-sacbusetts. 

Tlie former furnished 90 men, and the latter 140 J 
these vi-^ere joined by 20 ^nore from Connecticut, vviiich 
amontited to 250; and Unca^, Sad-ein. of the xMohe^ans, 
united in the war. W hen the Conneci!(ut troops were 
assembled for war, the Revd. Mr. Ho()^.er, oT Hartford, 
delivered to them tlie following address: 

" Fellow Sol.Siers, Countrymen, and (>omi>anions, you 
are tins day asstmbled by the sjsecial provid.ence of (^od; 
you are not collected by wild fancy, nor leroen>us pas- 
sions. It is »iot a tumultuous assembly, whose actions 
are abortive, or il successful, produce (»nly theft, ra|.«ine, 
rape, and murder; crsmry inoonsistesit with nature's 
light, iiuonsistent with a soldier's valour. Y(»u, my 
dear hearts, were se'ected from y<'ur neipidsours, by the 
godly fathers ofthelani!, lor your known conrajre, to 
execute such a work. Your cause is the <ause of lieaven;^^ 
the enemy have biasphemed your God,* and slain his 



* They had saitl the Euilishnian's God was one ft/, 
and the Englishman was one stjuaw. 



40 HISTORY OF V. STATES. 

servants; you are only the ministers of'his justice. I do 
uot pretend that yonv enemies are careless, or indiffer- 
ent ; no, their liatred is inflamed, their lips thirst loi" 
blood ; they would devour you, and all the j;eoi)le of God ; 
bur my brave s{!:liers their gujlthas reached the clouds; 
they are ripe for destruction ; tl»eir cruelty is notorious ; 
and cruelty and cowardice are always united. There is 
norhin2f, therefore, to prevent your certain victory, hut 
iheir nimhie feet, their impenetrabie swamps, and 
woods; from these your small numbers will entice lliem, 
or your couraoe drive them, i now put the quesiion — 
Y/ho would not fi<>ht in such a cause 1 fijrht with un- 
daunted h(sldness ? do you wish for more encoura<i:ement? 
more I <jive you. Riches waken the soldier's sword; 
and though you will not obtain silver and <i()ld, on the 
Meld of victory ; yiou will secure what is infinitely more 
precious ; you will secure the libniies, the primleges^ and 
the iires of Chrisfs Churchy in this Neio World. You 
will procure safety for your affectioiiate wives, safety 
for your prattliiifi, harmless, smilinji' bribes : you wil! .se- 
cure all the blessiui^s enjoyed by the peijpie of God, in 
the ordinances of the oospei. Distjniiuished was the 
honor conierred upoii David, for fi^htini], the battles of 
the Lord; lliis honor, O ye courageous soldiers of God, 
is now prepared for you. You wdl now execiuc his 
ven<ieance on the heathen ; you will bind their kir:irs in 
chains, and their nobles in fetters of iron. But perhaps 
sf)me one may fear that a fata! arrow may dejirive hini 
of this honor. Let every faithful soldier of Jesus Christ, 
be assured, that if any servant be taken away, it is 
merely because the honors of this world, are too narrow* 
for his reward ; an everlasting crown is set uprji his- 
bead; because the rewards of this lil'e are insufficient. 
March then with christian eoura^e, in the stieniith of 
tin Lord; march with faith in his divine })romises, and 
s(»on votir swords shall find your enemies, soon they. 
shall fall like the leaves of the forest uiider your feet." 

Tliis war opened soon, with an action between the 
Mohe<rans, and Pequots ; ihe former were successiul; 
killed five, took one, and one only escaped. \Vith their 
prisoners they practised the tortures usual in Indian war- 
fa'-e; tiiey rut oiF their heads, and set them ufjon the 
Fort. Tins <rave a ;xeneral alarm ; and the Pequots re- 
tired to their forts; the principal of which was on a hiU, 



HTSTOnY OF THE PILCmMS. 41 

in whal; is now the town oi'Croton. At the hrad of this 
trine was Sa;-!isacus, a S-K'hfin of ii,reat valonr, who was 
considered as invulnerahle as a god. 

'r'ae whole army of Connecticut embarked at Say- 
brook, entered the Naia^ranset r'ver, where they were 
joined by that tribe, hitided their forces, and entered tho 
forest in quest of the enenjy. They appr^aclied one of 
their ft)rts in dead of ni'^ht, when the Indians were buried 
in sieej), and CMnnienced an assauh ; a faithful do"- (the 
Itiiiian , ■•»'i*'i'c! and companion ) gave the alarm, ar.d the 
sentinel crsed out Wanuj., Wnm.-x, [English, English !] 
but before they could awake, and stand in th-ir defence, 
the Knrlish were in the fort; tlie work of dcvath had. 
b(' -un, aiid the fort was in flames.* He:eo[)ened a 
seen-' of iudscriminate butchery, amidst the llaaies of 
tlti^r dwellings, the explosion of fite-arnjs, the shrieks 
of the W'jiinded, and the groans of the dving, too horrible 
to be c !t.!e*ved of, or described. More ihan six hun- 
dr * i Indians fell a sacrifice in this terrible <-arnage. — 
Tlis rcene kindled in tb.e breasts of 8assacns, and liis 
\va r o;s, the keenest revenge, and at the same time 
filled ilieui wiih dread dismay. 

When the English were returning to Pequot iiarbour ; 
(N. London,) a distance of six miles, they were a'. tacked 
by about 300 Indians, with all tlien- savage fury, and ihe 
wiio'e wilderness resoMnde<l With ihe sound of the war- 
whoop, and tl-.e terrors of tlieir savage yells; yet the 
English were unappalled ; they met them with firmness ; 
renelied their attack; drove them into the forest, and 
they retired to the other fort of Sassacus. 

About the first of July, the JVIassaclinseits troops ar- 
rived, unrler the comman*! of Captain Stoughton, with 
their Naragausct allies ; surprised a party of Indians in 
a swamp ; took ei^rhty captives; killed thirty warriors, 
an ' s!?are<' the women and chddren alive. 

The tiaie of ven • auv-e lia' fi-len upon the Pequots ; 
thev had made inuiscriminate war upmi their ne;.'..h'>ours, 
and they in their turn cotnmenced *ndisrrinhna e war, 
and butchery upon them ; and killed and destroyt^d all 
in *iieir way. 



*An Indian fort conr^istsof a compact number of wig- 
wams, or huts, inclosed by palhsadoes. 
« 4* 



4^ HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Captain St()ijji:h;<»n junsiK^d \\w fijoirlves into tlid 
heart of Connecucut ; but thay (3liK!eci Ins pursuit, and 
inarlc tliojr escape. On his return to Ppqiioi, lit^ discov- 
ered about one hundred Indians in a suainp ; conunc n- 
ced an attack, and put them to flii»ht, killed, and took 
about one half; and distiibutt'd his prisoners amongst 
the Naraoansets, or sent them to Boston. 

Soon after, ihe Massachiisests and Connecticut troops 
formed a jun(rtioii, and set sad for Qiiinnapick, now 
New-Haven ; kihed and took e;<yht more, on their pas- 
sage, at a point o4"land, (now Guiliord,) cut ofl'the head 
of a Sachem, wli;< h gave uitnie to the point that conti- 
nues to this day.* 

The object of this expedition was to fiud SassaCiis, 
who had abandoned his fort, and fle(1 into the wild&r- 
jness; but the terror of the chief had enlivened his safj^a- 
€ity, and ^iven wings to his ieet ; lie fled to the Mo- 
hawks, The remainder of ins trdie, which he liad aban- 
doned, fled to a swanij), near Fairfield, with their wo- 
luen and chihiren ; uliere they were assaulted, and com- 
pelled to surren(ier ; but ihe men took advantage of the 
iiiirht, whds^ tiiC Enu-lish were securiuH' the women and 
children ; stole away out of the swamp, and made their 
escape. 

TIse Mohawks, dreadin^f the resentment of the Enj»J* 
lish. cut oft' the head of Sassacus, and sent it to Boston. 

Thus ended the Pequot war, and the whole nation was 
exterminated. In AuLrust the troops j-etuined to their 
homes, without the loss of one nusn, by the enemy. — 
Two only had died, with sickness. Peace was restored.- 

Bei'ore we enter upon tluiJ crisis, which fixed the des- 
tiny of New-En-iland, known by the name of Philip'* 
war, we will take a survey of the natives of tlie country, 
the number of their tribes, local residence, particular 
chiefs, &c. 

CHAPTER VI. 

3JATIVES OP NEW-ENGLAND, WITH THEIR SACHEMS AND 
TRIBES. 

The charter of the colonv of Plymouth embraced three- 



^,S&achem'« head. 



NATIVES OF N. ENGLAND. m 

Sachemdoms, includmjj^ misny small trilies ; the principal 
of \hese iribes vveje the Naucets, vvhos;e Sacliem was 
Ma>|jp«e. Tliey lay uhonr the Cape. 

On tlie west ot the colc^iy, and exlenfMnij intoRhode- 
IsianiJ, lay the Paekan<»ckets, a mrni» ifius tnhe, wstii 
their ^reat Sachem Massasoit,* wJU'Se influence and 
controu! extended over the neiijhlxiurinji* tribes.. The 
oreat Philip whose wais we are about to relaie, b<'came 
the Sachem of this tribe, and tlms acqmrcd his influ- 
ence. 

West of the Packanockets : extendinu' along- tlse coast, 
and abotii the Naraganset Bay, day the Nara^an^ets. 
These embraced seveiai smaller tribes, under their iiieat 
Sachem Miantonimo. 'J'hi.« was the most numerijiis 
Sac hemdom in New-Eno^land. 

West of tlie Narauansets, lay tiie PeqnotF. who«e des- 
truction has be(^n not ced. Ncntli of the Peqsiots lay 
the numerous tribes of the Maddam, Middletowu, Wclh- 
erstield, ffirrford, an J Windsor, which wei.e styled 
the nver tribes ; but the most numerous of all these, 
was the tribe ol Podun'.s, at N^ indsor. 

West of the Connectic.ir, n »t only upon the seacoast ; 
but extendin«i' back into the country, were various tiil cs, 
and Sachemdoms, inhabitinjx *he fertile banks of all the 
numerous rivers and streams, with which the country 
abounds-^ 

Ea^r of tlie river Indians, and north of the Pequot3, 
were the Moheuans, which, extended into tl-e now 
counties of Windham and Holland, who were L'^overne*- by 
the great Sachem Uncus. This tribe, with tlie Pequots, 
in l()3G, could muster (tue thousand warriors; ami the 
whole number of Connecticut Indians was then esti- 
mated at about 12,000. 

Tiie Rhode-Island Indians, at the commencement of 
Phdip's war, were estimated at 2000 warricns, and a- 
bout (»ne half had fire-arms. Their whole numlier in 
this slate, in 1636, was estin ated at abcm 8000. The 
whole number, as well as he pai'icular tribes in Massa- 
c'luset's at the earlv settlerntnt, was not known; but at 
the commencement of Philip's war, they were estimat- 
ed at JO or 12,000. 

The great Sachem of Massachusetts, resided upon all 



*Who made the first treaty with Governor Carver?- 



II ms'iorjv iU' V. states. 

otiiiiM'iK'c Ml. Dorclirslrr, uiid In** (lotnniKHiH cxtrMHlcdi 
j^riH'inlly, nvn llir adinrcni rnmiliy, lyni;; iiltoiit llio 
jjrriil liny. Tint nioiilli ol I 'Imrlni' riv<T, wmm ilir place 
of jLii'iMTiil irndr/voiiw, j'i»r nil llu' iiri;j;ii!Mimi^ IiIIh'w. 

hi rlid (mow) iMMiuly mC VVdrcrNirr, lny tin- INi|>MMirk 
Ii'iIm'; lit /\'!ii\viiiti or l|>H\vi('li, With iiiioilicr liilic, iind 
lit Niiiiiiil'.iML', (Stilnii) vviiM iiiioilirr HM<'iictii<loiii, iliiil 
niiilii Mri<l nil iIh- Inl'i'.i iii t lie ciihtci ii (>ai t ol iMii^t>.t( liii- 

fl^'llM |H(>|M'l'. 

Ill i\«\v- llaiiij»sliirr,l|i(i NcwroliowmihiMk, WiaiiooHrt, 
ratiK'kri, Aiiii'i U<'a<i,, unil I'l iiii«'<ti>olv trilio, dwell ii|i()it 
ilii* |ii iii('t|ial i'iv'('i>. 

Ill llir i'loviiirn «»r IVIaiiii', llir i\orii(i;:«'Worlx. Kniiic- 
!>«'< U, rriiol»M«ii|, and hcvim al ollin' inlx'H, dwell ii|Miri llio 
|>i iiiri|iai wuiei h. Tla-fie went ileitoiiiiiuitid .liiieiileenn-; 
and Willi tlM< itiMie eiiHteiM hidiaiiH, ((uilled Al>iiiai|iiieH) 
wiM'e imineioii>. and warlike, and iiIiikihI |»eriieliially nt 
vvar Willi the 10ll<:ll^l . 

The vvliole iiiinilier nfilir New-Mni'land liidiaiiH, eotild 
never lie exiie.ily Kncun; l>iil il vvh> ni all iiaieh,hulVM* enl 
to have de .lr(»yed |la> I^iij'IinIi, lielore llie setl'4«a.enl of 
< 'oiineel eiit, nil I the de,Nl,Hieli(>ii of the r«<|iif!M; niter 
lliat time, the I'IiioIihIi had beeonie loo Ntron<;, titid ihey 
w«M'e ah!«' lo i|nell an inHiirt'eetion ol all iheliilW'^, when 
itnittMl in one (iiand ('oni'edeiin y, and armed >viih inurt- 
KelH. iiH may he he<'n in lln; ro||t.svm<; war, Mtyled IMiih|i'«' 
War. 

/*/il/ij)'s W'nr, !(■)';.">. -I )n ill I jiJi pe.iod o: r)r» \ earn, the 
I'nuli.^li ha«l lived <nneily with the Hava'^eH o( l\ew I'lnjij- 
land ; t'Xeeihn;.' the War which eviermiimled the l»«- 
«|notH, iiiid Nome Nuwdl rolhsioiis with ila* Narai'aiiNel, 
.Mild other > mall 1 1 dien ; hut thiH >\ ar eoinmenced iih n wur 
of e>(tenniiiaiion, hy ti eonlition of all the ti ilu^ of I\(tw* 
l'.nv;hind. Thin plot was eominnim ated to iho I'n^ inIi, 
In a fiiendly Indian; hut il wax too late: he p.iid for hii 
IViendHhi|>, hy falliny: a naerifiee to nava^e rfjMhtiiient, 
the next »lay, and the war openeil hy an ultiu K poii ihu 
people of Swaii^e), aH they letnnad Ironi meetiiuj. on 
the Sahhelh. Itl iIiih altaeU, two iikmi were Udled anil 
one wounded ; tin* people di-sper^-ed and lied; the Iii- 
diaiiN pnrNiied.and ei«;hi iimmi were kilhd. 

A hody ol |!orM<^ mid infantry, was despan-hed fioni 
Hoxton, into the enemy's <(Mintry, and I i-na'^rd IMulip 
m hiH I ell cat. They c«nmm;nocU an ulUicK, and di«iier«- 



NATIVES iW N. CNCiLAM). 



4& 



0(1 ili(5 navn;;('H, wiili tlir Ni.sh of one nuiii UiIIjmI, and otio 
\V(»nii''cil. 

Tlii'v next <-<>Mi|)<'ll<'<l tl.r Naia^aii.sclri lo a poaoc, ami 
H'lUIIKMJ l<» lloslnli. 

'Mic l''/ii«jilisli at B<>Ht(»ii, iicariirj il.at IMiilip had fled 
td tliP Ni|>ii>ii<d<H, H«-itt an t'nilMiHHy to icncw llir Irtiaiy 
Willi lliaf IiiIm'; Iiiii I*1iiIi|> was lluur, and cxriled llicm 
to war. Tlic cnil'aHHy whs rcrcivc'd li) llit; <'X|)loHion of 
an Indian anilairli, wl.i( li killed iM;i:lit oC llic inissioii, 
aiif) wounded llinr r.lncr; llu* icsl (Ird to u niMjililMnin^ 
villa;j:«-, wliricMliry all aMj~rinl>l(»tl in om< iiouse. 

IMnli|» with hiH IndianN puiMued, hiii nt ihti vj|la<xo, ami 
sun'oundt (I tlu; hoiihC. I'Icri' ('oiiinicncrd on<' ol the 
nioHl irMMiiorahlc alUnkn ifcoi(Utd in liic; waiH of N( w- 
IOny:'aiid. An imcsHiint diischar;;!' of ninsl\(;trv pitrci-d 
thr h(MiH«i onrvny Hide, acci inpariK'd with the niont ind- 
c!<iUM Hava<i<' yt'lls ; hut all without rrtVcl, <-x«epiin«| the 
lo^H of (Hio man killed. 'I'hcy thi ii .set iiir to a cart, 
loaded With Hwin;>lin<^ tow and ollx'i (tonihii^tiiiloH, and 
moved it up aj^aiiiHt the honsir ; yet <>ven this was exlin- 
4j;tiiHlied hy a special provuJentitil i«h(>v\ei' of rain. At 
thiM eriiicid nioment, (Slajor \Villai<l arrived with a party 
of l'iU<i;liHh, Mn<l put llut enemy to lli^hi, with v(;ry con* 
sidei ahle N!uu;;l;ler. 

The/Cmeinv next app(!ar<Ml at DefMliidd, on ('tnim'cti- 
«ut river, and laid wai^le to the vdlajie. They next at- 

liK ked iNorthlieJd, and kdh-d eio|ii ntei d cnl (dl" ( 'ap- 

taiii i<nrr,who WHS sent to the reliel' of Nortldield, witli 
a party of tliiriy men. ( 'apian Lathi op, who was sent 
iVoin iioslon, to the i(di(d 4d |)eei iield, w ii h a party of 
<M<jhty men, and leaniH ; hdl into an Jndian amhush, and 
lost 70 of his men, who were all hiiried in one jriave. 

This M(;«no was distrcrtsinji' heyond what the Pilgrims 
had ever «xp<'rn'm d ; the wlado country was filled with 
conslei nation and distress. 

A Captain Mosi-ly, who was near with a hody of men, 
Hew to the, lidief (d' his friends; dispersed the enemy, 
who Ih'd and left i:t() killed and wounded on the litdd. — 
('ajilain iMoscdy lost only two men. 

'IMk' Indiana next appejiu'd at Sprinjifield, awd hirnt 
li'l houses. This alarmed tlu' (ieni'ru! ('oMii,tlien sitlinjjj 
ct ISoston, and they appoiiit(^) a civil siiid <('clesiaslical 
conunittei? to iiMpii!*' into the .-»tate of IXew-l^n^hind ; if 
possihly, llu'y mi,';hl discover and correct thofcc crying 



4G HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

sins, that had brouiiht such heavy jiuljrments upon the 
land. The committee reported ajj^reeahle to their ap- 
pointment, and a general reiormation of manners and 
morals, were recommended. 

The ravau^es of the enemy, had now become genenil 
in ?Tiassac!Mi>etts. Before the tiames of Sj)rintitield were 
extinguished, 7 orSOO Indians attacked tht town of Hat- 
fieh!; but ihey were repulsed with very ijreat carnai»e, 
and fled to Naraganset, find took refn<2e in a strono- hold 
in the midst of a dismal swamp, where they telt secure. 
This fort was sitnated upon a risinf]^ <rroiind in the midst 
of thesw::.mp, an<] snrrounrled with pallisacioes and trees 
so constructed as to be impenetrable; with but one en-* 
trance, which lay over a Water, upon a siiiii'Ie tree, and 
tliis pass was stron«i!y i»'uard.ed. In this fort were col- 
lected about 4,000 Indians. 

The forces of New-Ennland, con>istinf]j of about eio^h- 
teen hundred men, and liJO friendly Indians, now rallied 
to the combat, under Geiicral Winslow. They pursjied 
tJie enemy in ihe midst of frost and snow, with li;e unat-^ 
CT?t possible rapidity, and overtook a party at the entrance 
of the svv'amp, who exchanc^ed one shot and fled to their 
stronj: hold, l^he English a^'vanced aiid cnn)menced an 
attack upon the fort; but were repulsed with loss. They 
soon renewed the attack witli redoidded ardor,and entered 
the fort amidst a tremendous explosion of musketry, and 
put all to the sword that fell in .their way; exceptin*> a- 
bout 300 warriors, and three hundred women and <-hiI- 
dren, tliat were taken, and the rest fled and made their 
escape. The Enolish next set fire to about GOO wifij- 
wanjs, which exhibited a solemn and av/fnl scene. A- 
niidst the raire of the fljimes, were lieard the shrieks of 
theaj^ed and the sick, the infant and the mother, an*' the 
jxroans of the dyinuj. With all this distress, was con- 
nected the destruction of their domestic stores and mag- 
azines of corn. More than 1000 warriors Were slain, 
and the affrighted fugitives became the mij?erable vi( tims 
of death, the ensuing winter, for the vvfint of those very 
stores, whose destruction 'hey now witnessed. 

This was a o-lorious day to New-England; alth-?ua^h 
they had purchased t'.iis victory with the loss of six brave 
Captains and about 230 men. Killed and wounded: vet 
God had given their enemies into thf it hands, and biokea 
the strength of the Caiiaanite in the land« 



NATIVES OF N. ENGLAND. 47 

It was now the 20th of December, and the driving snow 
and piercing cold, were very distressing- to the wounded 
amongst theEnghsh; yet their sufferings were small 
compared to those of the savages, wlio had lost their all, 
in tliis murderous conflict. 

Although the strength of the Canaanite was now bro- 
Iwcn, yet the same power in Canada that had furnished 
fire-arms for the war, now furnislied allies to fill their 
ranks, and carry on an Indian predatory war. 

-In January, they laid Mendon in ashes. In February 
they destroyed Lancaster, and carried oft' the inhabitants 
into captivity ; particularly Mrs. Rowlinson, the wife of 
their Minister, who was then absent. 

The same torch consumed part of Marlborougli, Sud- 
bury, Chelmsford, and Medford ; and even Fiymoutli 
witnessed the loss of two of her families. In March, 
,they carried the torch into Warwick, Marlborcuigh, and 
Sudbury again, Norrhampton and Gioton, and commit- 
ted a massacre at Springfield. 

The English pursued the war with energy; but tjiey 
•suffered severely from the musketry of the savages, who 
liad become fierce as bears bereft of their whelj)S. 

Tliis war of extermination, raged throng i the month 
of March, and near the close of the m<>nth, the towns 
of Rehoboth, Providence and Andover, suftered severely 
by conflagration. Sudbury was again attacked by about 
500 Indians, and felt the loss of her brave Captain, and 
more than 50 men. 'I'he savages wreaked their ven- 
gence on their prisoners, with the most cruel loriures. 
These scenes of desolation, and distress called up the 
attention of the Pdgrims to a sense of their situation, 
and led them to eye the hand of God in these judgments, 
and to pour out their souls to him in the deej)est humil- 
ity, fasting, and prayer. One general spirit of suppli- 
cation prevailed throughout the churches of New-Eng- 
land. God heard their prayers, and gave them a gra- 
cious answer of peace. 

The ravagesrfif the enemy were soon closed, for the 
Want of supplies ; and the parties which were scattef eid 
about the country, were hunted like wild beasts, by ii»e 
united forces of Massachusetts and Connecicut. They 
were driven form Bridgevvater, Medfield, North imoton, 
JIadley, Hatfield, and Rehoboth, with severe Joss, aad 
^lufnage. 



48 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

These sifijnal victories opened the liearts f>f the people of 
Massachusetts in a puhhc thanksgiving to Ahuiuhty God, 
for tiie successes in the war. 

The scene was now changed. Tlie Maquas, n power- 
ful rnhe, resented some wrongs which they had sulf«M-ed 
from Phihp ; rose in artns ; fell upon his fl/ing parties, 
and hutidiered thesn without mercy. 

Struck A'itlj despair, Pliihp lied to Mount Hope, and 
Lis peoj)le sought safety hy fligiit. 

The troops of Massachusetts and Connecticut agflia 
entered the country of the Naragansets, and triumj.'lied 
ov«*r their enemies, wherever they found them; kiihng 
and destroying more than 20(>0 of the savages. Last of 
ail they discovered the great Phdip ni one of iiis swamps, 
shot him, and carried his head to Piymouth, where it 
heightened the gratitude of t!;eir puidic thanksgiving, 
and gave a new zest to the joy of t'rcir hearts. 

Thus fell gr^at PItilip, tiie head of ihis terrihle con- 
federacy against the Pdgrims of N'-w-EnL;!and : and with 
liim all hopes of iurther sticcess in this bloody, savage 
war. 

To recount the exploits of the heroes of New-Eng- 
land, who distingtiished themselves in this memorahle 
war, woidd exceed the limits of this work. Such cool- 
ness and bravery, as well as intrepidity and skill, as 
were displayed by both officers and troops, have rarely 
if ever been recorded; and such a terrible overthrow^ 
lias perhaps never l)e<Mi witnessed since the days of ^ 
Joshua, in the ancient (^anaan. 

Such was the severity of the war, that New-England 
lost more than 609 of her valiant sons, who fell in the 
field, or suffered a miserable cajjtivity. Almost every 
family, was in mourning; more than 600 buildings, 
(mostly dwelling houses,) had been burnt; property to 
a great amount had been destroyed, and the colonies 
were greatly in debt. Yet they sustained all this loss, 
with becoming patience and resignation. 

We will iio',v carry forward the colony of New-Hamp- 
sliire. 



NE W-H AMPS niRE. 49 

CHAPTER YII. 

KEW-HAMPSIIIKE. 

'Tn the month of September, 1G79, KInof Charles II. 
causof} the ri»lh>\vin^' coaiinission to he issued under he 
gfreat seal of tho rcahn, for the govei iinient cf INevy* 
Htiui|)shire. 

"After iuliihitins', and restraitiinjij ihe jurisdiction exer- 
cised by Massachusetts over the towns ol Portsn.'ourh, 
Dover, Exeter, and Hampton, and;;!! other lands <xi(nd- 
ing from three miles north of the Merrimac, to tiie l*iov- 
ince of vlaine, this commission appoints .lohn Cotton, 
Esq. President for owe year, and until another shall have 
been appointed by the same authority; also Richard 
Martin, VVilliarn Vauu^hn, with four otliers, to be of the 
council, whovvere auihorised to choose three others in 
the province, to be added to them. The 'President to 
appoint a deputy to preside in his absence ; and the 
President, or his deputy, with five counsellors, to form a 
quorum. They were to meet at Portsmouth, in twenty 
days after the arrival of the commission, and publish it. 
They were constituted, a court o])ened for the adminis- 
tration of justice, according to the laws of Eni;land, so 
far as circumstances would permit : reservinir the right 
of a]>peai to the kin.fi; in council, for actions of fifty pounds 
value. They were to appoint military officers, and take 
all needful measures for defence against the common 
enemy. Liberty of conscience was allowed to all pro- 
testants ; those of the church of England to be particu- 
larly encouraged. For the support of government they 
were to continue the present taxes, until an assembly 
cotdd be called ; to which end they were to issue writs 
of election, within three mcmths, under the province seal 
for calling an assembly, to whom the President should 
recomtnend the [>assing such laws as should est.ddish 
their allegiance good, order, and defence; and the rais- 
ins: taxes iii such manner, and proportion, as thev should 
see fit. All laws to be approved by the President and 
council, and then to remain in force untiUthe king's plea- 
sure coald bo l;nown : for whicli pur[)ose they sliould 
iaesent to England by the first shi})S. 

Incase of the President's death, his deputy to secon*^ 
5 



50 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

him ; and on the deatli of a coiinselhn*, the remainder 
were to elect another, and se d over his name, with the 
jiaraps of two other meet persons, that the king might 
appoint one of the three. 

The king engaijed for liimself and his successors, to 
continue tlie priviU'ge of an assembly, in the same man- 
ner and form, unless by inconvenience arisin<r therefrom, 
lie or his heirs sliouid see cause to aherthe same." 

On the first of March 1680 the first legislative assem- 
hly was convened, according to this commission, or 
charter. They pro -eeded to declare the colony of New- 
Ilampsiiire free, and independent of the colony of Mjis- 
sachusetts, and to enact wise and salutary laws. 

The peace of this government was of short duration. 
Mason* came over, and demanded a seat in government, 
which was granted ; but he soon returned to England in 
distrust, and made a partial surrendry of his claims to 
the crown, and mortgaged ,the remainder to Edmond 
Cranfield, Esq. who was appointed Lieutenant-Govern- 
or, and commander in chief, of l\ew-llampshire. 

In 1682, Cranfield repaired to his government with a 
commission from the crown, with " full powers to call, 
adjourn, prorooue, and dissolve general courts; to have 
a ne<rative voice in all the acts of government, to sus- 
pend any counsellor at his wdl, (which barred his future 
eleciion,)to appoint a deputy Governor, judges, justices, 
and other officers ; and to exercise the powers of vice 
admiral." 

Here commenced a new order of things. Cranfield 
arrived, disclosed his commissicm, and commenced a 
system of tyranny a:!d persecution. A new assembly 
was called, many new laws were enacted, antl a doceur 
of<£'250 voted the governor, which s.-ftened, for a time, 
the ■•■"•'>rs of his administration. The assembly was ad- 
journed. 

»,; ,a<inuary, 1683, thf assembly met according to ad- 
journment. New collisions sprang up, and the governor 
dissolved the assembly ; this threw the c >lony into con- 
fusion, and the cry of "■Liberty and refurm,'^ became the 
•rder of the day. 

These scenes led to new troubles. Mason apj>eared 
again *, set up liis claims, ami demanded that all lands 



f)j)OYi and heir of the original grantee 



NfiW H AMPS IIIR E. 51 

and estates shoukl be \wh\ of lum hy lease, upon an an- 
miaJ rent ; and the governor tavoui ed the claim, 'I'i.e 
people resisted, prosecutions cotnnienced, ami jn<i|2f- 
nicniswere rendered in favour ot Mjtson ; l»ut lif could 
not obtain any consideration ; all was anxiety and alarn?, 
and the people petitioned the kini>'. 

I'iie (jovernor <-alied an a?>sendjly to quiet the people ; 
but they were not cordial to Ins views, and he disst)Ived 
them. i he ii:overnor next commenced a religions per- 
secution, upon the F2nji!i?ih statute.- ot" iioncont'ormity, 
and actually ohrained judjjinent against the Uevci'^nd 
Jo^him Moody, minister ot I'onsnMaith, one ot ihc wcr- 
tlues of jNew-Knjyhiiid, and committed him to {.ri.-ori, 
for the teruiofsix months, without hail. 

The a^overnor next aiten>pted to levy taxes, by the ad- 
vice of his council, wuhout tiie consent of the as^end:!y ; 
which roused th^^ pe<!|dc to a just ssrtise of their ri^-hts; 
and they exhibited such comphiintsio the kinjr as caused 
his removal ; and Barelooi, the LuMirenaiit Govern(»r, 
succee-ied to the chair ; wlicre he ronunued until r,uc- 
ceedeil byDudley, as President o^ New-En-:land. 

I'he spirit of liberty, which prevailed throu«.»hout the 
colonies, o:ave great oft*''nce to the king,* and he (icier 
mined to check and control it: accorihngiy he appoint- 
ed Sir Edward Randolpli, as the special ag* nt of the 
crown, to remove all their chaitersbA wiits of Q{;(f 1 1' ar- 
i'nnto, find Scire jFirias, and appointed Jtseph Dudley, 
Esq. President, an-' Sii Wiliiam Stoughton vice I'lesi- 
dent, with Simon Brad.-^tieet, Rol?ert, Mason, and ilnr- 
teen others as (^^ul.^el!ors. This liovernment embraced 
Massaclinsetls, Nev\ -Hampshire, Maine, t and Rhode- 
Islaii!. 

This form of government commenced. May 1680, to 
the utter exclusion of those legislaiive as>emH!ies. winch 
had become so offensive to the governors of ihe^iown. 
From this coaneil of the coiititiy were se'ected judges 
ofihe county coirts, with right ot app>eal to their supe- 



*.Safnes II. 

fSir Ferdinand (lorges had obtained of the crown a 
charter o- tins district, extending from the river Fiscat- 
aqua, to Saga(hih'ick, in the year 10?19 ; but failmg ui his 
ailempt.-^ to settle the country, it w;is annexed to the 
jurisdiction of Massachusetts, ab<;ut the year, li}o% 



5^' HISTORY OF U. SfAf^'S. 

rior courts, to be h'.hien at Boston, and tnnTJ tlicnceto tlie 
cr«)Wii. Justice courts, and pulmtc toni t.^, were orjian- 
ized under this jrovernnunt, and a conipiete new order 
oftliinos coiiJUHMiced in New Eisyland. 

Tn streiiu'tiieii tliis oovei iimcu! y( f lurther. Sir P>d- 
mond Aiidtrs, late <»ovei nor of New'!- ork, was appointed 
Captain i^eneral, and coitiinandei tn cluet, over ihe eouj- 
iiies of New-EM<r'!'iH!, not inckuiing Fiynioutli. To 
this jroveininein a council was added, five or' whom, 
wiih the ijov(M)jor, made a (|Morum, with jfowers ajnost 
uidiinited. To this uoverniiieut the colony ol New- i ork 
was annexed. 

This new order of rhin»:^ irr Nrvv-Enir'and, aroj-e out 
of the change whch had tai.en [)-ace tn Ensiarid. — 
Cliarles U. iiad -ii'd, an-J .lansos IL soo* ceded lo ilie 
throne, 163 >. *i'he j.M-o.-le fd' England wcte gr* aniiig 
un.'er Ids despotii* sway, as well as the coif njes. 

When the people ofEn^dand expelh'd Janjes from die 
thr<jne in 168^, arsd coiHVr-e© it mi tMJ VI ifhaiu and I^iai y,. 
the peoj)Je of Bugtotj rose in aims, seized Andros and 
sent him to En^Ian;!, 

In ilhs unsotth'd sra;e of fhinss the colonies resumed 
their eliartoiS, and .%'iW-naHn'>hiro aoimi, p,ut hei self 
unrierthe j.MH.'tec ion of a.s.-acia:: ctts. 

Ahout this time, the heirs of ;Via.-on sold their claims 
for .^750, free from enrai', to Samuel Allen, of LoiuUtri, 
and he obtained a comr.iiS-ion for the jrovernrnent of 
New-Hampshire, witli the appointment of John Usher, 
his son in-law, as dejiny governor, with full powers, in 
Allen's ahsence ; toirether with twelve counsellors, who 
acted u)ider the crown, independent of the legislative 
assemblies. 

In 1602, Utdier took possession of his fi:oven)ment, 
in the midst of an extensive Indian war, which filled that 
country with distress, an ! drenched it m blood. The 
Indians of Nova S( otia. ano raujM'a. btean e eni.r.^ed in 
this war, and like the war of Phihp, it wa.s h »var ol ex» 
t^jrminatioii» 



MEW-HAMPSHIRE. 53 

CHAPTER Vlil. 

NEW-nAMP,^HlRE, CONTINUED. 

King William'' a war. — The revolution in England 
which drove James from liis ilirone, threw him into the 
arms ot Lewis XiV. kmgof France; bron^jht WiHia n, 
Prince of Orange, with Alary, lus wife,* to the throne 
of Esi-j^land, and iiivoived tlie nation in a war with 
France. 

Tlie passions which kindled this war, exten :ed to 
N<'vv-Eni>!and ; and thron<»h ilie inst>nnieijtality cf the 
Baron de Car:t:ne, (who resided at Penobscot,) and the 
governor of Canada, the eastern Indiums were induced 
to take up the hatchet. Tin; Baron had received some 
pointed injury from Sir Edmond Audros, duiinij his ad- 
ministration. And about the year 1676, 400 Indians, 
UjM»n the river Cocheco, had been seized by a iMajor Wal- 
dron; sent abroad, and sohi as slaves. 

Pan of these Indians had now returned, and were 
thirsty for blood. 1 Irese facts added to the national 
war, wove the c;;use of immediate hostilities. 

'I'he savaues surprised *^he town <d' Dover, u})on the 
Cocheco, where they murdered Major Uahlron in a 
most barbarous manner, Witb '2*2 others, and 29 were car- 
ried captives to Canada; five or six houses, with the 
mills, were burnt, and the sayaii'es made their escape. 

They next surprised a viilaiie on Oyster river; killed 
IS men af wr)rk, seized a block-house ; murdered seve- 
ral children, andca:ried the women captives to Caua ia. 

When vvmter s<!t in. Count Fronienar, (iovernor of 
Canada, let loose his savajres in three divisions, accom- 
-pamed wst'i French ('anadians, who spread carnaife and 
desolation throughout the Enirlish settlements, onlheir 
fron-ier. 1690, Stdienectady (a Dutch settlement on 
the Mohawk,) lei! tin first vic?im. 

A -ftth^inent at Salmon Falls, was next surprised by 
anotfirr party ; a sharp action commenced, 80men,wo- 
m«^u an M'iiddren were either kiled. or taken; the vil- 
la</«' wns nkindere!, and the ca^Je dr.ven <'ff. 

A party of 140 men pursued, overtook and dispersed 

*Daughter of James H. 

5* 



#4 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

the savages, after a sliarp action, and brought back the 
s])oil. 

Ill the sprinijj, a third party from Quebec, surprised and 
destroyed tiie fieitlerneut at Casco, and the ea^tern set- 
tlers al>audoned their vil!a<ies, and fled to Weils. 

Aiarmed at this dariiig^ enterprise, the coh)nies of New- 
Knolaud, resolved to destroy the ftower of the Frencli in 
Canada, at a blow. I'hey accor(!in«i;ly uniied in fiitinp; 
out a tleet and armament against Q,uei)ee ; under the 
command <d Sir VVni. Phi|:ps; hut the season was too 
far advanced, and tiie expedition failed. Tlie exjenses 
of this expedition, caused the first paper money in New- 
En^iland. 

Tins war continued to raire, ant] the eastern seltle- 
mcrits sutfered very severely, down to the peace of Rys- 
Wick, 1697. In the winter following;, hostdities ceased in 
America, by tire treaty of Gasco. 

CHAPTER IX. 

HISTORY OF THE riLGRIMS, CONTINUED. 

MassricJuisctfs. — The character and adventures of the 
first settlers of Massachusetts, have been noticed, with 
the charter obtained from Charles Land the spirit and 
genius of tlipir jiovernment, the loss of their charter in the 
reiun <»f Charles II. 16S4; tojj^ether with the rni«»n oi the 
governments of Massachusetts and New-Hampshire, un- 
der Governors sent out by the crown, under James H. 
1686, have also been noticed. Upon the accession of 
William and Mary, Sir W m.Phipps was apj.-ointed Gov- 
ernor of Massachusefs, and arriverl at Boston, with their 
nevv' charter. May 14, 16i)2. This 'baiter embraeed all 
the limits of the old,to^ether vvilh tiie colony of Plymouth, 
the Provinces of ulaine ami NovaScotia; extending To the 
river Si. Lawrence on the norti), and the S(uifh Sea on 
the vvesr, except' nij; New-llarnpsliire and New- York. 

The council who were named in this charter, w^ere 
mos'ly descendants of tlie tirsl worthies of MassacliU- 
setisand Plymouth colonies, and were ijcneraily of the 
•Id cownril. 

The most important subject that interested the publie 



HISTORY OF THE PILGRIMS. 5^ 

at tliis time, was the coiifusioii of wiiclicraf , that deso- 
lated tiie unvn ot' kSaleui. F<»r the honor of i\e\v-Ei)g- 
laiii!, ir (s strongly to bv dcsneM that a subject so dis- 
giaceful in itself, iiiiiht have heeii ioievci buried in ob- 
livion. The jjarueulais of this coniemplibie tran>actiun, 
may be found m tlutchin^on's historv of Massaciiuselts 

DMrin<j the administration of Sir W m. Phip| s, he at- 
tenijited the reduciion of < anada, by an expedition a- 
gamst Quebec, which failed ; and upon his return to 
Bsaron, he lell into a controversy with the Captain of an 
Eii^^ilish frigate, whicl) occasioned him a voyatie to Eng- 
laii'i, in his own defence!, where lie died, February 18, 

in iui)6, Lord Bclirnont was appointed Governor of 
New-Voits, AlassarhuxTts and New-Hampshire. His 
Lordship arriv»'(! at Boston, in May, 1G99, and entered 
uu'Mi hi^ hitih commission, as GoverniM' of jXj w-Ftiishind. 
D srin;^ tin- first year of his Lor(!ship's a<lministration, 
he (Milered with zeal and spirit into a sysuni of meas- 
urers for the suppression of piracy, and was so fortunate 
as *() sieze, m the port of F>oston, the noted pirate Kid, 
and cau.setl him to be executed. Mjuiy ether piiates 
wei(^ taken, and the infamous practice generally sup- 
prt'ssed. 

1(1 the year ITOO, his Lord.^hip retained to New-York, 
"^vhere lie <iii'd, March, 1701; and the overnment r'e- 
vidv. d u\)i\t\ Lieutenant Governor Sr(Mti>!tten. He ("ied 
Mav, 1702, and was succeeded by Governoit Dtidiey, 
Wiiose a«imin;stration was in dl respects, the revers^e of 
tliat of the Earl of Re!imont. T'lv people snGurned. 

in 17^Ji3,an Indian invasion coirMnenred from « anada, 
and the str.rti) hrsr broke upon Doerfirid. Forty [itu- 
sons were killed, anil about 100 captives were carried (.ff 
into the vvi! ;erness, on tiu:ir way to Cesiada. Ap.ioniist 
tie: e captives, were the Rev. Mr. V/iliJams, tlseir Minis- 
ter, With ids wife and five sntall childrer.. 

V'ilien'he s'^va^ies had colIecte<l tb.<ir pris'^ners and 
booty, they set fire to the village and made a hasJy re- 
treat, — Fen; nary, 1703. 

On rlie seeond dav, tiie R+»-cn2t!i <>f Mr.". Wil-iains. be- 
gan ^o fail, and her husband was cailod to wirncss a m? st 
distressing; -rene : iu-r t-u^svei miu'-' ids bat* bet into her 
fcead, and site expired wiiiiout a j^ioaii. About twenty 



56 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

others shared iho late of jMrs. VV ilhainr;, on their way 
thiougii ihede.seri; aiut on the 26lh of iViaiclj, the hur- 
viveis !eache(i Canada, \\heie ihev wereiieated with hu- 
irjaiiily by (jovernur Vaurireviiie. Tins var njiitinued 
to raj;e, unUl it was clos-eci by the jteac e dl Llreciil, 1713. 

On the death of Queen Ann, Au^insl, 1714, ih«- ISonse 
of IJanover succee.-ed to t]»etii!(>ne of EngJanri, uiicier^ 
Geori;e i. who sent oul (colonel Burjiess, a.s successor to 
Governor Dudley, and Colonel 1 ailor, was apj»ointed 
Lieu tenant -Governor. 

in 1716, Colonel ^Shute succeeded (Governor Barges, 
and Wilhani Duaimer, Es(|. was appointed Lieulenant- 
Governor. This adniinistraiion was more oppressive 
than thai of Governor Dudley ; and in the year 17'20, 
the dissentions in tlie government, the .*ej)reciatKUi of 
tlie }>aper money, and tlie !a\i;;j;('s ol the eastern Indians, 
invi>lved the colony in disorlerand dsstrt.ss. I'he {peo- 
ple now began seriously to iVcl the loss ol their liberties 
under their new charter, with its (h\'S[)otic crown Govern- 
ors. At this time the small |!(.x hrok«- out in Boston, 
which caused the first inocu! tiisus in i\'ew-Eii^land. 

In 1722, the strife lielween j) iiutple and | erogalive, 
became so serious, that the Governor deserted his gov- 
ernment, and returned to England, and the liieutenant- 
Gov(;i nor took the chair. 

His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor, m<'t tlie Assem- 
bly With a very coHcdiatory address, whicit was kindly re- 
ceived, and as kindly answered by tlie fol!ov^iiii> a<!diess, 
from an aged Senator. I\lr. Sewall, who had been assist- 
ant under the old charter: ., 

" If vour honor and this honorable board please to 
ffive me leave, I will speal^^ a few words, upon this solemn 
occasion. 

" Allhough the unerring providence of Go(' hasbiought 
your Honor to the chaif of giuernment in a cloudy and 
ten*i)es'u<us season, yet you h.ave this for your euc(»ur* 
agemcnt. that the ])eoj-!e vou have to ('(> w ith. arc ;- pait 
of the hrarf of God, and you may expect to have rd the 
prudence and patience of looses, conmiunicated to\ou, 
for your conduct. It is evident titat the Almighry Sav- 
iour counselle«i the first planter:, to renn)ve Jtiid settle 
here, and thev dutifnUy followe<i hisailvice; thereloie he 
tr;i! never leave nor forsake them nor thejrs; so that 
you must needs be happy in seeking their iiappiness and 



HISTORY OF THE PILGRIMS. 57 

welfare, which yom* birrh and education will incline you 
to (lu. Dijjicilia quoc pair lira. i \)\v\x\\r--e myscli tliat 
they who sit at tiiis hoaid, will yield tiieir Ihitlit'ul a ivice 
toyc.ur Honor, aecor<iin^ to the fluty of their place." 

Tiiis ai!<ires.- needs no coinnienl. 

"VVe Will now bring Ibi ward il»e £U:;tory of Coiuiecticiit. 

CHAPl ER X. 

HISTORY OF TKT, PILGl. IMS, CONTINUED. 

General ajfairs of C nnecticut. — !n 1644, the title of 
!Lo;<!s Say, and J^^enl, ard Br(uv]<, Wi.a eoii\tyt d to ihi co- 
lony of Connecticut, tor <£10( 0. 

In 5655?, ('oinurissjoners of the United Colonics of 
Keu-En::iand, and the colony of New-York, sealed by 
aro.tration. their line of division and bnundary. 

In 1657, (lied Governor Eaton, gTcatly lairvented ilif 
New England. 

in [661, the colony of C(>nnet ticnt, by tiieir agent 
John Mai"5on, ext!naiii?hed, by pnrcliase, all the Indian 
claims to the colony ; and in 1662, they obtained honi 
Kinjj; Charles 11. that charter which constituted them a 
bf»dy politic, with the «'<)nfi!niation of their ancient grant 
from the Etirl of Warwitdx. This patent or charter eni- 
biaced a wsdih of 120 miles, from the south line (d"iMas- 
sachuseiis, which inteilered with the patent id' the Duke 
of York, a. id tht; settlemcrjt t»f theDntch. at Maidiadoes ; 
also upon the settlements in New- Jersey and Feuiisyi- 
vania. 

In 1664, this chum was overruled, and the sea fixed as 
the south t).'imdary of Connecticut. 

The charter of Charh>s 11. included the colony of IS'ew- 
Haven; but the two colonies were not united until 1665, 
wiicn It became necessary to form a union of interest to 
.protect their chartere<l rights. 

At this tisne tlieUinji sent out three commissioners to 
inquire into the sia^e of the colonies. 

in 1672, r!ie MS. Laws of Connecticut, were difrest- 
ed into' a regular cede, and printed at Cambnd^xe (i\^as- 
sachusel.s,) in a small folios, with duplicate blank ['ages, 



53 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

for the insertion of ail subsequent laws; and in 1699 th^ 
blanks were tilled. 

[!i 1674, Sir E hnond Andros, jrovernor of New-York, 
claiined all the lands west of the Connecticut river ; and 
at the head of n military force, commenced an attack 
U})on Sayhrook ; hut was re^fclled in a dis^nified, and 
soUliei-like manner, hv Captain Thomas LJuU of llart- 
ford, who commanded a stron«r military force at that 
station. Sir Kimond withdrew his forces, and embark- 
ed for Lonii-[s!and. 

In 1675, ct>mmenced the famous Indian war, which 
has been noticed under the head of Plidliys war. 

Fom the year 1677 to 1683 — 4, a succession of con- 
troverted claims arose between CoifSiecticul and Rhode- 
Island, whscii ultimately terminated in favour of Con- 
necticut. 

In 1633 — 4, Governor Don^an, succeeded Governor 
An !ros, in the colony of New-Yoik, aiid an amicable 
adjusiment took [dace between that colony and Connec- 
ticut, insertlinty their boundary \\\\v a^ it now stands. 

In 1685, Kin-: James 11. succeeded to the thr«M.»e of 
England upon the dralh of his brother ( liarles 11. and 
hehcnlout Edwa'd Randolph with writs i>\Qui)\\i.r- 
ranio a<rainst the Charter of (^oniiecticut, and the colony 
was thrown into a hijih state of alarm. 

in December, 1686, Sir Edmoud Andros arri\ed at 
Boston, with a special appoim merit from the croun, as 
governor o;eneral ol New-Enoland. 

At the usual October Session id' the assembly in Con- 
necticut, 1687, Sii Edmond tirrived ai H.irtford with 
his suit, and a military escort <ri uiore than 6C" men; de- 
manded thecliarter, and dec!a)ed the Government dissol- 
ved. Cool deliberations ensued, with stronijremonsrran- 
ces aoainst the measure, until eveniui^ ; when the can- 
dles were lit, and the cha ter was brouoht in, and 
laid upon ;he table, amidst a great collection of specta- 
tors, and an anxious, distressed assemi)ly, awaitin<i- the 
crisis for the siirrendry of their hhertie>. At thi:; event- 
ful moment \^ 1 ghts weie extiuouished ; the charter 
wasinstaiulv i"femoved, bv some (then unknown*) hand, 
and placed in the hollow of an a^ed oak, standing in 



*Afterwards avowedly the act of a Captain VVads" 
Wortb. 



HISTORY OF THE PILGRIMS. 59 

front of the seat of the Hon. Samuel VVyllys, then a 
member of the assemhly. All was quiet, the candles 
were relit ; bill the charter was irrecoverably ^oiie. 

Sttitii!^ with raoe, and disappointment, Sir Edmond 
retired, and the next day, issued the following i)rocla- 
inatjon. 

"At a ^^eneral Assembly held at Hartford, October 31, 
1687. His Excellency Sii Edmond Andros, l\nij>ht, 
and Captain General, and Goveinor of his Majesty's 
territories and dominions in New-Enij;l.!nd, by order 
from his Majesty kin<j; .lames H. kinoj «»f England, Scot- 
land, France, and Ireland, the 31st of October, 1687, 
took into his hands the ^nvernment of the Colony of 
Connecticut, it beino- by his IMajesty annexed t(» Massa- 
chusetts, and other colonies, under his Majesty's Govern- 
ment." 

In this form did this modern Nero enter upon the ad- 
ministration of his aovernment. Smooth were his pro- 
mises ; but bitter and severe were his measures; and 
his <x<'vernment was truly despotic. 

In 1688 he was appointed orovernor of New- York, and 
the same imperious sway, reigned throughout the whole. 
The. people mourned. 

This rod, altliough severe, was not of lono; duration ; 
God heard the cries of his peo{)le, both in America and 
En^xland, and raised up William, Prince of Orange, with 
Mary his wife, to fill the throne of Enirland ; and in 
1689, the news reached America; the peojile of Boston 
rose in arms, seized Andros, and sent him to England. 
The governor, and council of Connecticut resumed the 
government; and Captain Wadsworth restored the 
charter, from charter oak.^ The people rejoiced. 

The war in Europe which followed this revolution in 
England, involved New- England in an Indian war, vvhich 
has been noticed under New-Hampshire, as king Wil- 
liam'' s war. 

Amidst the distress of this war, in 1694, Col. Benjamio 
Fletcher entered upon his appointment as governor of 
New- York ; vested with full powers to cotnmand the 
militia of Connecticut, and the neijh! ouring colonics. 
At the October session of the assembly, (yolone! Fletch- 
er came to Hartford and demanded the surrendry of the 
mditia, in his 'VI ijestv's n;ino. an I in tUe ai )st lacvnic 
terms ; which was refused. Colonel Fietcher ordered 



m IIISTORY OF V. STATES. 

til?" train-bands of Hartford to assemble for duty, an9 
they obeyed b;s orders. Colonel B^iyard bis aid, attem;)t- 
ed to read liie comi nissioii of Col >ael Fletcher; but 
CaMtaiu VVavlswortb ordered tlie dru.ns to beat, vvbsch 
interrujiled Colonel Bayard; thi*-- was reoeuled auain and 
ai;Min. W.^ri Captain '^V'ad^wordj found tliat Cobjnel 
Bayard was deterinined lo pro::eed, lie turned to bis Ex- 
celiency, and said: — Sir, if I amhittrru^deUignin, I will 
m-ike the snn, s'iinf. tkruug'i iioa insatnth/. His Gvceilen- 
cy witbdiew tVoin the scene, and returned iminediately 
to New -York. 

In May, 1698, General Wintbrop was raised to the 
chair of the cob»ay of Connec;icut, an 1 the Assembly, 
by a speesal act, was formed into two Houses, termed 
the upper an 1 lo.ve:- house of Ass;^mbly. In aI ly, 16^9, 
the two H )uses acted separately, for the first time. 

!n 17)1, the G-uifirai AssemMy, at their \lay session, 
resolved that the October session, hereafter, sliould be 
Iield at New-Haven; and that the Supreme Court should 
be held, hereafter, at New-Haven, on tlic first Tuesday 
of October, annually. 

This year King VViliiam died, and was succeeded by 
Queen Ann. 

In 1703, Queen Ann declared war apjainst France. 
This ap^ainopened the frcmtiers of the northern colonies, 
to the ravages of an Indian war, which continued to rage 
down to the peace of FtrecL t, 1713. 

In 1707, died governor Winthorp, who was succeed- 
ed by governor Saltonstall. 

The year 1709 became memorable for a general union 
of the northern colonies, in an expedition against Cana- 
da, under the eommand of General Nicludson. 

Tlie year 1710, also became memorable ^or the cap- 
ture of Tort-Royal, (Nova Scotia,) by the united efforts 
of New-Enirland. assisted by a fleet and armament from 
England, all which was intrusted to the command of 
Ceneral Nici.olson. 

In 1711, Queen \nn sent out another fleet and arma- 
ment to co-'iperate with the colonies against Canada, 
and general Nicholson vvas honored with the command. 
The co|r)nies entered vv^ith spirit, and zeal into the enter- 
prise ; but their fleet was shattered and destroyed in a 
fog, at the raoMth of the St. Lawrence. The whole plan 



HISTORY OF THE PILGRIMS. 61 

was defpated, and the reisuiiivJer of ilie fleet returned to 
Eiijilan i. 

F'/V College.^ln 1099 and 1700, a number oft he Mii> 
isTers ot' Cotinecttcut, at their private meetinirs, contri^ 
baled a few hooks as the ba.-^is of a hbiary tor a Coileye, 
aari a;>;)oinred (»ne of their nuaiber as hbrarian, rmd ten 
ttthers Of their namh^T, as trustees. This effort became 
popular ; and in 1701, an act of incorporation for the < 'ol- 
le^e was obtajne.l at rhe October session, and in X veai- 
IxT, the Rev. Satnael Pierson, ot KUhiiowo! th, was 
chosen the tiis* ilecior. The College continued ui his 
j»at i-ii duritr;j£: liis iiie. 

[n J70'2, the first Cominencetneut was held at Say- 
.br<»o;c. 

ill I7v)f3, a getiera! contnhuiion was raised Jhroughoulf 
the coionv, loerett a suitable budding for the (-olleije. 

170S, .va-! r»'M !ered m^tnor-i'de by the conveinion of 
the Synod at Siiylirook, wWich estabhshed lite famous 
Savbrook Piatf wm. upon «he ba^is of the Wesiniinster 
and Savoy confessions of faiiii. 

Jo 1713, rheColleiije fibrary had increased to tltC nnm- 
ber ^)l 900 vnhiaies, aji 1 16 graduates had received ilie 
honors uf ihe Co'drge. 

In 171 1 Recivjr PiersMii died, an 1 was succeeded by 
RectO'" Anlrevvs, of VIdford. From this time the c'a>s- 
es were dividetl between Mdfor I and S;iv'>ro<»k, unid 1717, 
ivhrn a niajoiity of the sindents as^ein'de 1 a' Wetliers- 
fiehl,un;!er the care of the Rev. Elisha Wilhams. The 
same year, a fund of aboat .£1500. was raised bv sub- 
scription, to build a house for the C )!!ege, and the Cum- 
niencemenf was held at ^^ew-Haven. 

In 171S, the College was handsomely endf>wed by the 
Hon. Elisha Yale, Givernorof liie. East India Company, 
wiiich gave to the Institution the honor of his nam<^. 

This In^tiuui on has continaed to fl>u -ish uo^er a »uc- 
eession of worth v R<*ciors and presidi^j^.ts, dowa t^^ this 
time, and aow chums aneqnal rank with the first Um 
fersity in America. 

6 



(P HISTORY OP IT. STATES. ! 

CHAPTER XI. 

MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW-HAMPSHIRE, CONTINUEB. 

Fourth Indian War. — Through the instrumenlality of 
the Jesuit Rtille, who resided at Norridgewajj, the east- 
ern Indians were excited to war asainst the eastern set- 
tlements, at a time when France and Eng^land, were at 
peace in Europe. The Indians bejjan their ravaijjes in 
1717, hy destroying the cattle, &c. with other excesses. 
The English repelled these aggressions, and in 1721, a 
military force was sent from the couity of York, 
to sieze Ralle at Norridgewag, and convey him to Bos- 
ton. Ralle made his escape, and the detachment seized 
his papers ; these disclosed a recent correspondence with 
the Governor of Canada, which un folded the whole in- 
trigue, with the [)romise of aid in the war. 

In 1722, the Indians increased their ravages, carried 
off several families from Merrymeeting-bay, and burnt 
the town of Brunswick. 

In 1723, they surprised the town of Dover, and extend- 
ed their ravages on to Lamprey river, killed one man 
and his child, and carried off his wife aud three children. 
In 1724, several repeated attacks were made upon these 
settlements, and tnany of the English were either killed 
or carried into cajitivity. These dei»redations roused up 
the English, and they sent another detachment to Nor- 
ridgewao- ; killed Ralle the Jesuit, and about 80 Indians; 
destroyed his church, ^c. 

This blow roused the resentment of the Indians, and 
they renewed their depredations wi'h increased ferocity, 
and many of the settlers soon fell a prey to their savage 
barbarities. The wa-r now raged with violence ; a Cap- 
tain Lovewell, with his company, were anibushed in the 
wilderness, by a numerous party of Indians, and aft<u' a 
desperate conflict, they secured their retreat, with the 
loss of their brave Captain, and twenty-three of their 
number, killed and wounded. 

The severity of this action, caused the Indians to with 
'raw, and a negotiation with the G(^vernor of Canada, 
.'oon aft(3r commenced, that Jed to a cessation of hostili- 
t\Q3, and the restoration of several captives. 

A treaty vras Iseid at Boston, in the spring of 1726; 
the conditions of oi^ace v/erc ratified at Falmouth, soon 



STASSiCKt^PTTS AKD N.HAMP^I^IFE. 68 

&ftv.r; and trading houses were erected in many j arts of 
tFie Indian rt»untiy, whitli served to promote a good un- 
derstandinii" between the parties. 

As soon as this war was closed, the old leaven of dis- 
cord begun to prevad in tlie government. 

Upon the accession of King George 11. Governor Pur- 
net was appointed Governor of Massachusetts and New- 
Hampshire, 1727. In July, 1729, he arrived at Hoslon, 
and entered u|}on the duties of his administration. A 
controversy about a ))ermanent salary, opened with the 
fijst session of the General (;OU«t, and continued to r»ge 
with bitterness, between the parties, until Septemi^er, 
1729, when the Governor died, and closed the contest. 

In August, 1730, Governor Belcher arrived in Boston, 
as successor to Governor Burnet, and the old quarrel w as 
revived. Although il.e )H)int respecting permanent sal- 
ary, 'v"as overruled by the General Court; yet others- 
sprang u|> and raged until Governor Belcher was remov- 
ed, and Governor Shirley succeeded to the chair, n40. 

Under this administration, the old controversy was 
healed; but a land bank, un<l paj)er money, greatly dis- 
tressed the province ol" Massachusetts. 

The Spanish war, wliich commenced this year, gave 
souje diversion to the parlies; turned their attentitsn 
to the defence of the Province, and prepared them to 
meet the aj.proaching French war. 

Amf)ngst the last acts of Governor Belcher's adminis- 
trati(»n, was the settlement of the boundary line between 
Massachusetts and New -Hampshire. This long and 
sharp controversy was finally cl(»sed by comniishioners 
appointed by the crown, who settled it according tii the 
charter of Massachusetts. The next year, this bounda- 
ry line was duly established, and the colony of New- 
Hai/ij'shire, became in<'!ependent of Massachusetts. — 
Benning Wentvvorth, was appointed Governor of the 
■former, and Wdliam Shirley, Governor of tlie latter. 

Governor Yt enlvvirrih sailed for America, soon after 
Ins appoinimeut- where he arrived in December, 1741;. 
and was hailed as the immediate dehverer of the colony. 

Governor Wentwortli mainta.ned a good understand- 
ing with Governor Shirley, and their mea.^ures were pur-^ 
sued with general harmony. 

The Sj'anish war contmued to rage, and in 1749, the 
I^rench took part with Spain, and were involved in th® 



G4 HISTORY OF V. STATES. 

contPst. This Fiencli war Inought t-i« collisions he- 
twrtnNova Scotia and Ctip*:' Brelon, and the ea.o^UiK 
Gol(»nies: and involved ihem in the war. The Fiench 
contrncncrd a snccessful attack upon the Island of C an- 
sean. whicit was defended hy a sniall hlMC-K-honse, and 
captured the garrison ; hut an attack upon JXcwiound- 
land, at th« same time, failed. 

Thev conirnenced another attack, soon after, up(*n An- 
napolis, (formerly Port Royal,) hut were ippnhed with 
loss. Tliese attacks, laid open the northern and eastern 
frontier of New-England, to the renewed rava^ies ol the 
savage foe. 

Lonishnrg,* next to Quebec, had then hecotne the 
str»n jcsi fortre.-sin America, and was to France, a strong 
hold of more importivnce than even Quebec. 

It had now become an object of tlie first importance, 
thut the colomes shotdd possess or destroy, this Dunkirk 
of An)eri( a. Governor Shirley conceived the plan, and 
comn)un>caTed his views to Governor Wentworth, wlio 
appr(»ved of the measure. 

To prepare the way for this important enterprise, G( v- 
ern()r Shirley, obiainrd a grant of o€200, from the Gen- 
eral Court, to strengihen the castle at the entjanceof 
Boston harbour, togetiier witli the frcnitier posts general- 
ly, and ihe fortress of Armapolis, in Ncwa Scotia. He 
next opened his plan to the British i\!inistry, and re- 
quested a naval armament for the purpose. In Februa- 
ry, the Governor opened Ids plan to the General ( ourt, 
Under the injunction of an oath of secrecy ; but the bold- 
ness ol the measure, astonished the Court, and they re- 
jected it, as an enlerprize too great, even to be attempt- 
ed. The merchantb (tf B((Ston,and the friends of Gov- 
ernor Shirley, opened »lie subject anew to the Court, by 
numerous petitions, and the cpiestion was carried by a 
majority of one. 

All jjarties at once entered with zeal and spirit intothe 
measure. The Governor next laid an embargo througli- 
out the colony, and sent des[iatches to the otlier colonscs, 
as far south as Penns\ Ivama, requesting an end)argo, 
and a cordial co-operation in an expedition against Lou- 
isburg, which was r«jected. 

New England stoitd alone to prosecute the plan.-*- 



^^his city stands upon the Island of Cape BretcMf. 



MASSACHUSETTS AND N.HAMPSIIIRE. 65 

Massiiciiusetts raised three thousajul, two hundred and 
lift} men, exclusive of comnussioned oiiieerEf ; C(»nnect- 
icul, live Iiundred, and Rh<>de-!sland and New-Hanip- 
shire, each three hundred. Tlie naval force consisted of 
twelve shi})s, with nunieious transporls ; and in three 
months, (General Peppereli emharked with 4,000 troops. 
On the 24th of March, tlie fieet sailed for Nantucket, 
and arrived at Canso the 4th of April, 1745. 

Roi^^er Wolcott, Esq. Lieutenant-Governor of Con- 
necticut, appeared at the head of the colony troops, and 
held the second command in the expedition. 

Governor Shirley had sent a request to Commodore 
Vy arren, upon the West-India station, to su|>port the ex- 
pedition with his squadron; but he declined to enj^age 
Without oro'ers; the Commodore, however, received or- 
ders from he Admiralty, in a i'vw days, and on the last of 
April, joined ihe expedition with his squadron. 

On the 30t!i of Aj)ril, the troops were all landed at 
Cha})peauro£ue ; the tleet took their station <tff the har- 
bour of Louisburg, and the city was investe<! before they 
had knowledge of the expedition. Such was the ij^ener- 
al surprise, that the troops destroyed all the houses and 
stores without tl:e walls, and took the grand battery, 
without exchaniiinir a shot. Thus havino' entered upon 
the ariluous duties before them, they next dicw their can- 
non through a deep morass, covered by tlie fire of the 
main battery, winch they had taken from tiie enemy; this 
lire became very alarminir and destructive to the town. 
Having sui mounted the difficulties of the morass, and 
consJructed batteries for the cannon, they were now pre- 
pared toco-operate with the fleet, in one general attack 
upon the town. 

At this critical moment, a store-ship from France, ap- 
peard off the harbor, for the relief of the aarrison, and 
was taken by the New-England fleet. This was a valu- 
able acquisition to the besiegers, and a severe blow to the 
besieged. 

The Genera! next ordered a detachment of 400 men, 
to attack and curiv the isiiin<{ battery, which failed with 
t..e loss ofCO men killed, and 1 16 rakeii prisoners. This 
occasioned the General to send an exoress to Boston, for 
a reinforcement. 

Massachusetts sent on 400 men, and Connecticut 200; 
6* 



6^ HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

and at tliis eventful moment, one GO, and one 40 srnn slupv 
arrived from Engiar.d, and joined tlir i]rv.], May 22. — 
Eaily in Jjwu;, two 00 gun ^lups, and one oJ bugnns, ar- 
rived, wliicli nngnienied llie squadron to eleven sail, be- 
sides tlie j>rovincial lleet. 

Elated vviili Ids jiro^pects, the General jjusiud the 
sieire by a iie.vy carnionade IVom bis batteries, wbseb si- 
ieneed ilu^ baibour bailery; deniolisbed the west gate, 
and p:reatly disU(ssed tlie toM n. At llie same lime the 
fieet made a movement to enter the luirbour, and co-ope- 
rate With tlie trooj)s in a geneial ass?ault. Alarmed at 
these movements, the Governor sent out a fia«r, and pro- 
posed articles of capitulation. These were rejected, and 
others were sent in by the General av.d Comrriof'orc, 
winch were accepted ; and on t!ie ITth of J[ine,th('} en- 
ter* d the town in triumph, and the liarnsoii were enji)Hik- 
bd for France. 

Tlie news of this glorious event, reached Boston, by 
express, the 3d of July, and spread like lightning, 
tlirouglnMU the country, .foy, universal, befimed in ev- 
ery countenance and trh>wed in every breast, and exul- 
tation burst forth iVom all j)arts of the colonies. 

1 he French flag C(!ntinued to wave upon the walls of 
Xouisbuig, winch decoved in several Imiia ships, sujjpos- 
ed to be worth ^'(>00,()00 sterling. 

Governor Shirley embarked immediately for Louis- 
l)urij, and persuaded the most of the army to continue 
in ^arrisun through tne winter, and to(;k the command 
until his Majesty's pleasure could be known. 

An a mament of S{>ven shi|)s of the line, sailed from 
France, early in July, 1746, destined for the conquest of 
Nova Scotia, with orders to touch at Louisburgh ; but 
n|)on intelligence at sea, of the fail of Louisburg, thej 
returned to France. 

The boldness of this enterprise against Louisburgh 
and the success with which it was crowned, astonished, 
r.ot only America, but Europe, and led to a system of 
jneasures li^ahlv interesting and advantageous, both to 
Emiland and her colonies. 

Enirli^nd contempia'ed the reduction of Canada, nnd 
France contemplated the reduction of Louisburg and No- 
va ScohR. tooeiher witb. the wb.ole American seaboard, 
from Georg a to ^'riine. To cffer^t this, she frted out 
ber Brest fleet of 70 sail; fourteen of which were of tke 



MASSACHUSETTS AND N.IIAMPSHIRE. 67 

line; destined for tiio Ameriran coast. This fleet left 
Itocljehe tlie 22d of June, with a land force of 3 or 4,000 
men, destined for the reduction of Louuhtirg, and the 
conquest t>l Nova Sc<»tia. DetachnK'nt^ of this fleet 
were seen in those seas and spread a general aiafiii 
throu^h(!Ut tlie American coast; hut that Go(i who had 
phinted his chuicii m the wilderness and pven her sueli 
a signal victory over the strong hold oi Louishurii:, Jip- 
peared in as signal a manner for the protection oi' this 
conquest. Storms and adverse winds arose, which scat- 
tered the French fleet, and drove them ofF the American 
coast; some to the West-Indies ; sonse foundered at sea, 
and the remnam returned to France, wiih the niclnn- 

choly tiditiiis that the whole expedition hiid failed ; that 

** . . . ^' . 

one of iheir A;lmirals iiad |)ois(;ned l.iinseli, thi(Mi«ih 

Ijrief, and an<5ther had run mad and stabbed himself, 

tlirough rap;e and disappointnjcnt ; and that the remnant 

of tise fleer, had been overtaken by a v(Ai\ a'ld ter-ible 

F^torm < fl' Cape Sable, where they fuflered severely, as 

tliey bia a final adieu to the American coast. 

Thus ended the French arn-ada apainst the colonies of 
America; and thus the ch.urch in. the wilderness mitrht 
say with the ilhistnous Queen Elizabeth, " Dnts fidi'il^ 
dissipantiir.''^ 

All pros}>ects of success on the part of France, ap- 
t peared i'rom this time t(» fad *, and the war lanirnished 
until the 30th of A|)iil, 1748, when hostilities ceased, un- 
der t!ie preliminaries of Aix-la-Cliapelle. In October 
following;, peace ^^ as ratif ed and c(jnfi) med : all con- 
quests were given ui», and all tilings remained in statu 
quo. 

The people of Slassachiisetts, now began to feel the 
pressure of their afTairs. V flood of paper money had 
been issiied to support the exegencies of the war; taxes 
Iia<l multiplied, and this paper money bad <'e!>reciated 
almost to a cypher ; all which threatened the rum ol trade 
and of m<!rais. 

Parliament made a errant tothe colonics of iVew-Eng- 
land, to indemnify the extvenses of the laptureoi Loms- 
hurgh : and Massachusetts re leemed her pap<r m'>neT 
with silver and gold, which rendered her medium jser- 
manenr. 

7Mie rava-i'es of the Fr^ivdi and !n';ansfVoni Ciuiada, 
Were carried on through iXm war and into tlieyear 174^^ 



66 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

upon the frontier towns generally, with gieat severity; 
and many persi-ns were killed, wounded, or earned a- 
way captive to Canada; but tlie fcctrlements were not 
burnt, nor the pet>i)ie butebered, as fornjeriy. ^J bin par- 
tial hiananity, the enemy turned to hit! advanta<»e, by ex- 
tortiuii huge ssums ot money lor tlie ransom of their cao- 
tivt's, which leudcred New-England tril)Utary to Canada.* 

The lor»g contested claims oi Masoji, in New-liamp- 
shire, had been ha| |)ily settled by purchase ; but the As- 
senjbly delayed heir nc< e|;tance so long-, that a compa- 
ny (d s|)eculaL'.»rs stepped in ; puicba.sed tbechiim of the 
heir at law, aisd to<»k his quit-claiu!, which threw the 
cohuiy into a high lerment, and in 1748, these specula- 
tors began to grant towissbips, and settle their lauds. — 
"^l he In irs (d' Alien look tlie alarm, and opposed the 
measure; all which opened a cozUroversy that continued 
down to the close of the Anjencan Rev(;luti(>n. 

To increase these diificidlies, a contest was opened 
with Massachusetts, about the supf)ort of Fort Dummer; 
a controversy sjn ang up, at the san»e time, between the 
Governor and the Ass('nd)iy, which suspended ail the or- 
dinary business of the co!(Uiy for thi( e ye.jrs. This 
brought a re})roacb upon the colony, l)oth in England 
and America, and they were considered as in a state of 
actual rebellion. 

In !7o2, these troubles were all closed, and the affair^ 
©f the colony became tranquil. 

CHAPTER XII. 

.«ENERAL AFFAIRS OF THE COLONIES. 

The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, which restored nt^aiR 
the conquests of France and Britain, in x\merica and in 
India, lulled the two nations into that stare of se( urDy, 
which was improved by France, through a labyrinth of 

*New-England lost in this war, 3 or 4000 of her sons, 
and the wa.rsof th • lasi cenuiry have ocr asione I to New- 
England, the loss of about '20(V0(K) souls. Tlu- loss was 
felt by New-York as well as Nevv-Enir!and, though not 
in an equal ratio. — Hutciiinsonh History. 



AFFAIRS OF THE COl.ONTEi^. 69 

intrisrues, to carry \wr aml)iti«)i!s plans sut*; rfToct, uDon 
a miiiP extemied scale tfuuj Ixt'nre. To occoiij)»!i. || \].\js:^ 
sIh! a!tPi»n>te(i t<> unite with SpHJn, in ti fan:iiy fcnipnct, 
bur fuilf'd : yet Lotjis XlV.Ojjene.l his intn^iUi s in Injja. 
France at the same time, C(;juin«iejj to niaiure lier |>lans, 
and sow ihe seefis oi' war in Anienca. 

By the treaty ^tf Utreclil, Frnnce had cede;] to En??- 
land, the whole C(»Mntry of Nova Scotia; hut ilie houn- 
davies had never been (lefined. Soon after the war, the 
EniiUsh huilr the town of HaliSx, in a communthnu po- 
Fitson, in that country, ail' sent out a coiojty of ah«»ut 
S'OO faniihes to settle it; this sl,e])vkindJed a fire ahout 
boundaries. 

France hafi connected her s-etflenients in l^nnada, with 
ber settlements in Louisiana, by a chain of miiita; v posts, 
which exten«-ed front Qm hec to IS'cvv-Orleans. ' \\ iih 
these, siie exj)ecte«! to connoand the trade and friendship 
of the savaji'es of the wildernci-s. 

As tiie preparations of the j-.a; ties projjressed in Amer- 
ica, Collision^ ensued, until the French and Indians in 
Nova Scotia, rose in nrnis ;*n<i be^an their ravages. 

An armed fj-iee at the ^anre time, surprised a fortress, 
or ratlier a traclin^ estf.htishnicnt, upon the river Ohio, 
which helonjred to the Oiiio Company, of Vir'ifinia; 
murdered the pe( pie., and cairied off the plunder, to (he 
Rmoiuif of twenty thousand pounds.* They next seized 
on another Eni>lish Ibrt ai the forks of tbe M nonj^aheia, 
"With a force of one thousand men, and eiirhteen pieces, 
of cannon. 

The French next constructed a strong; and rejralarfor- 
tresjs at the torks of the Monnnoahda, and called it Fort 
Dnquesne, which estahliched a regjdar Gommunication 
between the isver Ohio and the lakes, and threatened tlie 
ruin <il" the Virginia ("onipany. 

The Governor of Viri»tnsa, despatched iMajof Georo-e 
Washinofton, v/itha letter to the conimaudinu officer at 
for' Diiquesne, demandinir an explanation. Tlie mis&ion, 
perilous as it was, was faithfully executed, and the an- 



*This company bad obtained a jrrant from the crowoj 
of 600,000 acres of land, lyiuir upon the r.vesOhio; for 
tbe purposes of settlinjj the country and extending a ti'a^© 
Willi the ludians. 



^0 fiTf-TORY Ol^ V. STATES. 

ivpr of tlie onrr.iTiandant rctuined, "ilru he aclcd as.* 
cording to orders." 

This iTiissioi) w.*»s .socn fol!f)^ved hv orders from tlie 
IJritis-h JMiuisUw, that the coh)iiies should assist Virginiav 
and rf'i'ei the French. 

A reiiin'Mit was raised in Virginia, for tlse service, 
and Major George VVashin|»ton, now CoJonel, appointed 
to tl'.c c'lininand. 

S<»utlj Carolina sent out one company, and New-York 
sent out iwo conij anies, to join Colonel WashioiiHjn, 
which ft)rmed a force of 400 men. 

i oionel Washington, surj>rised and attempted to cut 
off a party of French from Fort Duquesne, near the 
Great Meadows, (so called) w hich he defeated Witli uveal 
loss; but the next r.'ay, De Yilliers, the French con)n:an- 
der, surprised Coion^^l Washington, with a strong party of 
ah lit 900 French and Indians. 

The Coh)nel had erected a stockade, to covi'r his j)ar- 
ty. which enabled hsm to maintain such a desperate re- 
sistance, as to obtain an honourable cap!tu]r.tif)n, and 
thus b)oui>ht off his party with safety, by delivering up 
his tem[)orary fortress, July 4th, ]7";i. 

When the tidinjrs of the dejui . ;» ns (f the French, 
«p<;n ihe Ohio Company, arrived 'tu l>;;g"M.i;d, tise Lords 
of Trade and Plantalions, recommeiided '• tl;at commis- 
sioners he immediately appointed in America, to effect a 
unijju between the colonies, and a league of friendship 
v.'i;h tlie neiahborinjjf Indians." 

'1 he rec(.mmendation was com[»}ied with, and a con- 
vention of the G(iveinors and principal ijenllemen irom 
all the colonies, met at Albany, in the san^e year.*' 

In this Congress, it was J>rf^posed " that a grauf! coun- 
cil should be formed, of members chosen fr«!m aij the As- 
semblies, and sent from all the colonies ; which council,, 
with a Governor General appointed by the crown, should 
be empowered to make general laws, and to. raise ni(»ney 
in all the colonies, for the defence of the whole." This 
plan \»as idisapproved by the (lelegates of Connecticut, 
and the Provincial Assemblies irenerally ; and wholly re- 
jerted ill England, by the Siinistry. 

The British Minister, next sent out the follow inij 



i his Congress was in session at the time of Colonel 



^/ashiiigtou's defeat. 



AFFAIRS OF THE COLONIES. 71 

plan : — " That the Governors of the colonies, with one 
or more of their councillors, should form a ccmvention, 
to concert measures for the ^etjeral defence; erect forts, 
and raise such numbers of meu, as they should judj^e 
necessary; and that they vshould draw on the British 
treasury, for such sums as should he thouv>ht requisite .o 
reimburse t' eir exj)enses ; Parliament to reimburse the 
whole by taxes on fhe colonies, after the war." This 
plan was rejected by all t'ic colonies. . 

Cain;jairn of i7-j5. — The campaio^n opened with the 
plan of four ifrand expeditions; the first as^ainst Fort 
Duquesne; the second against Nova Scotia; the third 
against < 'rown Point, and the fourth against Niagara. 

General Braddock embarked at Cork, January, 1755, 
with 1500 men, and arrived in Virginia, about the first 
of March, destined against Fort Duquesne. 

The French fitted out a strong armament for the A- 
merican service, early in the spririg; consistmg of twenty 
ships of the line, .vith frigates, transports, &c. carrying 
4000 men, under the command of the Baron Dieskau. 

The British Minister despatched a fleet of seventeen 
ships of the line, and seven frigates, wLlJi a land force of 
6000 men, under the command of Admirals Boscawin 
and Holbourn, to watch the motions of the enemy upon 
the American station. 

Both fleets appeared oft' the coast of Newfoundland, 
at the same time; but they were so envelo|)ed in the fogs 
of that coast, that they did not discover each other until 
all the French fleet had entered the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence, excepting two 60 gun ships, who fell in with the 
British fleet and were taken. This action opened the 
contest upon the water, and the war became serious.* 

The spiino- opened in America, with an active and vig- 
orojis preparation for the war. The legislatures of the 
several colonies, met and communicated with each other 
by special messages, to imite and co-operate, with all 
possible efl'orts, in raising men f)rthe war. 

New-England raised about 5000 men, which joined 
tlie northern army at Albany, about the first of June. — ' 



*rhe E»ig]ish commenced a general attack upon the 
French commerce, and captured more than thr«'e hundred 
trading vessels, with about 8000 seaincii, in the course 
of the vear. 



73 histohy of v. states. 

Tins army, about 6000 str* ng. besides a laroe body of 
Mubawk hidians, un<]er llMiili.'cIv their Chief, wars en- 
trusted to ibe c<?nimaud ot (iem ral .{obusou, and des- 
tined ajrainst I'icondeioga and Crown Pnat. 

Massachusetts .sent on a stront^ detachmtn' to Nova 
Seotia, to join Coh)ne! ]M(tnct(^n. This fxj;edirion ^nc- 
cee('ied,and by the firi-t of. July, Coh^ne) Monetoii: had 
taken all the fortresses in possession of the French; 
disarmed tlie Arcadians, and sent great numbers of ihem 
into Ne\v-Enu!and. 

General Braddock took the command of about Iw© 
thousan(J re^julars and provincial.--, in June, and com- 
menced his operations aii'ainst Fort Duquesue ; iissisied 
by C(dnnel Washiniitou, as his Aid-de-( amp. 

Unskilled in the arts of Atnericaii war, and flushed 
with the military }m ide of his nation, lie detachcf! the 
flower of his army, and aUem[Jied ky foiced marrlies, 
tosur|)rise the fortress, before an expected reinforcement 
shouM arrive from Canada. 

Blind to the dan^^ers of Indian warfare, and reoardless 
of tiie cau'.ioas advice of C(donel Vv a-ltinsiton, he ieij in- 
to an rndi; n -.imbush, within ten nules fit Fort l)uque.-ue. 
Tie derachmirnt was oveiwiudmed With the explosion; 
Braddock and all his prii!ci()al officers were slain ; and 
Colonel Vi ashiniiton led <'fi' the iejiitives, w ith the loss of 
all their artillery, bao^ijasfe, and nubtary stt>res, tou,etiier 
with about 700 men. The mditia returned to Virsfinia, 
and the regulars repaired to Albany, by order of Gen- 
eral Shirley, to join the northern army. 

When the news of Bratldock's defeat reached Gener- 
al Shirley, it gave a general shock to the army, and caus- 
ed such frequent deseiiion from the detat hiuent rlestmed 
ajfainst N!a<>ara, that the General was cor^strained to de- 
fer tlie attack, and content himself wiih rt inforrinir and 
fortifyinir Oswei>o, and retmninij to Albany with the rem- 
nant of his army. 

General Johnson ;)dvanced at the same t'me, at the 
head of the nortluM'n armv, as far as Lake Georsie, and 
«ncamped on a risinuj j>r<Mind, autl secuKid his po^i)i(»ii 
with a breast work, until the cannon, batteaux, SiC. could 
come up, and enabled him t() cross the lake. 

T'te Baron Dieskau, who then ccunmanded a' Foit 
Ticonderoj^a, advan -ed ar the head of a strong body Cff 
:truops, to surprise and lidie Fort Edward. 



AFFAIRS -OF THE COLONIES. 76 

Wlien iiircliiiiviice of this nioveiiient, reached Gener- 
al .Tohu.soii, he (Jetadied a j>:iity of 1000 men, with the 
Sachem Heudrick and his In iian?*, under the command 
oJ* Colonels Williams and V/iiitney, to intercept their 
march. Die ikau disccivcred this detachment, and drew 
thesn uito an a^ii!»Msli, and sururii^ed them vvitli a su<iden 
exjihi.-ion. Coh)nei Wdiiams fell — flendrtck fell, with 
n-any other hrave f>fficers and soldiers, and the remnant 
fleii to tiieeainj). The enemy pursued, and a warm ac- 
tion commenced ; the fu;iitives rallied under cover of 
tiie l);ea-^t works, and tiie main hodv, under Genera! Jolin- 
s-):!, lijiwed down the ra!d\s of liie enemy. Dieskaii 
ii;:t;!.?uv<'ied an! a.'vanced to the attack, with ^reat skil.l 
anl "»)rav:;!y ; 2>i!t the contest \v'as unequal, an<J he heat a 
retreat. Geuera! Johnson ordered the ciiar^e; thetroops 
leapt over die br'a-t work and pursued tlie victory. The 
enenjy fled in disoriU^r; the-<^arnagp was jrreat ; and the 
jjaron Dn^skau, morJally wounded, lell into the hands of 
tlie y'.'. U)i'<. 

Vliis v.i'tory opened, the way to Ticonderojia ; yet the 
season was so far advaiuteti, that General Johuson al)an- 
ilohed tlie enterprise. When he had constrtscted two 
Fori;?, on lit numerous boats atid l)atteaux,.and opened 
roads to Lak.e George, he disbanded the levies, and re- 
tired into winter qtmrters at Albany. "* 

Such v/as the i;;enera! success of this expedition, that.^ 
his Majesty creaied the General a Barom-t, and Parlia- 
ment rewarded him with a present of .i-'SOO'd sterling; 
and liie arfuy received the apprlause of the nation. 

The depredations of ti.e Indians, contmnejl upon the 
back settlements of Virginia and Peniisyivania, tlirough 
the summer and winter of 1755 — 6. 

Cam,;aign of 1751), in Amcricn. — The war liad now 
r;ip;ed in Aiuerica, two years, and upon the (scean one; 
yet Eniikind and France srili kept uj) thesr lu-gotiaticms, 
and war was U'lt deciaied by esther, tiniil Great Britain 
made her declaration in May', and France in June. 

(«eneral /Vbercroml^ie was ajipointed to succeed Gen- 
era! Shirley, and Lord Loudon e.ppointed coiflmander-in- 
Chief and Goveir.or oi Virginia. Tlie cl»lonies \vere 
active anfl Z(^:dons in their pi'eparations for the war; but 
the Generals did not arrive in America, until June an^ 
July. 

7 



74 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

The plan of the cam;>ai:xn, had l)een early formed by 
a council held at Ne\v-Y(»rk, and that rf the last, was re- 
newed. The northerfj expeditions were assigned to the 
northern colonies, and the expedition against Fort Du- 
quesne, to the southern. 

The northern cohtnies assembled an army of 7009 
men at Albany, which added to the regulars, amotinted to 
about ten thousand men. 

General Abercrombie arrived in June; but all opera- 
tions were delayed until the arrival of Lord Loudon, in 
July. 

The General detached Colonel Bradstreet, with a 
strong party, to convey {provisions totJie Fort at Oswego, 
and he executed his commission promptly ; but on his re- 
turn, he fellinto an Indian ambush, as he ascended the 
river Onondaga. He flew to a small island, landed his 
men, and prepared for his defence. The Indians rose 
from their ambush, rushed int(>the water, and comnien- 
ced a desperate attack. Colonel Bradstreet repelled this 
attack, by a well directed fire, and the enemy iled. He 
then advanced with two hundred men against another 
division of the enemy aud put them to flight, in a close 
and desperate action. He next advanced against a third 
party, still higher up the river; put them to flight ; and 
in the tliree actions, destroyed about 1-50 of the enemy, 
with the loss of seventy of his party. This action open- 
ed his way hack to Albany. 

Colonel Bradstreet gave notice to General Abercrom- 
bie, on his return, that a formidable force of French and 
Indians from Canada, were on their way against Oswe- 
go; and the General detached Colonel Webb, with one 
regiment, for the relief of the fortress. 

On the 29th of Jidy, Lord Loudon arrived at Albany, 
and took the command. General Winslmv, at this time, 
had advanced to Lake George,' and lay v/ith impatience, 
vvaiting for orders to advance against Ticonderoga; but 
the General continued inactive at Albany, with three 
thousand regulars, until the middle of August. Gener- 
al ^\'ebb at this time, cqmmenced his march for the re- 
lief of Oswego. 

On the 12th of August, the Marquis de Montcalm, 
who had succeeded General Dicskau, invested ihe for- 
tress of Oswego, with alwut 3000 Canadians and Indians, 
blocked up the river, and opened his trenches. On the 



AFFAIRS OF THE COLONIES. 75 

14tli, Colonel Mercer, the commanding officer, was kill- 
ed, and the Fort surrendered. 

Thus fell Oswego, the si rono- hold of the west; de- 
fended by 121 pieces (tf cr.-in'Xi, 14 nisjrtars, 2 friirales, 
20ii boats, and a ji;arrison o[' IGOO njeu, well siippised with 
povisions and military siores. General Monlcjilm dis- 
maniied the Fort, and carried oft* the booty into Canada. 

With the fall of this Fort, the Lakes Erie and Onta- 
rio, wiiii the vvhoie nortli-easlern frontier, were laid open 
to the enemy, and the. finest settlements fell a prey to 
their ravaj^es. 

ri« nera! Webb learnt the fate of Osvvejxo, when at the 
portage, between the Mohawk and Wood Creek, and im- 
mediately secured his retreat baci^ to Albany. 

Lord Loudon remained safe at Albany, until Septem- 
ber, when tise provincials were disbanded, and the !e;:u- 
lais went into winter nuarfers,and Jhe camj>aian of i756, 
closed. Dar!; and gioomy was the winter that followed. 

(J:.in!)uign of llryl. — The sprjiig" of 1757, opened v.itli 
new efforts on the part ol Great CrnHin,to prosecute the 
war ni America. An arniameni of eleven ships of the 
limi. a fire-ship, bomb-ketch, and transports with 6 or 
7(>00 men, sailed from Cork, in the month of 3iay, un- 
der the command of Admiral Holbourn and Commodore 
Holmes, and General Hopson, and arrived at Halifax on 
the 9th of July. The colonies met this armament, with 
their reofular quotas of men ; but when they (ound the 
object of destination to be Louisbnr«, they refused to 
co-operate. They feared to expose their norihe'n and 
western fiontjers, to the rava!i;es ol' the enemy ; but the 
commander-in-chief was Lord Loudon, and his com- 
mands were obeyed. 

Lord Loudon sailed from New- York, on the 9r!i of 
July, and joined (-enerai Hopson at fialilax, v\ ith GOOO 
men, wiocsi gave him the command of a land f ric^ of a- 
bout 12,000, and. a powe.fui fleet deslined ag. in;-;i Tvouis- 
burij: ; but all this was too late. Louisburg ha<l been 
strengthened by the Brest ileet, of sevenleen sail and 
9000 men from France, and the expedition tailed. Lord 
Loudon returned to New-York, with his accustomec^ 
moderation, and repaired to Albany. 

Not so with Montcalm ; he was not an idle spectator 
of the farce tlie Peer of En:i!3nd was acting in America. 
He like an able General, faithful to his King, his country 



76 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

and his lionor, rut off Colone! ParUer, who was detached 
with a force agauisi Tifonderoga, and advanced victori- 
ous a«"ainst Fort Wm. Henry. In 5:ix days this Fort 
surrendered to the conqueror, and the garrison marched 
out wilh tlie honors of v/ar, protected by an honorahle 
capitulation; but the savages under Montcahu, regard- 
less of his engagemeiits, broke into the ranks of tliC gar- 
rison, strii)ped, phindered and butchered tiiem in the 
most barbarous manner ; and General Montcahn was ac- 
cessary to the sceuf. 

The fall of Cswego had excited general alnrm ; bvit 
the massacre of Fort Win. Henry, filled the country with 
distress. 

Tlie enemy, elated vvitli (hcpc successes, ravaged tlie 
frontier, and hud vvasre, with tiro and sv/ord, th.e lino set- 
tlements called the German Fiats, on the Mohawk. 

At this time tliere were more than 20,000 British reg- 
ulars, upon the American station, besides the numerjous 
troops of the colonies; and yet the strcmir holds of A- 
merica, were falling into the hands of the French, in reg- 
ular succession, find the enemy rioted in their ravages, 
wiiliout so much as a Held day of opposition. But I for- 
bear; the defence of Asnenca, was intrusted to tlie ser- 
vice of British troops, and a Peer of E/fglanrf, had the 
hunor to command. 

Early in the season, the ))rovincials were disbanded, 
and the regular troops, as before, retired into winter 
«)uarters. 

CHAPTER Xni. 

©AMPAIGN OF 1753, IN AMERICA. 

The affairs of Great Britain, in India, had been as un- 
Siiccessful asin America, until a Taptain, now Colonel, 
Clive, appeared, to lay the lasting fountlation of the Brit- 
ish Emj)ire in India. 

Pending the successes in India, Lord Walpole had 
been removed from the administratioii. and Mr. Pitt, re- 
stored to the helm of state. 

With the cliMn-e in the ^linistry, commenced aciiange 
of men and measures. New energies S}»rang up in the 



CAMPAIGN OF 175S, IN AMERICA. 77 

councils, and were diffused to tlie armies and the nation. 

j Mr. Pitt announced to the colonies:, his Majesty's in- 

tention to prosecute the war with vigour, in America, 
and requested New-England, Nevv-York, and New-Jer- 
sey, to furnish 20,000 men, to meet the exigencies of the 

! war, and enter upon the conquest of Canada. Assuran- 
ces at the same time were given, that all the expenses of 
the colonies, sliould be recommended to Parliament, for 
indemnification. 

Fired with true patriotic zeal, the colonies aforesaid, 
sent commissioners to Hartford, in April, 1758, to con- 
cert i^ieasurers for mutual co-opeialion. 

Lord Loudon had been recalled; General Abercrom- 
bie succeeded to the comnmnd of the northern army, 
and the northern colonies promptly furnished their sev- 
eral quotas of men, to the amount of ten thousand. 

Alive to the war, and the interests of America, Mr. 
Pitt despatclsed a fleet from P^ngland, in February, un- 
der the command of Admiral Boscawcn, for the Amer- 
ican station, with a land force under the command of 
General Amherst and Major General Wolfe. This fleet 
and armament, when joined to the force at Halifax, a- 
mounted to 150 vessels and 14,000 men, destined tor the 
reduction of Lousisburg. Early in June, this whole 
force appeared before this Dunkirk of America. 

The foi tress was defended by a garrison of 2500 reg- 
ulars and about 600 militia, commanded by the Chevalier 
Drti'.;ourt, and the harbor was defended by a naval force 

" of five ships of the line, one of 50 guns, and five frig- 
ates ; three of the latter had been sunk at the entrance 
of the harbor, to obstruct the English. 

Th^ troops were landed with great intrepiditv, in the 
fjice of a resisting foe ; and the town was investetl by 

' sea and land. I'iie operations of the siege, were pros- 

* ecuted with great vio;our, for about six weeks, when one 
of the French ships blew uj). The flames communicat- 
ed to twr) others, wliich also blcv/up. This opened the 

f way for the English Admiral to r.iake a <lescent upon 

,' the harbor, by a detachment of 600 marines in boats, 
who sieziid on the other two ships of wnr ; destroyed the 
one, and towed off the other, and thus the harbor was 
cleared at a blow. The batteries commenced at the 



in HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

same time, a heavy cannonade, and the General threat- 
ened an as.^ault upon llse town. 

Tfie (iovei nor offered a rtaj^onable caj)il:u]ation, which 
Was accepted and on tiie t26th of Jidy, the city of Luu- 
isburii, St. Johns, and tlie whole Cf)ast, from the St. Law- 
rence to N'lva Scotia, were delivered up to the Ennhsh. 
This h!ow in America, added to the successes in India, 
gave new spiriis aiul newenersies to Enj^haid and Amer- 
ica, and opened the scenes of future triumph m the war. 

Pending liiese successes ajjaitsst L()uisl)ui j»". General 
Amhercrombie commenced operations vvitli the northern 
army, a^iainst Ticondcioga atid ('rovvn Point. lie ad-' 
vanced to L;ke George, eariy in July, at the head of 
sixteen th!)U>an(i men; and on the 5lh and (jrh, crossed 
over and comi^jenced his march for Fort 'J'iconderooa. 

Tlie General, after sustaining some losses in crossing 
the forests, advanced to the attack of Ticimderoga, be- 
fore his cannon had come up. Tiie fortress, protected 
on three sides by water, and on tii<^ fnnrth by a mornss, 
was r^trono'ly fortified, and defended by 5000 men, who 
were covered by anabbatis and chevaux-de-frize. 

The troops advanced to the charge with great intrepid- 
ity ; but the Contest was unequal; the defence was firm, 
the conflict sharp and bloody, and the carnage great. The 
fortress was im;/.regnab!e. and the Genera! ordered a re- 
treat, to save his army from ruin. The flower of the 
English army were engaged in this desperate contest, for 
rnore than four hours, and about two thousand were 
either killed or wounded. 

The General (elt the shock and disgrace, and retired 
with the remnant of his army, to his former position on 
Lake Gef)r«:e. 

tie next detached Colonel Bradstreet, with tliree thoo- 
eand men, to reduce Fort Frontenac* Colonel Brad- 
street, who had solicited the service, executed it prompt- 
ly. He traversed the desert to Oswego; embarked up- 
on Lake Oiitario, und on the 2-*>'h of August, landed his 
troops and sjimmoned the fortress, which surrendered at 
discretion. Sixty pieces of caimon, nine armetl sloops, 
and immense quantities of stores and provisions and 
merchandize, were trophies of this victory. 



*This Fort stands at the confluence of Lake Ontario, 
into the river St. Lawrence. 



CAMPAIGN OF 1758, IN AMERICA. 7d 

This success led to aiiotlier triumph, under General 
Forbes. The General commenced his march from 
Philadelphia in July, and advanced into tie wilderness, 
to humble ti e Fiench at Fort Duquesne. At Ray's 
town, he was joined by Colonel Washington, at the 
head of tlie Vir;:xinia regulars, which rendered his 
army about 8000 strong. General Forbes detached 
Major Grant, with about 800 men, as an advanced guard, 
to reconnoiter. This party fell into an anibnsh ; a des- 
j.jerate combat ensued, and a gallant resistance was 
made; but the Enilish were overpowered by numbers, 
and beat a retreat with the loss of three hundred men. 
]\lajor Grant with thirteen of his officers, fell into the 
bands of the efiemy. 

General Forbes advanced to the sup|)ort of his detach- 
ment ; resolved to carry the object of his destination. — 
In November, he arrived before the fortress, but the en- 
emy had taken the alarm, abandoned the F<'rt, and le- 
tired down the Ohio to the Mississippi ; and Fort Du- 
quesne fell into the hand of the victors, 'ihe name uf 
this fortress was now changed, in honor of the British 
Minister, and the flag of Old England, waved u[)(tn the 
walls of Fort Pitt. 

This was a commanding posirinn, \\h:ch cfuinerted 
the western posts with the great chain of posts on the 
lakes, and was defended by 50 pieces of cann' n, sixteen . 
mortars; and contained a treasure in goods, provisions, 
and military i^tores, to the amount of 800,000 livres of 
France. 

The possessi(in of this fortress, gave to the colonies a 
commandin^jf influence over the ln<!ians in that region, 
and awed them into peace and siduuissinn. General 
Forbes garrisoned the fortress ; made treaties widi the 
Indian>j, and led back his army to Fhiladelphia, vvheie 
lie died through excessive fatigue ; areatly beloved, high- 
ly applauded, and univcu'sally lamented. 

After the fall of Louishurg, General Amherst repaired 
with a body of rejrulars to Albany, and from th.ence to 
Lake George, to join the northern army ; but tlie season 
was too far advanced to admit of jurther oj erati( ns ; 
the General disbanded the provincials, and retired with 
his regulars, into winter quarters, as before. 

The success of this campaiirn, had given a new face 
to the war. Louisburg had fallen, and the entire cob- 



»0 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

quest of Cape Breton, and Nova Scotia, Jjad rescued the 
fisheries, and covered the whole eastern frontier from the 
ravages of the enemy. An easy access was opened to 
the river St. Lawrence, the fortress of Quebec, and the 
heart of Canada. 

The fail of Fronton ac and Duquesne, had broken the 
chain of defence on tlie west, and thus the way was pre- 
pared for the next campai<j;n. 

The fleet and remaiiider of the armament that liad 
triumpl'.ed over Louisburg-, repaired in autumn, to the 
West Indies, and Gandalor.pe, Mariagalante, and sever- 
al otSier small islasids, became llie tropliies of their vic- 
lories, in those stas. 

CHAPTER XIV. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1759. 

The successes of the last campaign, had raised the 
Coi»fidence of Mr. Pitt, and inspired him with tliose ef- 
forts that led to the conquest of all French America. — 
Louisburo- had fallen, Frontenac and Duquesne, had fall- 
en, and the successes in the West Indies, closed the last 
campaign ghjrioiisiy. 

The seaboard was thus cleared of the French marau- 
der, and the western frontier of savage dejiredations ; 
the northern fjontier was opened for an expedivion into 
Canada, and the conquest of €|neF?ec. The Minister 
communicated the plan of the campaign, to the Govern- 
ors of the northern c'olonies, and called on them for their 
several quotas of men, to be raised as heretofore, to the 
am«:»;nit of 20,{,'00. The colonies nu^t this requisition 
pr(^n)ptiy. The requisiie troo)<s were raised, equipped, 
and early in the field. General Amherst took the com- 
mand of the northern army, and beirai] his operations 
in June. In July, he crossed liake Geori:e, ;ind appear- 
ed before Ticonderoga. Tlie garrison blew up their 
mao-azine ; abandoned the Fort, and retired to Crown 
P<;inl. The garrison at Crown Point, caught the ahirm, 
and the uhole force retired to the Isle AuxNoix.* The 



*In the northern part of Lake Ci;amplain. 



CAMPAIG^^ OF 1759. 81 

Oenoral advsincefl a-.u] took possession of these Forts, 
in sdccession, witliout a ^un ; and tliustlio keys of Can- 
ada were remt)ved. f^eueial Amlieist next" procjoded 
to constrnct a naval force, to dislodjjje the enc-my from 
their !?tr<ui« liold, at tiif Ssle Aux K(»ix. 

Durin;^ these operav.<int<, General Prideaiix, with his 
division of the aiuiy, in e( u.unction vviiij Sir WdJiam 
Johnsou and the Indians of the Ssx Nations, advanred 
aji'ainsl Niagara; ahmU the midd!<; of Jidy, he invested 
the Fort, and opened !ii,« treiiches ; It:: in the midst of 
anxious liope an.! active duty, tiie jr.dhuit Pndeaux was 
kdjed, hy Hie hurstiisij of a coImm n. 1 he conitnand de- 
volved on General Johnson, and ihe siei^e was continued 
with vi«(>r. 1 he French conmianih^-, dreadinjr the hor- 
rors of a storm, determined to risk a \ atlie. lie accord- 
ingly marchet* out with his «rarrisoii, and numerous In- 
dian aihes, and conimencc d the attack. I'he action 
soon hecame warm and hioody ; the carnajie was jj'^'at, 
hut the conflict was short. The e emy fled; General 
Joiins(;n pursued. A i::encral s!aii<2]Uer mar'vcd the foot- 
steps of the lu;LMiives for more tlian five miles. De 
Auhry, their (icnri al was taken, and the fortress surren- 
deree! to the Victors. 

With the fall oi' Niagara, a way was opened to ihe 
heart of the enemy : Gana(ta was unmasked, and Que- 
bec and Montreal, hecaine ihe imnsediate ohiects of war. 

To effect the conquest of Canfida, a formidable naval 
aruiament arrived at Hahfax, from Enirhuul, under the 
command of Admiials Sauutlers, ihdmes, aiid Dure!, 
tot»;et!ier with a land force of 8000 men, under tlie com- 
mand of General Wolfe. 



Note. — The city of Quebec stands upon the nmt'n side 
of the river St. Lawrenee, and upon a pJMunsnla i'ormed 
by the junction of the river St. Cliarles wi<h the St. Law- 
rence. The city is divided into the u|)per and lower 
town, by a ledge of rocks almost perpendicular, and is 
(Enclosed by a strong wall upon the l;\nd sides, tliat is ca- 
pable -of a powerful resi.^tance. Below the city hes the 
isle of Orleans, about twenty mih;s long (ind seventeen 
broad; extending up to the harbor of Quebec, and cov- 
ered with viilagj^isanf! |)lanJaJions liivldy cultsvated. Op- 
posite to the vvestei'ti pomt (tf the island- str.nds point Le- 
vi, which overhjoks both the citv and iiaibur. 



S^ HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

As soon as tlio river was cleared of ice, Admiral Saiui- 
ders set sail for Quehoc, wilh his whole force, and on the 
'2Gth of Julie, General Wolfe landed his troops upon the 
island of Orleans, and commenced the siege. 

Qnehec was defended by a strong garrison, and cov- 
ered bv an army of ten thousand men, under the com- 
mand of the gallant Genera! Montcalm.. 

Struck with astonishment at-^thc magnitude of the ob- 
ject before him, General Wolfe commi need his opera- 
tions; Civst by fortifying tiie Wi.'stern extremity -of the 
isle of Orleans, and next by erecting batteries on point 
Levi. 

Admiral Saunders took his station just below the 
town, to cover ihe batteries, and div-de the attention of 
the ei!(nny. Admiral Ilulmes took his station directly 
abovr the tnwn. 

Thus posted. General Wolfe opened his batteries up- 
on tlie k)vvcr town, and at the same time, landed a body 
of .troops, and coinmenced an attack upon General Mont- 
calm. 'Both parue.^ suffered severely in the conflict, but 
notliing decisive occurred. The troops wese vvitiidrawn, 
the siiips removed from their stations, and no impression 
was made. 

General Wolfe resolved on making one more effort to 
draw General Montcalm into the field. He accordingly 
landed anotner strong force, and commenced an attack ; 
bur the conOict was unequal, and he was obliged to retire 
with the loss of more than live hundred men, besides dis- 
tiij^uish&d officers. 

General Wolfe next detached Admiral Hulmes, with 
1200 men mnler tlie command of General Murray, to 
commence an attack upon the French ship[)ing in the 
liarbor of Quebec; this also-proved abortive. 

The season was now far advanced; all had been done 
that could be done, and yet the fortress remained inaccess- 
ible. The inrlefatigable efforts of General Wolfe, wast- 
ed his strength ; his health began to decline, and he 
wrote to the Minister, that he began to desj)air of suc- 
cess. 

Stunjr with chaorin at his own, as well as his coun- 
try's disappointment. General Wolfe called a council of- 
war, in which it was determined to carry the war, if 
possible, upon the plains of Abraham. 

The troops were immediately embarked on board the 



CAMPAIGN OF 1759. 83 

fleet; llie post at point I^evi was strengthened, and a nia- 
iioeuvering commenced for several days, up and down the 
river, to draw the attention of tlse enemy, from tlse city. 

Montcahn, alive to his duty, senta detachment of 1.500 
men, to guard every accessible point, and watch the mo- 
tions of the enemy. 

Gn the night of the 13th of September, the tioops 
J[aiided at their i>lace of destination; crawled up a steep 
and almost inaccessible precijiice, by the assistance of 
rocks, and stumps, and biisiies, and limbs of trees, 
throiioh a narrow winding path ; and at break of day, 
the gallant Wolfe, vvitlj his intrepid band, were formed 
on the ])]ains of Abraham. 

When the tidings of this masterly movement, reached 
Montcalm., he saw himself out-generaled ; and immedi- 
ately marched out of his camp, to take vengeance on the 
temerity of the foe. 

Wolfe and his httlo phalanx, were soon in view, and 
titc French commenced a distant atid scattering fire, ac- 
accompauied with such tremenduoiis yells of the sava- 
ges, as filled all the plain wilh the horrors of a sceneun- 
known to British troops. I'ijeir hearts were nnappalled ; 
tiiey received the French willi great coolness, and at the 
distance of 40 yards, opened a fire npon ihe enemy, 
which checked their career. W^olfe now received a 
wound in his wrisi, which hedisregarded. They repeat- 
ed their fire, which threv/ the. enemy into disorder; this 
when renewed, caused then) ro fiy. At this eventful mo- 
ment, fell General Wolfe, and with him General Monk- 
ton, (previously wounded) and the command devolved up- 
on Genera] Townsend. He advanced to the charge, to 
taiie vengeance on the foe. I'he cry of they ri/n, reach- 
ed the ears of General Wolfe, who exclaimed, ' rrho run,'* 
the rej)ly met his ear,-' the emmy run ;' then said he, ' I 
die in peace,' and expired. The gallant Townsend and 
Murray, took vengeance on the enemy with the Ijayonet 
and broad sword, until they reached the gates of the city, 
which alone covered them from total ruin. 

The gallant Montcalm, fell mortally wounded, in the 
flight; but lived nr>t to witness the fall of the city.— 
Quebec surreedered to tlse conquerors in five days. 

Thus fell Montcalm, the herb, of French America; 
and tints fell G<uieral Welfe, the glory of his country 
and his country's arms ; and thus fell Quebec, the Gib- 



84 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

rallar of America, and scourge of the c'nurch in the wil- 
derKess. 

General Townsond embarked about 1000 French offi- 
cers and suluiers./uid seiUtliem to Frnnre. He also left 
a garrison of 5000 nioji un»ler tlie couunand of the '^laU^ 
lant Genera! Murray, and then embarked on board the 
fleet, and set sail for En;i!and. 

General Amherst had succeeded in destroying the na- 
val force of the eneujy, upon Lake C!iam))liun ; bu' the 
season had b«^co;ne so tempestuous be'ore !je could carry 
on his operations against isje Aux Noix, that i»e aban- 
doned the cnterprizG, and returned to Crown Point, for 
the winter. 

CHAPTER- XY. 

CAMPAIGN OF 17 CO. 

With the opeliinfif of tlie spring:, Monsieur de Levi, 
-«:ominenccd las operations for the reduction of Quebec. 
He embarked ab(.-ut 11,000 men at Montreal, with a great 
l)ody of Lidians, and descended the river ; under tltc 
protection of six- stout frigates, and landed his whole 
ibrceat Point au-Tremble, on the 26th of April. With 
ihi:^ force, De Levi, liad re^olve<l to carry the city by a 
coup-de-main. But the '^arsant Murray had olherwisc 
determined ; accordin^i'y ho marched out at the head of 
three thousnnd, (I'le remains of the 5000 !eft in autumn) 
and i!jave the enemy battle. The van of the French 
were routed by the impetuosity of the charge, and diiven 
in dis;>rder upon the main body; i!ie En*;lish [)ursued, 
and the action became general aiid bloody. Overpower- 
ed by numbers, the gallant Murray, beat a retreat; and 
led back his heroes intn the city, with t!iO loss of one 
th{>usand of Ins garrison.. 

Elated with the victory, the enemy puisued to the 
walls, and commenced the most vigorous operations, to 
carry the city. The strife became desperate between 
the parties, until the 9th of May, when an English frig- 
ate arrived, and ain-ounded the approach of an English 
ileet. 

On the i5ih of May, a part of the fleet arrived, and 



ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE WAR. 8G 

gave relief lo the ^'arrison. On the IGili, the French frig- 
, ales w^'re all taken or destroyed, and Monsieur de Le- 
vi aliandoned Ins camp in the ni^iht, and fled \vith the 
greaLe.st r>reei[)itati(>n, tow ardt, Montreal. Lord Colville 
^arrived with ihe re^nainder of the fleet,* two days after; 
and the fla:;* of Old England waved triuiii^jhant, on thq 
wa[ls of Quebec*. 

General Amhers!: Irid now as^if nihled liis forces at 
Crown P<»mr, an*! was in readiness to commence oj^er- 
ations. H* dirtn:ted one expedition hv the way of Lake 
Orituritj, and the o^her ai;*Hinst tlie r*iie Attx Nosx, hy the 
way of Lake ( h im|.!a:n; and ordered General Mnrray^ 
at the same tinje, to emhark his trt)op> at Quebec, and 
meet him on a yiven day, before Montreal. 

These moyemeiiis were executed with ureat precision; 
the General arnvcil on the same day, and the division 
from t!ie Isle Aux Noix, the next; and the rirywascora- 
}}leteiy invested. On the 8th, JVlousienr Vaudiivil, the , 
Governor, siirned a ca])itn!ation, and the garrison nsarch* 
ed out with thr> honor^ of war. The French troops 
were ccmveyed U* France, and Canada was cleared. 

France now saw herself stripped of all her vast pos^ 
sessions in America, excef>tin:X New-Orhans on the 
Mississippi. This she reiained as a solitary .monnmenl? 
of &ri her iijreatness; from this she stimiilaled the Cher- 
okees to commence their ravaiics upon the defenct less 
frontiers of the south, throuijb the winter and spring. 

General Amherst sent on a body of re*rulars, to co-» 
operate with the troops of Virginia ajw! Cir')lina; and 
before midsummer, the enemy were humbled, audpeaue 
was restored. — 17GL 

CHAPTER XVL 

aENERAL ARRANGEMENTS IN EUROPE, TO PROSECUTE Tff& 
WAR, WITH A VIEW TO OBTAIN AN EQUITAtiLE PEACE. 

The war still raged with violence in Europe and ia 
India. Spjin became alarmed f n* the fate of her A- 
merican colonies, w'um she saw the unparalleled suc- 
09SS of ths British arms. France took , advantage of 



so HISTORY OF V. STATES. 

this^ und cornmencerl negotiations with Spain, toenffaaje 
hci in the war, under the nl iaiice of rhe family compact. 
This roiised the ieah)nsy of Enjiland, and Mr. Pitt de- 
inanded an immediate declaration of war against Spain, 
which was re*ns(^ ; and he turned his attention to the 
ocean, and commenced vigorous war upon the West- 
Indies. 

The Alhes in Europe, pushed the war in PrnsF-ia, and 
tlie French attenijtted to seize on Hanover. 

Mr. Pitt sent a naval armament to the coast of France, 
and took Belle Js]e,(afi'the mcnith of the Loire) which fill- 
ed England with spirit and hilarity. This blow, trifling 
as it was, called the attention of France to a peace, and 
she actually offered to yield to Entrland, all her cut\- 
qiiests in America and Indifi, : and offered Minorca for. 
Guadaloupe and Marigalante; also to relinquisli all her 
conquests in Germany, provided E no land woidd make 
pestitntioH for lier commerce taken before the declara- 
tion of war. All tbet^e c-oncessions, the Minister refused, 
and his refusal sealed tiie family compact, Auirust lo, 
1761. The basis of this compact was a community of 
interest, and a mutual naturalization of the subjects of 
both kingdoms; and its oblijiations were mutual and re- 
ciprocal. It also extended to tlie l\in;r of the two Sici-r 
lies, and embraced the unity of the'lhree Monarchie's. 

Thi.s. compact irave a shock to Europe, apti threatened 
the subversion of her balance of power. Mr. Pitt rose 
i^^idionant at the pusiillanimity of the King arid Council, 
in lefusinir bim a declaration of war against Spain, and 
resiji ned in disjrus . 

The Earl of Eo^remont was raised to the helm of state. 
He felt the hiirh responsibility attached to that station; 
and entered with s]>irit, into the measures of Mr. Pitt. 
He wrote to the Governors of New-Enuland, to furnish 
the same number of inen^ for the service of this year, 
as the last; to secure the conquests in America. The 
troops were as promptly raised as before, and General 
Amherst took the command. 

To meet the exijrencies of the approachina: war with 
Spani. the Minister sent a powerbd armament to the 
West-India station, consistiuir of eijrbteen ships of the 
line, besides frigates, fire-ships, bomb-ketches.. &:c. un- 
der the command nf Admiral Rodney ; w>th ab.>ut9000 
land forces, und§r the command of General Monkton. — 



ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE WAR. 87 

This armament was joined by about three tiiousand reg- 
ulais and provincials fronj America. 

On the 7Jh of January, the whole foree arrived ofTthe 
Island of Martinico ; and ontliel4thof February, the 
'Island was <:iven up, by ca|)ituhuion, to the BrUi?h arms. 
With the conquest of this Island, sueteeded the eonfjnest 
of every French Island in the Uest-lndies\ ex(ef)t Gaii- 
daioupe, New-Grvn:^da, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. 

Tjiese conquests opened the war between Enviand and 
Sf>ain, and this armamen! was turned against the Sp.tnish 
West-Indies. To strengthen this force, the Aiint-ter 
despatched another armament from PortsnioMiii. (Eng- 
land,) under the command of Admiral Porack, with 
L'»rd A|bemarie, as commander of the land totces. — 
, This armament, when joined by detachments fr(»m the 
fleet of Admiral Rodney, consisted of nineteen shij>s' of 
the line, ei^hteeji fripites, and one hundred and fifty 
transports, carryino' ten th<!usand land forces: all des- 
1.^ tined aaainst t|ie Island of Cuba. A lau;! force of Ire; ria 
4 to 61)30 men, embarked at Nevv-YorU, and joined this- 
armaaent ; and on the 17iii of June, the tro()ps were 
landed, and commenced their opc'rarjtjns aoamsi; ilicOilj 
of iiavanna, capita! of the I^!and vf Cuba. 

1'his city is walied and stron:ly fortified by nature and 
art, an<l prote(;te<i by a i'ortress called the t^ oiro < 'astle, 
deemed imprejinable, which cost the Britisii arman>ent 
a siege of two months. In fhis m.-inorable siege, the 
army experienced every possible haidship, from the na- 
ture ant|;diffi^Mdty of the service, the heat of tiie olimaie, 
awd a wastin;4", pestilential disease, with which feix or 
eight tlnuisand o'f the troops were sick at one time. 

As the hurricane months ajjpr«!ached, the General be- 
gan to despair of success ; but his ho[*es were revived by 
the appeactince of a body of New-England troops, who 
liad been s%Tt home sick, from Fvlartinsco, and had re- 
c«>vered on their v.oya«e ; put aboi^t and joiiied their Cf m- 
panions before the city of Havanna. This unexpected 
reinforcement inspired the desponding troops wi h fresh 
hopes; courage and zeal. The vigorous efforts of the 
siege were rt^ncvved, and (ui the I8th of August, t!ie city 
of Havantia, with twelve shi{)S of the line, three ' frig- 
ates, and several merchantmen in the harb-vr, togt vher 
w'tj! a district of ct)uri:ry a^ ISO rr^iles in extent, were 
surrendered to the arms of his Britanic Majesty. 



88 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

This blow was«.erious in its eff<pc*sann consequences;' 
ftruck at the vital interests of Freneli and Spanish com- 
Iherce, and led tlum to think seriously of pehce. 

Commissioners were socn appointed In aii the parties, 
-and preliminaries of peace were arranged at Fontain- 
blean. uj)on tlie principles of cilti paasidetis, entered up- 
on by Mr. Pitt; and » n the 18th of February. 1703, tiie 
definitive treaty was signed at Paris, and peace was res- 
'^red. 

By this treaty, all French America, inciudini; No-^ 
ta Scotia, was ceded to Great Britain: but ail the con- 
(qttests of Europe, India, and tlie West- Indies, were res- 
tored in stafv quo. Spain ced^'d to Erijjiand, the Flori- 
das in exchange for Havanna ; and France, agreed 
to d» n oiish tb-e fortifications v\ Dunkirk, as a t^eneial 
^acknowledgment for the indulgences she had received 
n th.e treaty. 

With the treaty of Paris was soon united tlie treaty of 
Hnbertsburjr, which closed the war between Au.-.fria and 
Prussia, and all Christendom was once more hushed to 
jpepose. 

The cession of French America to Great Ri itain, cost 
the colonies an ardu(»us and expensive eight years war; 
but it disarmed the Indians of the murderous hatchet 
and scalping knife; extinguished the torch that had lor 
so many years laid waste their northern frVintier settle- 
ments; placed the reformatif»n upon a permanent IV un- 
ilation, and secured a double tiiumph to the church ia 
ll«e wilderness. 



CHPTER XVII. 

INDIAN WAR. 

The peace with the Cherokees, of !70I. was estimate 
•d by both paities, as the basis of a lastinji- pea<*e ; not 
only with the CMierokees, but with all the Indian tribes 
throu-jhout the weslern wih'erness. To render this 
peace ihf more { ernianent, three (hrrokee Chieis went 
over to Enir'atn^, and there confirmed the peace with 
the British court. 

Sir \^i!!iMni Johnson n;ad<' a tour throttah the interi- 
©r of the liorthe'Vn tribes, to avert that jealousy which 



INDIAN WAR. 89 

tnc conqiiPst of Caiiadn Itnd cxcilfr', niifl which tlie oin- 
issa-'it - of I; iaj!''C iia^i kiiKiScd iutn ,\ iU'.n.i'. 

At ihe sanii' titur, the GovoiiMsi .- «!i t^evetal^of the 
northern coiomes, hcliJ a coiifi lonce w th \hc Six Na- 
tEons^ i:.o'?.rtpni;thoii tie thvci- <;i lornic troatics; eno-'iiie 
tiu'ircr.nfi«:(!ucc, ami fix a po, tnaneiit and histiiig peace 
b{||weon them and ilu3 cnhstiie^-. 

v^Art'hjs coulercnY'-c a picti was concerted hy the huiians 
to surprise the tituihs}! [n>:\^, iMticher the liarnse-ns;, and 
destroy the seit lenu-nt.-. 'i in?- |;l(»r jiKuiiU'ed a C(Mit'ed- 
erucy of all ihe Irro^ no iii of the Ohio, to enuage in 
the wai\ 

III the moutli of harvest, 17G3, a aeneral attack com^ 
menced uptnt ( ho front -(.-r si-itieuients of Fenn-ylvama, 
Maryland, and V.r-iina; and diey lell a defenceless prej 
to the ravajuCs <d an hidlun u ar. 

A ! the rradc'-s iu Hie Indian conntry were miirderedy. 
at the same time, ajul (jlundeied tu the ainonnt of sev- 
e ui hundred thousand pounds, \v.hieh furnished supp-hes 
to eanv on the sava<:e war. '^Fhe Forts of Le Boeul', Ve- 
nango, an<l Presqne-I.sle, liecanie tlu^ {'nst ohjects oT the 
tvai'. Thes?' with Michilhniac'iinak, were soon surprised 
and taken \)y tin- hidians, and ihi' «;a:iJSons butcliered or 
car; ied into captivity. 

Forts Pitt, Detroit, and Niagara, became the next oh- 
jects ot' the war. The two Hist were immedia;ely in- 
vented hy numerous ■)arlies of fiiaaiis, and the jiarri- 
.sons shut up within ihe Forts. («<'ne' a' Amherst, aiuiin- 
ed lor the sa'ety of these; posts, .titer the fail of the oili- 
ers, despatched Caj/iaiii Da!v(d! With a leinfoi ceiuent, 
to streui^then the <>arrison of D^^troit. 'I'hiS detachment 
succeeded ,and alter soiin- severe skirmishing, raised the 
sieire, and the savages wititdrrw. 

Gen« ral Amlierst sent au.dier party at the same time, 
to strengtlien the jiarrison at Fort Pitt, under the com- 
mand of Colonel Bouquet. '^Fhis {(arty uas nuH <»ii 
their way, and fell into an ;mihush at Tuitle Creek, 
which comfuenced an action tli.u ctsntinued two days 
success!V(dy. The s;i\ uiics fought with the most despe- 
rates fury; but the Enghsh met the sliock with firmness; 
at the point of the oayiwiet, repelled tiie enemy, and 
drove them intolhe forest. These attarl s were renewed 
again' and again, and as often repelled ; until the savages 
8* 



90 HISTOFvY OF U. STATES. 

v.ere overpowerm!, and abniidcmed liie contest. ColoR.ei 
SjyucjiiV; pursued hss uuiitli wjilujiu n.ixli Inrllrer mo- 
lestiitioy, and in four days, reaclit-d Fori. Pitt. 

Gciifial AnihcifrJi spsir a tliird dctJiclnu'iit to \he re- 
lief of Ning-nra; l;uf tljoy I'ell into an ambn!-:h near tlie 
poihtof der^'inatioi), and wcva all c\n cff and dii^iroycd, 
Scplemher. l"<6l>. But the ajirrison licid the i«>rrress. , 

G(;i:«,-ra! ihi^e now siu-cecded General Andiert^t, and 
the was contin'.ied. The c<i[(-jiie-i r^;u!-ed tcMhe C(;nibat, 
raiseti a force which entcied ii;e 'ndian country, under 
the c(>i)iniand(>i CoioneisBoiJouet.Bradstreei antlFuuiLUu, 
with such success, as (omjx'licd them U> s'.;e. for {jrace. 

11ie En^ih^-h d!(t;!ie(' i;e ;;rri<-ics' (;f ti:i:- treat}' witli 
such sever;ty, as they {loj.ed v.ou.hi i-ecuic lliea- frontiers 
from ail I'liture savage war?. 

Ten Ch-efs-VvCre deij^ined as iiostai>es from the coun- 
cil, to «;i!;i; autv ihe sufe return 61' ail |irfsoners taken in 
the war: a!' vvhich w.*s duly iulfiiled., and tlie Iiostages 
I'leieased. Peace was restored. 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

VER^TOr.T. 

The .scttlenieni of the Butch at 'lanhances, at the 
mouth oi the Hudson, and at AToafiy, !( i;e;hei- with tiie, 
grant of the colony to the Duke of YorU., hy Kinji-Ci:a"les 
IT, have been noticed; but the contested claims between 
j\ew-llcunpshire and New-Y(U-k, ti;;;t led to the setile- 
raent of Vermont, now claim };ar!icular notice. 

The colony of iS'eu-Bampshirc, after she had setlled 
her southern boundary v*ith ]\sassachusetts, in 1741, 
claimed as far west as the western line of Masss^.chii- 
sctts ; and the then Governor of the colony, Bcnning 
Wentw('/*h, made a 2;J*«nt of atctwnsiiip, six miles sq«:are, 
upon the south-western corner of tise claims ; bojinded 
so'jth on Massa'fe^se".ts. and west on Nev/-York, and 
lyinjj; twenty niiles east «>f Hudson river, and called it af- 
ter h. sown christian name, Be#hini>-town. The same 
Governor continued >o make grants ofthose lancis, ly- 
injr west of Connecticut river, und tl.e war of 1754 
ccnimenced, (called the old Piench war,) aoi^ fi oni that 



VERMON'T. 91 

thnc, all irranls cc.ased, iin'di ihc dose of the war in A- 
mericti, I70i. 

In 1763, about J0^Mt",vlisii!j7^^ iiad been loeatod, west 
of Coniiccticdl river, e:%te!K!iii<i to the houiuiary of New- 
York, viz. rv/eiity mJes ea<t of tiie [iLKu-^cji river, and 
above the souree of iiiat river, to the ^iiore of Lake 
Cljamplain. ' 

I'he Lieutenant-Governor of j^rew-York, claimed all 
there lauds west o! Connecticut river, by proclanjaljcn ; 
and a.^;<cM';ed ihe ri^hl of jurisf ieii(»ii, as helonfiinii' to the 
colony (»f NcA'-York, by virtue of the [)atent of the 
Duke of Yfjrk. 

1 be GrsveiMior of ?\(.'\v-Rani|)s!si!:e, rejected t]\e claims 
Oi i^eu- 1 <ifk, by liis piociamatio!! ; Cfiiffiiiued the Nev/- 
Hampyhire ;.;!aiH, and exlioited the bt'ttleis to be iirni 
anri persevere. 

'fb.e coh»iiy uf Nevz-York, carried i.er chiitns to ti'ie 
cr('V.n, bv tiiC way of ir.eriioria!,. asid (.lirdiMnl the i'ul- 
}ov«.:ij^- !'eci;-ion, I7()4: "His •rts.-ge&iy orders and de- 
chjre.s iiie wcsU'in br.nks of the Conrjecticut riV'er, from 
where it enters the pr'>vPire (»f iVIas.^ariinsftts-Bav, as 
far norili as the 45th desire f'f iioiih hatitnde, to b<* ihc 
bounda:>- !::i(' I (Mv.(<wj ihiC sr.id TWt) j)ro\!;:c(-? of New- 
Ha.nps;"no;:fid ^(w-VcMk.". . • 

• The coioiiy <.>',' ''s«\v-\'oi'k next proccecefk tiprsn {Ids 
decision, to hv. <ai! i< sii- (MMinlie.;, < xtciidisi;: nu!>n Ihe 
ea-fcrn aivl W(\'-;l('rn aides of the };i(v!;t);;ii)!. ;;;.(■ c(;verii1io' 
thf iX(-\v-I';!ta)r;d?ii'<' i:;;!nis. in tJ;;— << C"t:ii!:e>, t! rv 
ei(M'!pc< c'Mrts of ju(!ica:«r=^a[)cf s; P;)i;.,i!ed ifie settlers 
to sarri'iit't'r ' h(-ir iTi an's. ' ■ tTsis [ Ai'-^>il n nic. f?<,i.ie' 
1f»vv"i*s cor.ipliiM!, and i'<'-i.':i! !';;ri>{(: :!i"ir 'nnds 'o^-er 
Neu-Yor!;. and oilers wholly n 'nsfd. -Ac^ ^iii:.; ihe^^e 
sin's, <'joetriienis c'.nin;cii;-f.;, riiid ol!;or i;r;!HiS wesT" is- 
sued !)y the G.tvcrnor of Kcw-York, to oiber settlors; 
and fd! was confiisi«tn. 

Both (rovemf^trs w^re eni'ioldiiii tl - m ; '' ■ .- lib heavj 
fees, and Tijc s^'tth^--^ wore iol't t<. i"^ r' ,-;:irse!.* 

When the ShoriiT> atreni.''ted lo >« m' ■ o ■.'riis of e~ 
jectment, thf; peoj)te v^ere firni and •(■•'': die vjiTifor. 
This rous<\'l the eneruio.s a;id i( sontnuHiL: «d' the G-jv- 



"^^The Goi ;■' i;or of New-Hami^^hii-o took only oiic 
iiiindf(-d '.liihirs ft)r eacii iiiass' ; ha' tiiC Goveiiior of 
?%evv-York, took two or three thousand. 



02 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

ernor of N(^w-Yor);, and lie ordered i.ut ilie- militia I© 
supjiort ihe officers, 'i lie getvlers were firm ; cijijjearcd 
ill anns, and loded the attempts ol theSlieritfs, and .sup- 
ported ilieir claims. 

Bo!<i and a>spir!ii»f men had manajied the iiflairs of 
the settlers, beh.nd the curtain, until liie [ artie? K; < r.me 
iirnily uiiiitc^d. 'Ihey'ihen citme i« <>vard, and < pei.l} Jie- 
fended tlie rights (tl" the ]u(vple. At tlie liead, ol these, 
appealed E:l.an Alien; a nMUi of a darinir >pirM, and of 
unbounded ambili(Mi ; fixeci and derennincd .n hi^ [sur- 
poses; rough and sexcic :•! Isk mr.nncrt! ;. tiUi a fu ni j.ro- 
tecror ol' the ri-iiii?^ ol \l;v :.<:!ii^!s. 

Alien, by his wr. lin/s, untna kidiitr viewsofshe New- 
Y' r Sj;ec-n!at(»rs^ and ^lu'V. <•<! i ! r \\ <'^;. uv: > :mw- abbUJxii- 
ty c' tlieir eiawHS, and tl <; -ntiliry *j! ilie:;- :• rant> ; ivnd 
urj>ed to nu'on, eiFoi-t, ;ui«i ^«;^sstaiu c. 

Tiu'se writing-.-s were, hi;c ti.e wahor, cvnise; but full 
of energy, and perfectly conforttial-ic u> tiie ^( ntnnents 
ai'.d feelinas (d (he iciilerft. liiey were greei'dy re- 
ceived and jirctmplly obeyed, Jind raised Allen'.s popuiar- 
iij^tolbe bead of the tnrty. 

Next to A!!( n, ap|;ea, ed a Mr. Warner, who was a 
man oi" i^reat coolness, bui equaHy firm, and a^ decided 
a t'ricnd to the cause, as All' ii. Wlien Mr. Warner was 
desigiiated. as a ri >teri and -ait < fiu er nttcniptcd to ar- 
rest bnn, lu' boldly reslsred, wouiuicd the tilicrr, (iisarni- 
ed him and took bim into custody, uuld be was \\:ii:iig 

to d« S!St. 

Under this state of tilings, the setijers sent or,t special 
agents toEiiLdaiu!, aiti' hdd ^beir uri* vai c s b( I'oip ijie 
King. '^i I eir c(ai!|.i. ■.!:;.'■- ur; e <: ■ .Mcioc^lv receiver, and 
his Majesty. ujKin a lui! bearing, l^siled the ioilou ing <n'- 
der to the Governor of Ne\y-York : — 17*17. 

" liis Ahijesty doth berebv strictly ebaij^e, require and 
command, tl^at rlie (fovernor or Conimant'er-in-Obiel' of 
his Majesty's province of New-York, fo- (be tin-e being, 
<lo not, upon pain e,f his Maje.-tv'.- li'i!l:e.-,'( dis!-ie;»s;:re, 
presume t«» niake any grant, .\vhjitsoe\er, of any of ihe 
lands, described m^ the 2d repfut, until his iMajesty's 
pleasure !"hall be knoivn concerning the same." 

Tbe Gf»vernor of INew-^'orU, disregarded ;!;e roval 
ITiandnte, and in ■ place of c<>ercion, at temp' ed to cajole 
ihe settlers mto a C(.n:pbai!Ce With his measures; but 
Allen, Warner, and ihiee otkers, lie proscribed. 



?ERMONT. 0^ 

Tn 1T74, tiie Gm'einor of New- York, puMislied the 
loIJ.vv (ii^j; decree : 

"■ Vtliereas, &i'. And in ca^n tlip <?aid f>ffc«ilers isfiall not 
res; cctivply sii.iiTJK'ei t|jeij).<elves, pursuant to mjc1» or- 
dv.it- r>f* his Exerljenry, ihr Go\ernor and Comnuinder- 
iriCliiel", for the time i»ei»!<>-, to be made in council as 
ato/es'P.id, he "or tie;. ?<> ne«!eet»ni> or refusinfj: to sur- 
renn'er himst-lf or tlu,mse!ve-,as aforesaid, (tliat is, with- 
in 70 daysJ,) shall, f; on! the day to he appointed tor his or 
th<-if .snrrendiv as aforesaid, I'e adjudjred and deemed 
(ai(d il imIieJed tor a eapitai offenee, hereafier to be per- 
petrated^) to he ( rnvicled and attainted of felony, and 
shai! sK'fi'er 'leath ; as in eases ot persons eonvieted and 
attaintec! of telony, by vef diet and judj»iT»enl,vt ithoul ben- 
efit of eh }gv : niuJ it shall f>r may be lawlid (or the Sii- 
pjeme ('on, t of ■t!Miea:ure of tins eoloiiy, or either of 
the IcMHisof (t;(M anf! rernrner and juneial i>a<>l de-' 
livery, inr thei re<: rCiVf fonniies aloivsaid, to. award ex- 
ecution fijrajust su' i. » fi'rnder or oflenders," &c. 

This hiiiiit sircrii of despotic power, was accom|}ani- 
ed w:tb a pif.'clania'jon, < tfertui'. a reward oftl.'ry iioiinds- 
per head, for MIep.. Waiiier, aud f^ix others, who liad ta- 
k^n the lead ii supioit'ol the settlers. Tins step cut off 
all possible accomnn'flation between the parties, and a 
genera! tru'cfini': was convened on the west side of tlie 
Green Mountain, which passed the following resolves: 
Apid H, 1774. 

" Resolve(i, Tliat f(U' the future, everv necessary prep- 
araiifju be made, and thar our iuitabiiarits h(»ld thetn- 
selves ,n leadiness at a minute's waininfj;, to aid 
and defend such of our friends, who for their merit ta 
the jrenerai cause, are ("alsely denominated rioters; but 
thai we will not a<-t any thinii: more not less, than on thc^ 
dc.ensive, and always encouraoe dur execution of the 
laws, in all civd causes, and also in criminal prosecutions 
t!iat are so indeed ; and we will assist to the utniost of 
our power, the oflri.cers app«Mnte(i for that purpose." 

Havina; obtained this suoport, the j)roscri!>ed persons 
published the followinu declaration, in their address to 
the people: — " We wdl kdl or destroy any person oc 
persons, whomsoever, that shall presune to be accessary, 
aiding or assisting M) ^aUiuirany of Ui^.^^ 

Rere the parties wcro at issue, and war was declared* 

They next seut out Goiotiel Skeene to England, to pe? 



M HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

tition his Majesty, that the setters ^ll^!lt be formed into 
ii royal «<>verumenr, as a new province; and Colonel 
Skeene acliialiy received the appointsuent of Governor 
of Crown Pi»int and Ticonderos^a, as a preparatory siep 
to meet r);eir petition. 

Pen(hn*j the.^e niovements, a Cong:ress had been held 
at Philadelpir.a, September, 1774, who 'recommended 
th.at.the eolonie;* u^houhl maintain their hberlies with 
firmness; which <»ceasioned a suppression of al! courts, 
hehi under the aiUhority of tlie crown. Tins led to an 
inhurreciion at Westminster, in March, 1775, for the 
suppression of the court; in vvhuh one man was kdled, 
aiid the officers of the cro\^n, were seized by the 
people, and sent to the gaol of Northampton, m 31assa- 
chusetts, April 11. . 

Thus the parties were haiajiced," when the Revointipn 
oommenced, and the first blood was spilt upon the |>laind 
of Lexington, April 19, 17'/5. 

All parties were then seriously enquired in the maa;ni- 
tude of the object before them ; sijs-pen'ded their private 
animosities, and became the zealous defenders of llieir 
«onimon country. 

In July, 177G, a representafi(ul of one member from 
«ach town, met in convention al Dorset, and entered in- 
to a joint association for mutual d<d"ence. In Septem- 
ber, they fuet a2:ain, by adjournment, and resolved "to 
Jake suitable measures, as soon as. may be, to declare the 
Hampshire ^i-.xnXs, a free andindsvemlcnt District,'''' and 
Ihen dissolved their sittings. 

In 1777, .a «»eneral representation from all the t'.?wns, 
met in convention, at We?tminster, and resolved, "that 
the New Hampshire grants are, and of right ouirhl to 
be, and they are hereb.y declared a free and independent 
Jurisdiction, or Stare, known and distinu;uished by the 
name of New-Conneclicut, alias Vermont," &c. 

Under this chaiacter. the convention petitioned Con- 
gress, (then ^ittin^rat Philadelplna,) tliat tlsey might be 
owned and received as a free and independent State; 
and that th.eir delegates might be admitted to a seat in 
that honorable b(!dy. 

Ncv/-Eni»land favored the measure, but New-York 
opposed, and the controversy in Cono-ress, was spun out 
thr(»ugh the war. 'I'ije wiiole hi&iory of the Re\uIu:ion 
will shew, that no one section of the United States, was 



VERTHONT. 95 

more distinfifiiijilied for patrioissm and valor, than Ver- 
mont. 

Ill 1 780, Ne ""-York withdrew her troops from Skneene- 
boroijuh, and Congres?; withdrew all continental troops 
from the state of Vermont, and she was adandoned lo 
her fate. 

At this time, a few of her leadinjr men,* made propo- 
sals of neutrality to the Brilisli (General in Canada; 
and under this mask, ( omiiKMiced a negotiation for a re- 
^mion witli the crown of Enj>htnd. Tliis farce was 
mana;jjed with gieat adroitness, and spun out to the close 
of the war ; and thus Vermont was shielded from the sub- 
se(]uent ravages of the enemy. 

During lliis negotiation, the controversy between New- 
York and Vermont, became so serious as to endanger the 
peace, not only of the two States, but of the Union. 

in this critical state of their affairs. Governor Clut- 
tenden wrote to General Washington, and soHcited Ins 
advice, 1781. To which the General returned such a 
conciliatory reply, as led tinall}' to an amicable adjustment 
of all their differences; although the party strife contin- 
ued to raire down to the peace of 1783. 

In 1791), Vermont entered into an amicable adjust- 
ment with New-York, and agreed to pay to New-York, 
the sum of $00, 000, and lake her quit-claim to all tlio 
lands in controvers} ; which was.df)ne accordin ly. lu 
1791, Vermont was admitted into the Federal Union, 

The constitution of J 778, was revised in 1786, am' a- 
gain in 1792; but the present constitution was not estab- 
lished until 1793. 

The rapid increase of wealth, population and litera- 
^ture in Vermont, have rendered her a valuable mcmbsr 
"cf the National Union. 



*Eigl:it only, were eiitrusted with the secrj^ti 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
CHAPTER I. 

VIRGINIA. 

In the introduction to tins work, a particular noiice 
has been taken of" the nnmeroiis adventures ihat led to 
the di-^covery and lirst settlement of Virginia, down *ro 
the time nt' Captain John Smith, and the founding of 
Jamestown. 

Tlie talents of Captain Sinith, were wtll adapted to the 
command of suehacolunVj in s>uch periiou?! tunes. Htj 
entered with spirit, up(»n t!je arduous duties of his (»ffice, 
and put forth all his efforts to huilJ up the settlements 
and secure thi- sinking colony. 

Captain Sraidi v as equally active in <!Xp]oring the 
country, and in encouraginir and bringing forward th© 
colony. In one of hs efforts to explore the Chickahtn 
ming- river, he was siezed by^a party of the warriors of 
the great Fowhatan, and 'conducted in triumph, into th» 
presence of the Sachem, who received him with all the 
pomp, majesty and terror, which a savage could assume. 
He ordered las prisoner toi-e stretched upon the gr(»und; 
his head to be placed upon a large flat stone, and his 
brains to be knocked out with the war club. The eyes 
of the, spectators, viewed with impatiencj* the execution- 
er, as he raised the massy club, lo gratify their thirst for 
blood. But lo ! to their astonisluDent, Pocahontas, 
daughter of the Sachem, and chikl of his delight, sf)rang 
tlirough the crowd, flung herself upon the ground and 
placed her head upon the head of (Captain Smith, 

Struck with astonishment, Powhatan raised her from 
the ground, dismissed her with kindness, and ordered 
Captain Smith to be set at liberty. In a short time, he 
sent him back to Jamestown, under a faithful escort, 
loaded with presents for his family and.fri* nds. 

Thus relieved from impending deatl», by th.e benevo- 
lence of afemale savage, then only thirteen years of age, 
Captain Smith retur^ied to his little colony, which he 
%uuU ill the utmost possible distress and confusion, ^e 



VTROIIVFA, <)y 

m\ce more restorerl unioii aii.i effort to the colony, and 
Ills lit- Je deliverer, wjtli ;<er iiitie tipinale atteiuianttJ, made 
him iVetjuent visits, [nailed vvitli such presents as were 
vevy useful totliesick and infirm. 

At this lime, Captain Newport arrived with supplies, 
which ciHitri'iMUed to the present relief, nn well as the 
future prosperity oi" tlie colony. Mr. Hunt, their cler-jjy- 
man, commenced a re«'nlar course vi' public worship, 
with tlse admini.«»traii<)t) of the ordinances of rlie 2;<>spel ; 
and harmony and order beaan to arise upon the solid ba- 
sis iff civil and religious liberty. 

Tins pros[)erity was no! of huitr c(mtinuance. In the 
foh'owiniX winter, tiseir store, house cano:ht fire and «'ofi- 
sumed, nototdy iheir stores, but extended to the town 
and desvtroyed their dw<^l!inirs. Tlujse calamitir^s they 
bore With patience and fortitude, a.nd put themselves up- 
on an allowance or tnea! and water, throu<»htlie winten 

In the spiiiiiij, Capt.ain Nolson arrived Iroiii Kuirland, 
(by the way of the West-indu s, where he had wintered) 
wdh a supply of men and provisions for the colu'iv.— - 
Tills arrival jfave them new spirits and new enei-irif^s ; 
they united their lal)ors tiirousrh the summer, reb«ilr *]--^dr 
town, cult-ivafed their fi(dds, and in autumn they were 
biesi with a good snp()ly for the wmter. 

But this prosperity was not permanent. Many ofthe 
com})any vvere l)red in habits of indcdcnce, and when 
they embai'ked for America, vaiidy expected to find ofold 
without labor, and riches without induslry, and when 
ihey began to realize their mi>tnke, they opened a j-lam- 
©r au'fiinst Captain Smith, that not only emiiai lassed his 
government, but reached even to London. 

At tins time. Sir Waiter Raleiixh was attainted of high 
treason, and his cha-ter was forfeited. NotwithstaiiiJiUg 
all that (Captain SnnthhafI d<me for this colony, the Sion- 
doo Company petitioned tiie Rintr, and obtained a new 
charter. They appointed Sir Thonms West, (Lord de- 
ia-War, or D^daware) Captain General, Sir Thomas 
Gates, Lieutenant-General, and Sir (leorge Somers, Ad- 
miral, &c. 

Admiral Somers, set sail from England in IMay, with 
a fleet of nine ships and five hundred people, to strength- 
en the colony at Jamestown; biU the Admiral, with 
three noblemen, and fiiiy others, together with a ketclK 

9 



98 HISTORY OF U. STATES, 

were east away upon Bermuda Islands, where tliej wiit- 

tered. ,r . 

When the remainder of the fleet arrived in Virginia, 
they found the cok)ny distracted by tlieir vices, corrup- 
tions and hcentiousness. 

In September, 1609, President Smith was so severely 
burnt by an explosion of jrunpowder, that he was con- 
strained to abandon the colony, and return to England. 

Jamestown could now boast of about five hundred in- 
habitants, comfortably accommodated, in about sixty 
houses, well fortified and defended by tliree shij)s, twen- 
ty-four pieces of cannon, and a jjjood supply of muskets, 
ammunition, &c. with necessary tools for labour. I'hey 
had also a jjjood supply of hogs, sheep, goats, and fowls, 
together with nets and boats for fishing ; but President 
Smith was gone, and with him all that was valuable to 
the colony. 

Captain Piercy, who succeeded President Smith, was 
truly amah of worth; but whose feeble health unfitted 
him for those arduous duties, the factious state of the 
colony required. 

The vices of the planters, provoked hostilities with 
the natives; these destroyed their settlements, stole their 
tools, and drove off their stock; all which reduced thein 
lo the extremes of distress. 

5S«ch was the wretched situation of the colony, when 
Admiral Somers arrived, in the spring of 1610, that the 
500 colonists were reduced to 60 ; and such were their 
sufferings and prospects, that they actually abandoned 
their village, embarked on board their fleet, and set sail 
for England. 

At this eventful crisis. Lord Delaware met them near 
the mouth of the bay, with a fleet and supplies fiom 
England, and by his influence, persuaded them to return; 
resume their dwellings, and submit to his government. — 
1610. 

Ijord Delaware brought out about 600 people, 200 
hogs, 200 cattle, with one whole year's provisions for the 
colony, as well as a good supply of all necessary tools 
.for husbandry. Order, tranquility, and plenty were a- 
gain restored. 



VIRGINIA. • * 99 

CHAPTER II. 

ITSRE COMMENCES THE HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. 

The pr()S}»erity of tlie cf>lony, revived under the ad- 
ministration of Lord Delaware. He restored public 
worship, appointed all the neeessary officers, established 
ailix! deiiMee (»f sn'iordination, and thus gave lone to his 
gt/vernmeni, and iinlustry, harmony, and plenty to this 
laic ruined colony. 

in 16! I, the health of Lord Delaware, began to de- 
clitie, and he returned to Eni>land. The government 
devolved upon Sir Thomaj? Dale. 

Lnfler the adininislsation of Governor Dale, the col- 
ony sunk ir.to tiicir former corruptions, and he was -con- 
stranu d to exercise a most rigid militaiy governn.ent, to 
clieck their licentiousness, and save them from ruin; this 
added to their habits of vice and indoleui-e, checked 
their enterprise, and kept them down, for niany years.» 

In 1613, ]\ r. Ro!i, (then Secretary of the colony) 
became attached to Pocahontas; obtained her afiection ; 
©ftered his hand, and with the consent of her father and 
Governor Gale, marrietl her. — April, 1614. Mr. Rolf, 
like a true and affectionate husband, sought to improve 
the mind of the young Princess, both in useful knowl- 
edixe and religion: and by the assistance of Mr. Whita- 
ker, she soon acquired the English language; embraced 
the christian religion, and was baptised by the name of 
Rebecca, 

In 1616, Mr. Rolf with his wife, visited England, 
where she was introduced to her Majesty, and treated 
with great respect at Court, and by the people of the first 
distinction in London. She died when about to return to 
America, and left one son, who was handsomely educat- 
ed in England. 

When he became a man, he removed to Virginia, 
where he lived in afflnence and respectability, and died 
raurh lamented. Some of the most respectable families 
sprang from Mr. Thomas Rolf, son of the Princess Poc- 
ahon^a- , the deliverer of Captain Smith, who may well 
glory in the excellent virtues of such an ancestor. 

About this time, Governor Smith again visited the 

*.coast of America, in the character of an adventurer, 

and drew charts of the coast of North Virginia, to which 



100 • HISTORY OF V. STATES. 

he gave the name of New-Enjrland. This roast with ii?§ 
settlements, has been fully n<»tired in tlie first part. 

In 1616, Sir Thomas Dale returned to England, and 
was succeeded by Mr. George Yeardley. The adminis- 
tration of Governor Dale, had been prosperous, and the 
colony flourished, and continued to flourish through the 
administration of Governor Yeardley. 

In 1617, Governor Argall succeeded to the chair, and 
Governor Yeardley returned to Enirland. 

In two years, ibis despot subverted the prosperous ad- 
ministrations of a Delaware and a Dale, and threw the 
colony back into the times of former distress, and ruined 
all the efi*orts which had been made by the London Com- 
pany for ten or twelve years ; a period in which they had 
expended more than eighty thousand pounds sterling, 
and from the number of 1670 souls that had been trans- 
ported into the colony, more than 1200 ha;! been lost by 
sickness, savai;e barbarities, or an oppressive and rapa- i 
clous government. 

Sunk again to the lowest state of distress, the people 
awaited, with anxious impatience, the return of Lord 
Delaware, to bless the colony with his presence and gov- 
ernment; but acain their hopes were blasted ; his Lord- 
ship reached the mouth of Delaware Bay, where he di- 
ed, lol8; and thus gave name to a Bay, that has ever 
eontinued. 

A change in the London Company, this year removed 
Governor Argall, and restored Governor \ eardley to the 
government of Virginia. This change abolished the op- 
pressive government of Argall, and restored the colony 
to the liberties of free-born Englishmen, and thus laid 
the foundation of liberty, enterprise, and industry, in 
Virginia. 

The London Company, gave orders that Governor 
Argall should be arrested and triecl in the colony, for 
maladministration ; but justicewas robbed of her rights, 
and Argall escaped to England, unpunished. 

During all this time, the planters had endured all their 
distresses as single men, and had settled or attempted to 
settle, only six or seven towns; but this year, the Lon- 
don C r)n.pany sent out a new reciuit of abc»ut I2'16men, 
together with a colony of 1 iO young and virtuous vvonjen 
and assigjit'd them a setth-ment called- Maidstown. .^ 

Wmnan pawned her jewels to furnish Columbus with 



VIRGINIA. iOl 

Money to discover America. — Woman saved Virginia by 
reselling Gaplaiii Snuth, at tlie hazard of lier life, and 
by the powers of virluous aifection, gave to Virginia some 
of her best citizens; and Woman, by the settlement of 
Maidstown, gave to the colony new sjsirits and enerjxies, 
and laid tlie permanent foundariun of Virginia. — 1619.* 

The planters selected tiieir wives irom the new set- 
tlement of iMaidstow.i, and new scenes, new amuse- 
menis, as well as new habits of industry and enterprise, 
became general througi'.out the colony. 

In Jnne, 1621, the Governor convened the first Assem- 
bly, and as the elections were made from towns thtit held 
the rights and forms of borou-rhs; the representatives 
were there^fore termed bnrges-ses. 

This Assembly abolished martial law, and gave free- 
dom and the rights of civil law to Virginia. 

This year King .Tames or<lered the Bishops of Eng- 
land to make a general collection in ail their several di- 
oceses, to found a College in Virginia. The order was 
carried intoeifect, and ^'1500 sterling was raised, which 
added to 10,000 acres of wild land, laid the foundation 
of the first College in Virginia. 

About this time, a mortal sickness swept off above^OO 
of the planters, and King James ordered the London 
Company to transport 100 convicts into the colony. 

In 1G'2"2, private adventurers in England, fitted out 21 
ships, with l,-300 passengers, to Virginia, and Sir Fran- 
cis VVyat, was sent out as Governor. 

Those early attempts that liad been made to introduce 
some fiirm of religion into the colony, had long since, 
been destroyed, through the licentiousness of the plan- 
ters ; and the new addition of convicts, had increased 
the evil. 

The London Company at this time, made one effort, 
through the instrunsentality of Sir Fiancis, to give a 
christian form to the colony, and lay the foundation of 
such institutions, as might train up the risjng generation 
to the knowledge of the one true God. 

Powhatan was now df.ad, and his successor Opecanca- 



*About tliis time, a Dutch vessel landed about twenty 
negroes, who \xeresold for slaves, which commenced Af- 
; ricaa slavery in the south. 

9* 



102 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

noah, formed a ijcneral conspiracy amongst the savages,- 
lo exterminate the English. 

On the 3-icl of May, the whole confederacy entered 
the Enjxhsli settlements at mid day, under the mask of 
their usual friendship, and at a signal given commenceci an 
indiscrimiruite butchery ; and in less than one hour, about 
three hundred of all ages, fell a sacrifice to tiieir savage 
fury. 

A Mr. Vace had warning froni a friendly Indian and 
gave such reasonable notice to Jamestown, that the peo- 
ple stood to their arms, and rallied from the neighboring 
villages, and thus saved that settlement; but the savages 
drove off the cattle, burnt and destroyed their mills, iron 
works, and even the houses upfm the plantatit)ns, and 
swept the country with a general pillage. Their new 
College was destroyed, and the sujjerintendent, Mr. 
Thorpe, was killed. 

Roused to a sense of their wrongs, the planters rallied 
to the combat, entered the enemy's country, l-^id waste 
their villages with fire and ?>word, iind carried off their 
corn; all which proved very destructive to the hidianSj 
the ensuing winter, 1623. 

In 1624, King James issued writs of Quo Warranto, 
tiirauist the London Company, and dissolved tlieir 
charter. 

The General Assembly of 1621, decreed that the col- 
ony should hereafter be governed by two Supreme Coun- 
cils ; the one called the Council of State, and the other 
the (leneial Assembly ; to be convened annually by the 
Governor, or oftener,as circmstances may require. The 
General Assembly to consist of a (/ouncil of ^^tate, and 
two Burgesses frc. in e ch town, hundred or Plantation, 
and all decisions to be made by a majority of votes ; re- 
serving to the Governor, a casting V(>te. The powers of 
this Assembly, to be strictly leLnslative ; and all laws en- 
acted by them, to be in contoimity to the laws of Eng- 
land. No laws to become binding, until ratified by the 
Company in England, and returned under their seal. — 
And no laws of the Company in England, to be binding 
on the colony, until ratified by the colonial Assembly. 

The settlement of this colony, down to the year 1621, 
had cost the Company more than ,^'150.000 sterling, be- 
sides the expenses of private adventurers ; and more tharn., 



VIRGINIA. lOa 

4000 lives liad been lost. All was now absorbed in the 
crown, — 1624. 

in 1()\15, Kinij Charles I. succeeded to the throne, up^ 
on tlie death of his father, James 1. and immediately 
granted anew charter to the colony of Virginia ; which 
charter vested in the Governor and Council, unlimited 
powers. 

The King next appointed Sir John Harvey, their 
Governor. Tins tyrant ruled with such despotic sway, 
that tlie people arrested him in his mad career, and sent 
him to England for trial, accompanied by two ajients, as 
his accusers. 

King Charles resented this indignity offered to his 
Governor; dismissed the suit, and sent him back with 
still more despotic powers. — 1639. 

This people became more indignant under his second 
administration, and accused bin) su sfveiely to the King, 
that he recalled him the same year, and sent out Sir Vvill- 
iam Berkeley, as his successor. 

To add to i;>e calamities of the admi islration of 
Governor Harvey, ihe sava<j:es resented his encroach- 
ments ujjon their lands; commenced a second massacre 
upon the colony, and murdered more titan five hundred 
people in the settlements upon James River, York Kiver, 
andothers. This, added to the oppressions of Harvey, 
ga^-e such a' ciieck to the colony, that mtmy years could 
not fully recover. 

Sir William Berkeley entered upon his administration, 
by calling an Assembly, upon the plan ol' ihe old char- 
ter. This caused the restoration of law, order, and 
civil rights; agreeable to the laws of England, These 
combined, restored the colony to herftanier situation in 
the days of Lord Delaware. 

These blessings would have given new enjoyments to 
the colony ; but the murder of 500 jieoplc ;n cold blood, 
called for that justice which could not be obtained of a 
savage, but by the point of the swor*. „To the sword 
they appealed; and although the a|)peal was just, yet a 
long and l»Ioody war ensued, before the savages were 
humbled, and a firm and jiernianent peace re?'torfd. 

During these changes under the a<!tninistration of 
Governor Berkely, the civil war in England, liad sub- 
verted theM(marchy, and raised C'hvri Cromwell to th^^t 
iferone, as Lord High Protector» — 1649, 



104 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Governor Berkeley refused to do bomage to the Protec- 
tor; andCiomwell despatched a fleet to tlje coaiot of 
Virginia, under the command of Captain Dennis, to re- 
duce the colony to obedience. Governor Berkeley sub- 
mitted to an liouorable capituiatit)n, which secured to 
the coiony, all the rights and privileoes of the ohi cii;.rter. 

Cromwell rigidly enforced u])on Virginia, the famous 
Britisli Navigation Act^ (that he had obtained at ids ac- 
cession) which embarrassed her trade and kept her 
down.* 

Wiien Governor Matthews, (the last of the Govern- 
ors appointed by Cromwell) had f!ied ; Virginia took ad- 
vantage of the imbecile rei:;n of Ilichard Cromwell, and 
proceeded to elect Sir Williasn Berkeley as their Gov- 
ernor, and published their declaration in favor of (Charles 
II. Sir William, upon the strength of this, ventured to 
proclaim Charles II. as King of England, Scotland, 
France, Ireland, and Virginia, several months before the 
restoration. By this act, Virginia hoped to recover her 
anciet\t charter privileiies, which Cromwell ha<i wanton- 
ly violated and destroyed. She also anticipated the fa- 
vor of the King, m c(-r.Hcqu(MKe of their legislative re- 
solve of 1042, winch declared " tliat as they were born 
nuh^- a monarciiv, thev would never degent rate from the 
condition of their birihsjby being subject to any other 
goverijiiient." 

Upon the accession of Charles II. IGGG, Virginia pre- 
sented to his Majesty, a humble address, in wliich they 
spread their grievances before the throne, and prayed for 
•I relief from their burthens, and a restoration of their 
incient chartered rights. 

Vain were their remonstrances ; deaf was the King, 
and desperate was their cause. 

U|)on the b«ck of all this, Virginia soon became en- 
tangled in a long and tlistressing Indian war, that raged 
down to the time of the famous war of New-England, 
called Phillip's .war, 1675; and the whole coiiutry was 
full of distress. 

In the midst of this war, a faction sprang up which 
threatened the subversion of the jiovernment. 



*This Act decreed "that the colonics should not im- 
port or export any foreign commodities, fxcept in ships 
buiit and navij^atcd by Englishmen/* 



TIRGTNIA; i05 

A bold and asjDirin^ adventurer, by the name of Ba- 
CX)n, who liad beeii hied a lawyer in London, had emi- 
grated to Virginia, liKe thousands of others, to aeek his 
fortune ; he scon became a member ol the council ; took 
advantajje of his popular talents; volunteered his servi- 
ces against Hie Sndians; assembled a company, and de- 
manded of the Governor a commission. 1 liis was re- 
fused, and the Governor demanded that Bacon should 
disband' fns men, and come down lo Jamestown, on pain 
of being declared a rebel. 

Bacon assured his men, that he would never lay down 
his arms,untd he had reveuiied t! eir cause, and fjunish- 
ed the Indian*' ; but upon reflection, he selected forty 
men to accompany him to Janiestowti, in obedience to 
the Governor. !Jere a quarrel ensued with the Govern- 
or, and he suspended Bacon from the Council. 

Bacon resented the indignity ; made his escape ; put 
himself again at th.e head of about 600 men, and march'' 
ed down to Ja-fnesiown ; drew up his troops bel'ore the 
House of Assend>Iy, and tlemanded a General's commis- 
sion, to go against the Indians. The commission was 
granted and signed by the Governor, (with reluctance) 
and General Bacon Uiarched off in triuniph. 

The Governor, by advice of the Assembly, immediate- 
ly issued a proclamation of rebelli(;n, agamst Bacon, and 
ordered out the ndhtia to arrest his progress. A civil 
war commenced ; Genera! Bacon marched immediately 
to Jamestown, in quest of the Governor, who fied at his 
a})[)ro{ich, and crossed over to Accomack. Bacon im- 
mediately called a convention of his partizans ; issued 
a manifesto against the Governor, and assumed the reins 
of goveihment. 

In the mean time, the Governor assembled a force un^ 
der the command of Major Beverley, who crossed the 
bav,and commenced operations against Baccn. A se- 
vere skirmisiiing ensued ; blood and slatii»hter marked 
the violence of the parties, until the death of Bacon, 
checked this mad career of |)arty, and closed this civil 
war. The insurgents immediately dispersed; a general 
amnesty was granted, and peace was restored. 

The blood spdt in this contest, bore no proportion to 
the other calamities that followed. Jamestown was laid 
ill ashes: the flocks of cattle were butchered fortlie use 
of the parties, or wantonly destroyed ; agriculture was. 



let) HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

nPL^lectecl ; ami to crown all, tlie sava2"ps renewed their 
depredations and nuirderrf. w;tli huclnncreased violent e, 
that at the return of peace, the country was threatened 
with famine. Viri;inia jiroaned under the efiects of these 
oalamiiies for more than thirty years. 

At the return of peace, a rei>Mneni of soldiers arrived 
from England, at the request of the Governor, to main- 
tain the order of the colony. 

Governor Berkeley soon after abandoned Virjiinia, and 
returrjcd t(t E)i«!and, where he died. 

In 1679, Governor Cnlpepper was appoiiited to sue- 
ceed Governor Berkeley, and he set sail for Viroinia, 
armed with a code of new laws, for the «i;overnmeut of 
his colony. Thus armed, with his rode of new iaw>^ ill 
oiie hand, and tiie regiment of Briti.sli soldiers in ile oth- 
er. Governor r;nlpej)|)er offered pardon to the insiiii>eins, 
pr«)vided ihe Assen>b!y would pass the new iavvs; and 
threatened them with ven<«eance provided they refused. 

The Assembly complied, and passed t4ie la^s; atid 
thus riveted upon themselves a system of perpetual tin- 
ties for the support of jiovernment. Tlie Governor next 
obtained, out of these duties, a lixed salary of ^SOfi-O, 
with an addition of c£60 annually, for house rent; to- 
gether with a deirmnd of '20 shillings perquisite upon the 
clearance of every vessel of 100 tons, and thirty shillinjis 
upon the clearance of every vessel over lOO tons, for 
every voyage. I'hese were fixed laws; but he oppress- 
ed the people by giving currency to a light coin, at the 
full value, and makinirit a tender for just debts. I'his 
the people abolisl-.ed by turning it upon the Governor, in 
ptiyt. lent of duties. 

Virginia continued to groan under these oppressions, 
tlirough the reigiis of Charles II. James II. down to the 
accessions of William and Mary. 

Under this mild reign, the affairs of Virginia, began 
to assume a mt^re favorable aspect; and from this time 
she iias been rising in the scale of importance, down to 
tiie present time. 

In 1692, the charter of William and Mary College 
was granted; and in 1693, it was liberally endowed and 
fix+'d by law, at V/iiiiamsburg. 

In 1694, the State house at Jamestown, was burnt and 
the seatofgoverniTient removed to \^ illiamsbnrgh, whera 
a new capitol uasbudt for their accommodation. 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. lOt 

In 17 i2, a general field was opened for the diffusion 
of relijjjion; the colony was divided into thirty-nine par- 
ishes, and the support of the ministry, provided far by 
lau. 

"The Anglicans," sav Mr. Jefferson, "had retained 
full possession of the country, about one century; (down 
to 1712) other opinions began then to creep in, and the 
a^rcat care of the government to support their own 
church, having beg;>tten an equal degtee of indolence in 
its clergy, two thirds of the people had become dissent- 
ers, tit the commencement of the Revolution. The 
laws indeed, were severe upon them; but the spirit of 
the one parly had subsided into moderation, and of the 
other hid risen to a degree of determination, that com- 
manded respect." 

A^this time a discovery was made of the country 
V, e sk o il j j i e^y^a si ^ mountains. 

In i/32, tjJ|iW5^ffius George Washington, was bona 
at Brig«e's Gi^^k, i»i t'^irginia. 

Frouuhe tm%fhat'hc began to acton the theatre of 
his coitntry*'\nie*j^1ierai liistory of Virginia has been car- 
ried forwaifcf^iwthc general history of her v/ars, down to 
the* peace of 1763. 

Virginia adopted her constitution, on the 5th of Julv, 
1776. 



CHAPTER II. 

NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

In the prc'ceding chapter, the discovery of Virginiiij 
tlie origin of its naipe, and the rise and progress of the 
colony generally., down to the peace of 1763, have been 
considered. 

The discoveries upon this coast, the next year, by Lau- 
donnier; the name he gave to the country, in honor of 
his master, CKarles IX. King of France; by calling it 
Carolina, have also been noticed in the introduction. 

Before we commence a detail of the adventures that 
awaited the first settlers of Carolina, we will notice an 
anecdote, related by doctor Williamson, their excellettt 
liistorian, upon the first attempts to settle tfeis coasl» 



^8 ttTSTORY OF U. STATES. 

Speakinji of the adventures of »Sir Walter Raleif;^1i, lil. 
the year 1584, lie says, "they landed at the moutli of an 
inlet, which they took for a river, i\\\d retiirninjr thanks 
to. God, they took possession for QiK-eii Ehzaheth. 'i'he 
land was sandy ; I nt every tree and shrnh was loaded 
^villl grapes, and the low si;ronnds were covered with ce- 
dar. Tliey soon discovered that they werc^ upon an isl- 
and, about 20 miles long, which the Indians called VVock- 
ocker. 

"On the third day after their arrival, three of the na- 
tives apj)eared, for the first time, on the beach, and re- 
ceived some presents. 

" On the foilovvin*^ day, 40 or 50 Indians appeared m\d 
appiT)ached their ships. They left their canoes at a 
small distance in the cove, and pre.sented th(inselve§ on 
the beach. Grando-aniino,the Sachem.ivas amongst |jiose 
Indians; his rank a[)peaicd by his ^vjH^tAwfin yj ^e^^k 
his seat upon along mat, and fouT *tff'#l#ip chief men, 
seated themselves upon the other end of iy ^ic rest of 
tin; Indians stood at a respectful (listanc^ ^ 

" Tlie masters of tlie ships landed, *Tith some- of their 
people, in arms; ihe prince made them *igns to sit by 
liim. lie first touched his head and breast, and tUrii 
touched theirs, to signify his desire of mutual confidence 
and friendship. At the same time, the Sachem made a 
long speech, which they wislicd, in vain, to understand. 

" riiey gave him sundiy presents, which he thankful- 
1v received; and tliey gave presents to his officers, who 
attended him ; but the j)rince took the whole to himself. 

*' The next day a profitable trade was opened vvith the 
natives: twenty skins, to the value of twenty crowns, 
were received for a tin dish, and other articles in pro- 
portion, &c. 

" After a few days, Grandganimo introduced his wife 
and children ; she was ornamented witli strnigs of pearls, 
and vvore a cloak and apron of skins, dressed in the 
fur. 

" When the ships had been some time at their anchor- 
age, one of the Captains with seven or eigjit of the ad- 
venturers, proceeded in a boat towards Roanoke Island, 
where they arrived the next day. 

"On the north end of the Island, was a small town, 
consisting/ of eight or ten houses, buiit of cedar and or- 
namented with pallisadoes, for defence against an enemy^ 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 109 

'Gfranganimo lived in tliat town; he was not at home; 
but the iHuaught civihty of his wife, left the Captain and 
his company nothino- to desire. S!ie ordered her people 
to carry them asliore on their hacks; the boats were 
drawn up upon the beach, and their oars secured. She 
placed her i^uests by the fire to drv tJieir clothes, for it was 
rainy; some of her women washed their stockings, oth- 
ers their feet. Their chithes l»eing dry, she conducted 
them into another apartment, and gave them a plentiful 
dinner ; consisting of roasted venison, homony, fish, rael' 
ons, and sundry f' uits; thry used earthen pots and wood' 
en dishrs. W^uie the strangers were at dinner, two In- 
dians entered the house, with their bows and arrows; the 
white men looked at their arms; the princess did not 
want any further remonstrance; the Indians were turn- 
ed out, and their bows broken. She intreated her guests 
to stay ail night in the palace, but they launched then- 
boats and dropped a grapnel at some distance from the 
shore. She observed, with marks of grief, that she had 
not gained their confidence; but she pressed them no 
furtiier. Their supper was sent to their boat, and tlifey 
were supphed with mats, as a defence from the rain.—' 
Thirtv or forty men and women, were ordered to watch 
Bear them all night, upon the beach." 

The particulars of this visit have been detailed, be- 
eause the conduct of that woman, is a correct portrait of 
the female character, and a specimen of that attention, 
which the stranger and the afflicted may expect to receive 
fi-om woman, in any part of the world. 

These strangers took on board two natives, and carried 
them to Knglahd, where one of them learned the'English 
language, and became a useful interpreter. The friend- 
ship of Martinco, (that was his name) continued to hip 
death. 

In 16S5, a squadron of seven ships from England, un- 
der the command of Capt.Ralph,arrivedand,one touched 
atWockocken,and proceeded to explore the coast. These 
merciless adventure's, to revenge the loss of a silver cup, 
get fire to a village on the Neuse, and reduced it to ashes. 

This wanton abuse of power, sowed the seeds of fu- 
ture judgments and calamities, which arose from savage 
revenge. Soon after this event, the fleet returned to 
^nglandjladen with red cedar, sassafras and peltry. The 
10 



no HISTORY OF V, STATES. 

colony cont'inue<l at Roanoke Island, under Captain 
Lane, and were prosperous through the season. 

In aMtuinn and winter, Governor Lane explored the 
coast, and visited the Indian tribes extensively. All the 
Indians upon the eastern borders of Albemarle Sound, 
were called Weapomiocks, and Okirko was their chief. 

A conspiracy conirnenced among these tribes, to draw 
off Captain Lane, from his settlement at Roanoke, and 
murder bun and all his people ; bnt this plan failed. 

Winjjina, the brother Grando;animo, commenced a new 
conspiracy. He invited to a grand festival, about L500 
warriors, who at a ^iven si2:nal, were to set fire to the 
Governor's house, and murder the Govern r>r, and com- 
mence at the same time, a general butchery of the Eng- 
lish, and burn their village. This plot was disclosed to 
the Governor by a generous captive, and he commenced 
an immediate attack upon Wingina and his warriors; 
put them to the sword and saved the colony. 

At this eventful moment, Sir Francis Drake arrived in 
the road, and offered them a supply of stores, boats, &c. 
ancVa vessel ; but all to no pur])ose, their spirits were 
low; and they broke up the colony, and returned to 
England.— June I9th, 1586. 

I shall pass over the several attempts made by Sir 
Walter Raleigh, to settle this coast, through Sir Richard 
Grenville and Governor White, by refering to the intro" 
duction, for their adventures, and carry forward the col- 
ony, frcnn the grant of Charles I. 

Upon the accession of King Charles I. to the throne 
of his father, l62o, he granted to Sir Robert Heath, (his 
favorite) his heirs, and assigns, forever, all the coast ly- 
ing between thirty and thirty-six degrees of north lati- 
tude, and extending west to the Pacific Ocean ; also all 
the Bahama Islands, not actually possessed by some 
christian ])rince. 

This territf>ry thus granted, was erected into the prov- 
ince of Carolina. 

Dp )n the 23d of Charles I. Sir Robert granted this 
province to Lord Matrovers, afterwards Earl of A run- 
dale and Surrey; but the civil wars that distracted Eng- 
land, under that reign, prevented any settlemcNt in Car- 
olina, under this grant. 

Upon the accession of Charles II. 1648, this patent 
was declared void, and Charles made a new grant of the 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. Ill 

same district, to Edward, Earl of Clarendon, Georare, 
Duke of Albemarle, William, Earl of Craven, John 
Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Car- 
teret, Sir John Calleton,and Sir William Berkeley ; con- 
veying all the lands lying- between the thirty-first and 
thirty-sixtli deo:re«s oi north latitude and tlje Virginia 
seas, and the Pacific Ocean. — Bearing date March 24, 
1663. 

This charter was afterwards enlarged so as to include 
the twenty-ninth deirree of north latitude. 

TJnde! this charter, Carolina began, and continued to 
flourish amongst the colonies. 

CHAPTER HL 

OAROLINA, CONTINUED. 

This little colony struggled with the severest adversi- 
ties possible, for more than sixty years, to obtain two sol* 
itary settlements; the one by the Quakers, upon the wa- 
ters of Albemarle, and the other from Massachusetts, 
npon Charles River, now called Old Town. 

Sir William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, super- 
intended these settlements; formed counties for them, 
and regulated their affairs. 

Pleased with the colony from New-England, at Old 
Town, the proprietors publislied a declaration, "That al,l 
actual settlers should receive gratuities in lands, directly 
accordinir to the number of each family ; that they 
should be free from ail customs, according to the charter; 
that they should present thirteen persons to the proprie- 
tors, who should choose a Governor and council of six, 
out of that number; but that the choice should rest in 
the people, as soon as they became sufficiently numer- 
ous; and that thev should make laws, if they were not 
repugnant to the laws of England ; which laws should 
be m force, unless disapproved by the proprietors." 

The object of thio declaration, was to invite in settlers 
from New-England. This colony trans|)orted several 
Indian children into New-England, under a pretence of 
educating them, which roused the reveiige of the savages, 
and they commenced general depredations upon the set- 



lis HISTORY OF V. STATES. 

tlement; killed and drove off* tlieir cattle ; and they #r 
bandoned the settlement, and returned to New-England. 

In 1665, a colony fiom Barbadoes, came uj)on the 
coast; resumed tlie settlement at Old Town, and com- 
menced the province of Clarendon, upon the same con- 
stitution as that of Albemarle. Sir John Yeamans, be- 
came their first Governor. 

This colony entered with spirit, upon the labours be- 
fore them, and greatly enlarged the land bounty, offered 
by the former colony, to induce settlers to come in. — 
They were also indulged with the special privilege of 
choosing their own Governors, who continued in office 
three years. In 1666, this settlement amounted to about 
eight hundred. • 

1667, the county of Albemarle convened the first As- 
sembly in Carolina, under Governor Stevens. 

By this Assembly, it was enacted " that none should 
be sued in five years, for any cause of action arising out 
of the country; and that no person should acctpt a 
power of Attorney, to receive debts contracted abroad." 
It was also enacted, "that none might be hindered in so 
necessary a work for the preservation of mankind, any 
persons wishing to marry, by declaring their purpose be- 
fore the Governor and council and their neighbors, should 
be considered as man and wife." 

A law was also passed, imposing a duty of thirty 
pounds of Tobacco, upon every law-suit, to defray the 
expenses of the government. These laws were approv- 
ed by the proprietors. 

The people had thus far lived without law, or law- 
suits ; they were free from debt, without taxes, and hard- 
ly knew the use of money. 

This year, 1668, the proprietors enlarged their bounty 
lands, by what was then called the great deed or charter, 
and the county flourished. 

In 1669, the proprietors fitted out three vessels, and 
planted a colony under Governor Sayle, at l*ort-Royal ; 
and erected it into a county, which they called Carteret. 
Thus three distinct governments were formed in Caro«. 
lina. 

The attention of the proprietors, was now turned to- 
wards a permanent government. Their avowed object 
was "to make the government of Carolina agree, as near- 
ly as possible, with the monarchy of which it was a part^. 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 11« 

and to avoid erectiiii^ a numerous dcmocrac}^." Lord 
Ashley, afterwards Earl of Shaflsbury, at the request of 
the proprietors, obtained a singular constitution from the 
celebrated John Locke. 

Governor Sayle attenspted to put into operation, the 
nou-descript constitution oi Mr. liocke; but tound it im- 
practicable. He soon fell a victim to the climate, and 
was succeeded by Sir John Yeanjyns, Governor of Cape 
Fear, whose authority was extended over this southern 
district. 

Thus the colony of Carolina was formed intotwogov- 
ernments. — August, 1671. 

Charleston liad been founded by Governor Sayle. No 
general staple had, as yet, appeared in Carolina; but the 
proprietors believed that silk, raisi'is, (from the multitude 
of grapes) capers, wax, almonds, and olives, might be 
encouraged and cultivated here, as in Turkey in Europe. 
and they exempted all these articles from duties, for sev- 
en years. 

In 1680, not one of these articles had been cultivated, 
and the King caused fifty families of Huguenots, who 
had fled into England, from the per.spcutions ol France, 
to be transported into Carolina, gratis, for the express 
pur[)ose<>f introducing the culture of the abtjve articles. 
The p!an wholly fiiiled, and the culture was neglected. 

In 1690, the settlement at Cape Fear, was abandoned, 
and tlie settlers joined the southern cf>!ony. 

About the year 1070, Governor Stevens died at Albe- 
marle, anrl Governor Cartwright, succeeded for a short 
time; but being called to England, Easlchurch was ap- 
pointed Governor, and entered uj.ion the administration 
of the colony, tlieu cons. sting of about 1400 taxable in- 
habitants;* one third of whom were slaves. T he j)ro- 
duce of the colony was then estimated at SO hhds. of 
Tobacco, annually. This was said to be of little value 
to the planters, for the New-England traders engrossed 
nearly the whole, with their whiskey and other ardent 
spirits; together with a few trifles, which they brought 
into the country-. 



*These were either white males of sixteen years old, 
or slaves, either Negros, Mulattos, or Indians, male or 
female, twelve years old. 

10* 



114 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Governor Eastchurch sailed for England, to promoU 
the interest of the colony ; and in his absence, Milhi , i-.is 
secretary, acted as President, and was so severe in col- 
lecting the revenue, anjiin attemjDting to suppress the 
whiskey trade from New-England, as to raise a rebell- 
ion. 

The people rose in arms, headed by one Culpeper, (a 
surveyor of South Carolina) wlio had fled from justice, 
and taken refuge at Albemarle. 

Culpeper arrested JVJiller and six of his council, and 
put them into close confinement ; assumed the reins of 
government; seized on the treasury, (ccmtaining cJrjout 
three thousand pounds) and entered upon the collection 
of th3 customs. 

The next year. Governor Eastchurch arrived, and 
finding the colony in a state of rebellion, he applied to 
the Governor of Virginia for a military force to restore 
order; but before the troops arrived, he died. 
• The next year, Culpeper and Miller both went over to 
England, to make tb.eir defence to the Lt)rds propi letors, 
and seek redress. Cul|)e[)er was arrested and tried for" 
high treason ; but was acquitted, upon the ground that 
the affray could not amount to any thing more than a 
riot. 

This subject now engrossed the attention of the Lords 
proprietors, to determine whether they should provide, 
by force, to render the laws respectable, or receive the 
submission of the offenders upon easy terms. 'Iht^y 
chose the latter ; the offenders were pardoned, and ihe 
government received a wound from which it never recov- 
ered. — 1675.* 

The Lords proprietors, next appointed one Sothel, to 
succeed Govern«»r Eastchurch. Sothel had lecpiitly be- 
come a projuietor, by bu\ing the share of Lord Claren- 
don, and of course received the appointment of Govern- 
or, and set sail for Carolina. He was taken on his pass- 
age, and carried into Algiers ; and Jolin Jenkins was ap- 
pointed to fill the chair of Albemarle, p'ofem. 

Under his administration, an act of indemnity, was 
passed in favor of the late rioters, saving the indemnity 
to ihe crown, for duties. 



*This year commenced Philip's war in New-Eng- 
land. 



\ 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 115 

Thus relieved from the arm of the law, the rioters 
commenced a general persecution jigainst their oppo- 
nents with such bitterness, that many fled into Virginia, 
for safety and protection. 

In the midst of this |)ersecution, Governor Sothel ar- 
rived, with instructions from the Lords proprietors, to re- 
dress all grievances, and by a firm, yet mild and equita- 
ble iiovernment, restore order, peace, and concord in the 
colony. 

VV hat is the force of counsel to a mad-man, or the 
power of wisdom to an idiot, or the inflvience of justice 
an J moderation, upon tiie sordid and avaricious? 

Sothel entered upon his adniinistraiion, as an adept in 
all tliose arts by which man oppresses his iellow »t;an. — 
Jristice and injustice, innocence and gurt were with htm 
synonymous terms; and money was th(^ ouly make- 
weight in his scale. Well might it be said ot him, 
" IVheu the viukidbfor rule, the. peopli mr.urn.^'' 

Tl'he people did mourn; but not in silence or despair. 
They seized tlie offender and were about to !<( iid hint < If 
to England for trial ; but he pleaied for mercy, anci pray- 
ed to be tried by the colonial Assejiilily ; they granted his 
prayer. The Asaajnbly tried him, and sentenred him to 
defiar'. the cohi^f^in twelvemonths; and he complied 
with their decree. 

Sothel retire«i into the soMtluMH cob-ny, where like Tul- 
peper, he put bimstlf at the lead ol a facti<in, who were 
opposing the Governor, and by bis popular zeal, obtain- 
ed the reins of government; and the pei pie of the south, 
like those of the north, were brought to feel the oi>|)ress- 
u»n of his ruthless power. 

Doomed to perpetual civil war, Carolina saw no end 
to her troubles. Tom with internal dissensions, vvhudi 
arose from the corru])tions of the people, and the corrupt- 
administration of her govermnent. s;be hoped to remove 
the latter, bv returning to tlse Charici ; but in making 
this change, new troubles arose. 

The first sketch of the constitution of Mr. Locke, was 
sent over in a rough, unfinished state, and v as at once 
received and put into operation in 166i>; but the true 
constitutions, as they were designed by the L< rds pro- 
p ietors, to b< coti:e the ba^is of the government, were 
Xioi received until March, 1670- The first being 
tlign in operation, and most favorable tu the people, was 



116 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

received and supported by tliem, and the latter were re- 
jected. T[iis excited party strife a^ain for a time; but 
the people finally iiniled in rejecting the constitutions, and 
a state of anarchy ensued, that distracted the colony, 
and produced all those excesses that arise out of idleness 
and dissipation ; and honest men fled the colony, as all 
Hien now flee the yellow fever. 

This state of anarchy reigned triumphant in both col- 
onies, for more than twenty years. Sometimes a civil, 
and sometimes a religious persecution prevailed ; and 
all was coiifus-ion, until Governor Archdale was sent out 
as an instrument of peace for Carolina. 

in 1()95, iiovernor Archdale arrived in South Carolina, 
and entered upon the ar«luous duties of his office. He 
first removed the high toned partizans from the council, 
and api)(»inied moderate men in their places. He next 
began t() reform the factions of the colony at large, by 
administering justice, with a liber ;dhan<! ; and when the 
brat of party begiiii sufficiently to abate, he called an 
-Assembly of the people. This step restored order. 



CHAPTER IV. 

CAROLINA, CONTINUED. 

Al the wisdom th.at William Penn displayed in quicN 
ing t.c tvudis of his colony, was found in Governoj Arch- 
dale, in quelling the feuds of Carolina; both were Qua- 
kers, and in their governments, exhibited the true char- 
acter of their r< ligion. 

Governor Archdale, although a Quaker, promoted a 
militia law for the defence of the colony, which he soon 
found to be very useful in the support of their just rights. 

The Yammasee tribe of Indians, who lived near to 
Charleston, had put themselves under the protection o' 
the English. These Indians, in their wars with thr 
Spanish Indians, had taken some prisoners, which the^ 
offered for sale, (according to custom.) Governor Arch 
dale sent for the Chief of that tribe, and gave him «* 
letter to the Spanish Governor, at St. Augustine, wit! 
orders to restore the prisoners and deliver the letter, 
>yhich laid the foundation of mutual harniojiy betwee 



SfORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. lit 

tJTie parties, and raised the reputation of the Governor. 

The distance of the capitals of North and South Car- 
olina, was at this time, about 300 miles. The tribes of 
Indians about Pamlico, Neuse and Trent Rivers, were 
numerous ; and the Cape Fear Indians were robbers and 
plunderers, from a custom they had ever practised, of 
pillaging all such vessels as were at any time cas^t away 
or driven ashore upon the Cape, as well as murdering 
the people. 

A war commenced between the Indians of the two 
colonies; and the Indians of the south took several pris- 
oners of the Cape Fear Indians, and sold them for 
slaves. The fame of Governor Archdale, had reached 
their ears, and they applied to him in their distress, and 
soujrht relief. The Governor listened to their complaint, 
and promised relief, piovided they would never more 
plunder and murder the unfortunate who should be cast 
away upon Cape Fear. They readily complied ; their 
prisoners were restored, and they manifested their sin- 
cerity by affording relief to about fifty unfortunate New- 
England adventurers, who were cast away upon Cape 
Fear, soon after, on their way to Charleston, 

The fame of Governor Archdale, soon reached the 
northern colony, and prepared the way for him to take 
the chair there, and enter upon the Herculean task of 
reforming the abuses and corruptions of another profile 
gate and factious government. 

The reformed example of the south, bad shone so con- 
spicuously, that it greatly facilitated the reformation of 
the north; and the Quakers in the north, being numer- 
ous, rendered the administration of Governor Archdale 
the more easy and pleasant, he being one of their sect. 
He took up his abode with them ; yjurchased an estate 
at Albemarle; married his daughter at Pasquetank, and 
left a progeny behind him, that are respectable to this 
day. 

Sir Nathaniel Johnson^ succeeded to the chair in South 
Carolina, upon the departure of Governor Archdale. — 
The old religious feuds sprang up under his mild admin- 
istration, and distracted the ci-lony. The high church 
party gained an ascendency, and oppressed the dissent- 
ers ; they remonstrated to the House of Lords, who laid 
their remonstrance before Queen Ann, The Queen or* 



118 HISTORY OF V. STATES. 

dored their oppressive Jaws to be repealed ; but left the 
colony to settle their own feuds. 

In 1699, Thomas Harvey succeeded Governor John- 
son ; and in 170;J, Robert Daniel became President of 
the council, and Thomas Carey succeeded to the chair. 

During this period of ten or twelve years, both colo- 
nies flourished ; settlements were made upon the Neuse 
and Taw Rivers. The county of Bath was formed in 
the souili, and genera! peace and g;ood order, had suc- 
«'^eded the times of anarchy and misrule. 

In 1696, a mortal sickness ra«:ed amongst the Indians 
tipon Pamlico river, and nearly swept off that tribe ; and 
the Carolina Indians were severely humbled by another 
powerful tribe, and the settlers entered without molesta- 
tion, upon those vacated lands. — 1698. 

In the forepart of the 18lh century, the settlement 
thus extended, changed the name of "Albemarle county 
in Carolina," to that of the "Colony of North Caroli- 
na," and the Governor took his title accordingly. 

Thus situated, the colony flourished and the popula- 
tion progressed, until the several precincts in the origin- 
al counties of Albemarle and Bath, became so extensive 
that the whole were called counties, abojit the year 1738. 

Such was the scarcity of money in those days, that the 
several articles of traffic were substituted in the place 
©f money, and their prices fixed by law. Even judg- 
ments of courts, were entered upon the dockets as pay- 
able in particular articles therein specified.* 

With the change of the constitution, ihe name of the 
Supreme Court, was changed from that of Parliament 
to that of General Assembly. This change of name 
could be remembered; but the laws they enacted could 
hardly be expected to be remembered, for they were not 
yet printed. 

At the rising of each Assembly, the laws then enacted, 
were read aloud in the audience of the people, and no 
man was allowed to plead ignorance of the law. At 
one session of a biennial Assembly, more than fifty laws 
were passed, and published to the people at one reading. 

At this time, printing presses were prohibited, both in 
Virginia and Carolina. Even Sir William Berkeley had 



*Deer skins, hides, tallow, and small furs, were the 
articles in general use, c^ cunntry prices. 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 119 

expressed Ills emoti )ns of <rratitm!e to Heaven, " ^/««i 
there w(u not a printing press in all the southern provin- 
ces:' 

About the first of the ISlh century, a skip from Mad- 
asjascar, bound to London, touched at rlie bar, on her 
passai^e; and the Captain (»ave the •Governor a small 
quantity of rice, and from this present, rice became one 
of the stajiles of Carolina. 

In tlie reign of Queen Ann, and about the same time, 
the Swedes, who had hitherto furnish^MJ tar for the Eno;- 
lish Navy, became extravagant in their demands. The 
Queen offered a bounty upon tar, w!iich encouraged tlie 
manufacture of that article in Carolina, and soon ren- 
dered it another staple in that colony. — 1704. 

Hitherto all religions had prevailed in Carolina ; and 
but little regard had been paid to any, unless by the way 
of party, as has been noticed. " In the year 1702," says 
Doctor Williamson, "the Assembly passed an act, by 
which tiiirty pounds currency, were raised in each pre- 
cinct, towards the support of a Minister. In the follow- 
ing year, the first Episcopal Minister arrived from EtJg- 
land; he was principally supported by Lord Weymouth. 

"In the year 1705, the first church was built in Chow- 
an precinct, and a larger church was built, the year fol- 
lowing, at PerquimouF. Two Episcopal Ministers arriv- 
ed about this time. 

" The province was afterwards divided by law, into 
parishes ; each precinct, in general, forming one parish. 
The people onNeuse,and all the southern settlers were 
included in Craven parish. 

"Magistrates were authorised by law, to join parlies 
in marriage; provided there was not. a Minister in the 
parish ; otherwise they were subject to a fine of five pounds 
for performing the service. Protestant dissenters were 
allowed to worship in public, by another act ; subject to 
the same rules, regulations and restrictions, as were con- 
tained in the several acts of Parliament in England. — 
Quakers were also permitted by law to affirm, instead of 
swearing; but they could not by virtue of such afl^rma- 
tion, give evidence in any criminal case, or serve on a 
jury, or hold an office of profit or trust in the land. — 
These were the first departures in the northern govern^^ 
ment, from the original engagement of the proprietors, 
on the subject of religion ; but the spirit of intolerance 



m HISTORY OF U. STATES, 

grew stronger, as the province increased in population; 
for the constant influence of patrona<i;e, and numerous 
emiijfiations iVom Virginia, had ^iven the Episcopalians 
a inajonty in the legislature."* 

Th{»ti)a3 Carey, Lieutenant-Governor of the northera 
colony, had been collector of ihe proprietary quit-rents ; 
but for mal-adininistration, they removed him from his 
offii^es, and directed the councd to administer the gtjvern- 
ment. A meetintr of the deputies was held, and they 
elected Mr. Glover President. Carey continued his seat 
at the council board, with apparent satisfaction, until he 
had by his intrigues formed a party, which he believed to 
be sufficiently strong to bcize on the government. He 
made the attempt with an armed force, and failed. At 
the same time a commission arrived from the Lords pro- 
prietors, to Edward Hyde, as Lieutenant-Governor. 

Governor Hyde promised to redress all the grievan^ 
ees of which Carey complained; but this was not the ob- 
ject. Carey had been deposed, and now taken arms to 
recover the government, and was resolved to persevere. 
Governor Spotswood of Virginia, attempted to interfere, 
by offering liis mediation; but all in vain. Carey look- 
ed to the government, and was resolved to recover it. 

Carey commenced an attack upon Edenton ; but failed, 
and was repulsed with loss. He made several attempts 
to augment his forces; but the people were not ripe foi' 
such an insurrection. 

Governor Hyde a|)plied to Governor Spotswood, foi' 
aid, who sent him a small armed force, and Carey's mob 
were soon dispeised. He fled into Virginia; wheie the 
Governor seized him, and sent him a prisoner to Eng- 
land. 

Governor Hyde, a'greeable to his instructions, issued 
his proclamation, offering pardon to all the insurgents, 
excepting Thomas Carey, John Porter, and three others. 
And tranquillity was again restored. 

Notwithstanding the black catalogue of events that 
jnarked the early settlements of Carolina, it stands re- 
corded by their faithful historian, Doctor Williamson, 
" that in 1708, only two pesrons had been executed for 



*^ have given this extract from the historian of Cacort 
fyia, to show their religions characte?:. 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 121 

capital offences ; the one a Turk, and the other an ©H 
woman, suspected of witchcraft.'* 

Iii 1703, Albemarle Sound was frozen over- 

CHAPTER V. 

CAROLINA, CONTINUED. 

The last chapter was closed witli the suppression of 
Carey's rebellion. The history of the Huguenot and 
Palatine colonies, now claim attention. 

In 1690, a colony of French Huguenots, came into Vir- 
ginia, from England, under the patronage of King VVill- 
iam, and settled at the Mamakin Town, upon James 
River. Displeased with their situation, they removed in- 
to Carolina, and settled upon the River Trent; under 
the pastoral care of their beloved Ribourg, their pastor. 
This colony was a valuable acquisition to Carolina, on 
account of their pious, industrious and frugal habits ; and 
they nourished under these virtues, and became useful 
and valuable citizens. 

A colony of German Protestants, from Heidleburg, 
upon the Rhine, fled also from the persecutions of their 
I-ordly, despotic rulers, and took refuire in England; where 
they were cordially received, and supported at the ex- 
pense of the government.* At their request, one hun- 
dred families were transported to Carolina, throuirh the 
agency of Christopher Graffenried and Lewis Mitchell, 
who were then in Americ-i, exploring the country of Vir- 
ginia and Carolina, to prepare the way for a colony. 

These speculators entered into a contract with the 
proprietors of Carolina, upon the following conditions, 
viz : That ten thousand acres of land should be surveyed 
to them, lying between the Neuse and Cape Fear Rivers, 
at the ratio of twenty shillings per hundred acres, and 
six pence the yearly quit-rent. Also another tract, in 



*The religions persecutions in France and Germany, 
were then in their extremes. Queen Ann at this time, 
had invited these fugitives into England, by her proclji- 
mation of 1708, 

11 



122 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

reserve, of one hundred thousand acres, for twelve 
years. And whoever should paj the usual price for five 
thousand acres, sliould possess a title ; which fell to 
GrafFeuried. 

Queen Ann had appointed Commissioners to make pro- 
vision, and furnish support for this colony of Palatines, 
whilst they yet remained in Ena"land ; and these Com- 
missioners entered into a contract with Graffenried and 
Mitchell, upon tlie following terms, viz. "That they, 
Graffenried and Mitchell, would transport to Carolina, 
six hundred and fifty men, women and children, of these 
Palatine.", (100 familes) and that they would convey to 
each family, two hundred and fifty acresof land, survey- 
ed into lots of that size, free of rent for five years, and 
then at an annual rent of two pence per acre, currency, 
per annum, for ever. That they wouM supply each fam- 
ily with provisions for one year, for which they were to 
pay a reasonable cr>nsideration, at the end of the follow- 
ing year. They also agreed to furnish each family with 
the necessary implements of husbandry, free of expense ; 
as well as tools to erect houses. Sec. also cows, hogs and 
sheep, to a certain number, within four months after 
their arrival in Carolina ; to be paid for in seven years ; 
and half of the remaining increase to be returned as a 
consideration of interest." 

The Commissioners stipulated to pay five pounds per 
head for their transportation, and at the same time, gave 
each one, either old or young, twenty shillings from the 
charitable funds, collected for their support. The Pala- 
tines delivered this money to Graffenried and Mitchell, in 
trust, to be paid on their arrival in Carolina. .^^ 

In December, 1709, the colony arrived at the cionflu- 
€nce of the Rivers Neuse and Trent, where they e^cted 
huts to shelter them until they could enter upon their 
lands. This j)lace of their first residence, they called 
Ne;y-Bern,in honor of the native place of Graffenried, 
in Switzerland, 

Graffenried, who had gained his title by his purchase, 
and now become Baron de Graffenried, was content to 
mortgage his lands to Thomas Pollock, for eight hun- 
dred pounds sterling; deliver over his Palatine colony, 
and return to Switzerland. 

Thus abandoned h^ their chief, they were constrained 
to take up such lands as they could procure ; and by their 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAIIOLTNA. 123 

industrious and fruo;al habits, they acquired a subsistence. 
Tltey soon aitei j-etitiojied Kino^ George 1. and he grant- 
ed them ten thousand acreb of land, rent free, for ten 
years, as a recompense for their losses. 

In 1711, the Indians, provoked by the aggressions 
which the settlers were making upon their lands, entered 
into a conspiracy to murder all tlje EngUsh, south of Al- 
bemarle Sound. Accordingly, on the 2"2d of September, 
they divided themselves into small comj^anies of six or 
seven each, and entering the villages, put whole families 
indiscriminately to death, with all tlieir wonted savag3 
cruelty. In this massacre, about one hundred and thirty, 
of all ages, were devoted to the butchery of the hatchet. 
This was the instrument chosen to avoid suspicion, as 
well as alarm ; but all could not be massacred at once; 
and the remnant seized their guns and made a defence, 
until they were relieved by their friends. 

South Carolina sent Colonel Barnwell, with a sniaU 
body of white men, and a large body of friendly Indians, 
to their relief; they also made them a grant of about 
^4000 in money. 

These friendly Indians were Creeks, Cherokee^ and 
Catawbas. With this force. Colonel Barnwell entered 
the northern province, and laid waste the settlentents of 
the Corees, Bear River, Neuse, and Mattamuskeet In- 
dians, who had all been confederate against Neuse and 
Pamlico settlements ; killed and destroyed about fifty, 
and carried off about two hundred women and children, 
as prisoners. 

The Tuscarora, a tribe who dwelt more remote from 
the«B||^lish settleinents, w^re both numerous and war- 
likiB^ These also, had been engaged in the conspiracy a- 
gai%|f the English; and to rescue themselves from the 
vengeance of Colonel Barnwell, had taken shelter in an 
Indian castle; to the number of about six hundred war- 
riors. 

Colonel Barnwell, ivith two field pieces, approached 
the fort regularly, with Mitchell the s}»eculator, for I is 
engineer, and might have destroyed this nest of murder- 
ers, at a blow; but he made peace, and suffered tliem to 
escape. As soon as Barnwell had withdrawn his troops, 
these Indians returned to their accustomed ravages. The 
northern colony again applied to the southern for aid, 
and they sent out Colonel Moor, with about forty white 



124 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

men, and eight hundred Ashley Indians, who arrived m 
the northern colony, in Decemher. 

Virginia 8ent some troops, and about eleven hundred 
pounds in money, to relieve the sufferings of Carolina, 
and clothe her troops; but the troops were never raised, 
and the county of Bath was left to suffer. More than 
forty settlers were either killed or carried off, during the 
winter, and the settlements thoroughly ravaged. 

When Colonel Moor arrived at Albemarle, he was con- 
strained to halt several weeks, for the want of provisions. 
On the first of January, he began his march in pursuit of 
the enemy. On the 4th of February, he reached Taw 
River, where he was detained by a deep snow, and the 
Tuscaroras, dreading the Ashley Indians, had secured 
themselves in their Forts, about fifty miles up tiie (ate- 
choney. 

Knowing that Colonel Moor marched against them 
with cannon, they secured their Forts by a deep ditch 
and pallisadoes; and in the centre they sunk large pits, 
and threw up the earth on all sides, to shield them from 
the shot of the cannon. Thus fortified, the Indians ar- 
waited their pursuers. 

Colonel Moor approached their Fort regularly, know- 
ing the enemy to be in great force, and well supplied with 
muskets. He first cut oft' their comtuunication with the 
water, and next carried forward his regular approaches, 
until he entered the Fort at the point of the bayonet, and 
made the whole garrison prisoners, to the number of 
eight hundred warriors. These prisoners were delivered 
to the Ashley Indians, as a reward for their services, who 
carried them into South Carolina, and sold t^|plitt/or 
slaves. ^ ^^ 

Colonel Moor lost in this memorable siege, abt^jfcffty 
white men, killed and wounded, and about 80 Or 90 
friendly Indians. The enemy alandoned their other 
Forts, and fled into the wilderness. The eastern Tusca- 
roras sued for peace, which was granted upon the follow- 
ing terms, viz. — 

Isr. The Tusks shall deliver twenty InHians,who shall be 
named, who were the chief contrivers of the massacre 
and who took Lawson and Graffenried. 

2d. They shall restore all their prisoners; also the 
horses and cattle, arms and goods, which they liave taken 
from the inhabitants. 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 125 

3d. Tliey shall pursue the Choleonee and Mattamus- 
keet Indians, as enemies. 

4tli. They shall deliver two hostages for each of their 
towns. 

Thus ended the most memorable Indian war recorded 
in the annals of Carolina. 

The reinainino- Tuscaroras fled their country, and took 
refuge amon»: the Iroquois, or Five Nations — 1712. 

Kin<r Blount, who dwelt upon the east side of the Taw 
River, put hinit^elt at the head ol his warriors, and in 
the service of the English, became very ssicresslul in 
kilhnu', capturing and destroying tin; remaining Corees 
and Mattamuskeets ; who were mostly taken and sold 
as slaves. 

The remnant of th se tribes sued for ]>eace, which 
was granted upon coildition, that they should dwell at 
Mattamuskeet, under th care of an inspector. Thus clos- 
ed this ever memorable war. — February, 1715. 

Colonel Moor returned in triumph to South Carolina, 
where his services were soon required to qneil an insur- 
rection amongst the savages of the south. This he 
soon effected, and {)eace was restored. 

To defray the expenses of these wars, South Carolina 
was constrained to issue eight thousand pounds in bills of 
credit; and to support their value, they were made a 
lawful tender in payment of just debts. This by its de- 
preciation, soon became an evil worse than an Indian 
war. 

Sn I67G, Carolina consiste*! of lourteen hundred taxa- 

; and in 1717, it did not exceed two thou- 

f>ne third f»r slaves. Then the fencibles 

buy did not exceed thirteen hundred. This 

fe, is a sufficient connnent upon the genius of 

ernment, as well as u| (in its admiidst ration. 

Such were the emigrations durinu' the a Iministraiions 
nf Sothel, Ciiipeper and Car, th.at the Governor of Vir- 
ginia wa^ con.straiiied to isbue a proclamation, ordering 
"that all fugitives from Carolina, wjlhout a pass, should 
be {>rrested and sent back.''' 

Their hjst(;rian. Doctor Williamson, thus remarks: 
•'I'he temperature of the climate in Carolina, was so in- 
viting, the soil so fertile, and the nieans of living, so 
easy, that the people must have been very numerous, if 
11* 




Ite HISTORY OF XL STATES. 

the government had been administered with any degree 
of wisdom. 

" The farmer was not constrained to make provision 
for his cattle in winter, for they found a sufficient supply 
in the woods, and flocks of wild cattle became the sub- 
jects of profitable game to the hunter." 

CHAPTER VI. 

CAROLINA, CONTINUED. 

President Pollock presided .over the northern colony 
two years, and was succeeded by Governor Eden, 
who arrived from England in Maj^, 1714. 

That buccaniering- spirit which had raged with so 
much success, upon the coast of Spanish America, in 
the 17th century, had now extended to the coast of North 
America, and was f)atroiiised by certain characters, high 
in office^ in many of the colonies. 

Governor Eden had not been long in office, before the 
same suspicion fell upon him. He was accused of hold- 
ing piratical intercour«ie with the noted pirate Theach, 
(commonly called IJlack Beard) throui>h the agency of 
the Secretary of the province and collertor of the cus- 
toms, Tobias Knight. 

Although Theach was afterwards taken, with his crew, 
and condenmed and executed in Virjrinia; and ailhongli 
upon his trial, stronsi; circumstantial evi< encQ»|jB^i-ed 
against Knight; yet no facts were pr<)ve(l agHMBBBkor 
the Governor, and they both escaped withoiu furtherfn- 
quiry. 

In March 172*2, Governor Eden died, and 'WTomas 
Pollock was again chosen President. He died soon af- 
ter, and was succeeded by William Reed, who presided 
until Governor Barrington arrived, tlie ensuiuir sumnjer. 
In 171.5, the Yammosee Indians conspired against the 
southern colony ; ravaged the country, and threatened 
Char!estf)n ; but Governor Craven rallied a force of a- 
bout 1200 men, and fell upon the savages with such 
success, that they were routed, after a severe action; 
driven beyond the River Savannah, and dispersed. This 
war was short, but severe ; the English lost more than 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 127 

400 men, but they expelled the Yarnmasees, who took 
refuo;e amongst the Spaniards in Floricia. 

This year about forty buccaniers were takrn and rx- 
ecuted at Charleston. This witli the latt? executions in 
Virginia, gave a severe check to piracy, in these seas. 

In 1717, a savage conspiracy broke out in the county 
of Halh; but the vigilance and activity of tlie English, 
soon brought the Indians to terms. 

In 1719, the people of South Carolina, became impa- 
tient of the proprietary government; entered into a sol- 
emn league and covenant to support each other in oppo- 
sing it, and in asserting their own just rights and priv- 
ileges. 

Theynext met in General Assembly, and requested 
Governor Johnson to accept an appointment under the 
crown; but he refused; and they proceeded to elect 
Colonel James Moor; and proclaimed liim Governor. — 
The Ring in council, approved the choice; yet they sent 
out Francis Nicholson, as provisional Governor, and he 
was well received. 

In 1725, the southern colony, provoked by the savage 
depredations of the Yarnmasees, from Florida, sent Cola- 
nel Palmer, with about 400 men, whites a:ui Indians, to 
check tlieir ravages. lie marched to St. Angus: me, 
chastised that nest of marauders; burnt al! the setile- 
ments ; destroyed their provisions; drove <»fl'the!r cattle; 
killed, took, and dispersed the savages, and laid the foun- 
dation for a lasting |)eace. 

In 1738, the boundary line was amicably settled, be- 
tween Carolina and Virginia, and a bone of long c(.n- 
teiition was thus removed. 

In 1729, the proprietors of Carolina, sold thf'ir chiim 
to the ag«MUs of the crown for =£17,500 sterlii g, and sur- 
rendered all their rights;* and the crown appointed sep- 
arate Governors for each colony. 

Kiuii George H. re-appointed Governor Barrington, 
to the chair of North Tarolina ; and he entered upon 
his administration in Ft^bruary, 1731. In 1734, he aban- 
doned a stormy, vexatious administration, and returned 



*Exceprinof one-eighth, belonging to Lord Carteret, 
whicli he retained upon the northern border, and adjoin- 
ing the Virginia line. 



128 HISTORY OF U. STATES, 

to England ; wliere he was robbed and murdered, soon 
after; and Governor Johnson succeeded to the chair. 

Govei nor Johnson turned the attention of the first As- 
sembly, to tlie education of the youth, and the support 
of thegos[)cl. The Assembly comph(!d with the recom-'- 
mendation ; but it was for the support of a particular 
church, which s^reatly roused the public naind. They al- 
so granted money to endow a secninary, without provi- 
ding for the support of common schools, and the object 
failed. 

The depreciation of fheir paper money, now became 
alarnuno, and they attempted to remedy the evil, by 
granting^ nrw cnii.<-si(.ns. 1 his ificieafced the calamity, 
by increasHig the depreciation. In 17:39, they were pay- 
ing r)ft*itie)r jui<t debts in paper money at the dej)reciated 
value of seven lor one. 

Thus sayy Doet()r Williamson; "There were men 
banislied from Carolina, for sleaiirfg a hog, whilst those 
who bajiished them, vvould contend for paying a debt of 
seven pound??, with the value of twenty sliilings." 
. in 1788, rlic Spaniards instigated an alarming insur- 
IKecti'Hi amongst the Negros in Carolina; but the whites 
soon suppressed this, by the aid of their muskets and 
rmn ; and the blacks were again reduced to obedience. 

This year the precincts were converted into counties, 
and the Marshals were called Sheriffs. 

In 1743, Commissioners were appointed between Lord 
Cnrieret and the Governor, to set off his Lordship's 
one eighth, and they run out the line as far as Pamlico 
River. In 1746, they continued tlie line about iOO miles 
and stopped ; but with orders to finish it. 

The next subject that interested the attention of. the 
Assentbly, was a division line between North and Sonlli 
Carolina: hitherto this had only been nominal. The 
two colonies appointed Commissioners for the purpose, 
who met and commenced their labors in 1737. They 
ran oat the line until they reached the Pedee. and there 
stopped. As late as 1771, this line was not completed. 

In 1740, thiuirs had generally become quiet, and their 
papf'r money was fast risin«c in its value, when an expe- 
dition was [)rojected against Carthasrena, (as has been 
noticed under New-England) and North Carolina fur- 
nished 4^)0 men to embark on this foreign adventure. — 
A tax of three shillings on the poll, was levied, to defray 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 129 

tlie expenses of tliis expedition, which called in the 
principal part of their paper money. 

Ill 1744, Caiclina beiian to tteJ ihe effects of the Span- 
ish war. At the mouth of Clarendon River, stood Fort 
Johnson and three other Forts; yet a Spanish privateer 
landed a party at Brunswick, who began to plunder the 
town. Alarmed for their safely, they rallied a force and 
commenced s(> brisk an attack upon the privateer, that 
she was blown up and destroyed, and the town relieved. 



CHAPTER VH. 

CAROLINA, CONTINUED. 

in the reign of King James I. the Earls of Tyronfe 
and Syreonnel, put themselves at the head of a Catholic 
insurrection in Ireland, which proved to be a very serious 
rebellion against the English government, but being sub- 
dued, they fled and left their vast estates, upon a process 
of outlawry, to escheat to the crown. 

King James ordered these estates to be surveyed in- 
to small tracts, and offered to settlers who would com- 
mence their settlements within four years. The terms 
vvere liberal, and a preference was given to the Protest- 
ants, in the west of Scotland. 

These people readily accepted the terms, and emigrat- 
ed from Scotland, to avoid that prelacy which had been 
imposed on them in 1637 and 1661. The Presbyterian, 
or the religion of the Kirk of Scotland, was the religion 
of their l>earts, and they fled to Ireland to enjoy it. 

The Irish Catholics felt indignant at this change, and 
persecuted these people to such a degree, that they re- 
solved to emigrate in a body, and seek a retreat in the 
wilds of America. They accordingly embarked from 
Ireland, with their families and eftects, and landed in 
Pennsylvania. From thence they contiimed southerly, 
until they reached Carolina, where they settled, and be- 
came both numerous and respectable. 

About the year 1753, six young men from Pennsylva- 
nia, of the Moravian fraternily, removed into the interi- 
or of North Carolina, and <»btained a survey of 100,000 
acres of land, for the accommodation of a Moravian col- 



130 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

ony, then in England, who had been driven by a religious 
persecution, from the land of their fathers, and now 
looked for a quiet retreat in the wilds of America. 

In the same vear, twelve young men from Pennsylva- 
nia, commenced a settlement upon the same tract; and 
the next year they were joined by several others. An 
Indian war soon commenced, that checked their prog- 
ress, and they secured their settlement with pallisadoes, 
after t lie manner of an Indian castle ; for the Moravi- 
ans, like the Quakers, never bear arms. In this state of 
their settlement, they were incorporated, and their vil- 
lage was called Bethabara. 

In 1759, they commenced the settlement of Bethany, 
distant about three miles; and in 1763, they were able to 
erect a church, and support a preacher. 

The Moravian colony arrived from England, soon af- 
ter, and commenced the village of Salem, as a manufac- 
turing establishment. These people had held all their 
property in common, until the artists removed from Beth- 
abara to Salem; then the joint partnershipc eased. 

Such was the prosperity of this settlement, that a col- 
ony from New-England, joined them and erected a 
church and school-liouse upon one corner of the Mora- 
vian purchase. 

A colony also from Maryland, settled upon the pur- 
chase, and erected a church and school-house, upon an- 
other part of the tract. These three colonies lived, and 
continued to live in the greatest harmony, and enjoy the 
pleasures of social intercourse, in peace, happiness and 
prosperity. 

In the year 1747, a colony from the Ilioli||j|ds of 
Scotland, under their Laird or Chief, Neal McM^|. em- 
barked for America, and landed at New- York. j|n i749, 
they proceeded southerly until they reached Carolina, 
where they made a purchase and commenced a settle- 
ment near to Fayetteville, (then called Cross Roads.) — 
ThiSjColony consisted of about one hundred families, who 
finally settled in the counties of Cumberland, Anson, 
and Bladen. 

In 1754, another Highland colony arrived in Carolina; 
and for several years successively, the Highland Scotch 
continued to emigrate to Carolina. These hardy, indus- 
trious adventurers, were mostly from Argyleshire. 

Thus the persecutions of Europe, continued to people 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 131 

America, from various parts of the dilF^rent kinofdoms; 
and thus the rehgion of the reformatinu was transplant- 
ed into these remote regions of the West, to buiid up 
this modern Canaan of God. 

Governor Johnson died in 1752, and was succeeded 
by Governor Dohbs ; but Nathaniel Rice and Matthew 
Rowan, presided in succession until Governor Dobbs 
arrived, in 1754. 

Under this administration, the Assembly granted thir- 
teen thousand pounds, for the general support of reli- 
gion, and six thousand pounds, toendow a public school; 
but the last was never applied. 

Governor Dohbs entered upon his administration, at 
the commencement of the old French war, in America. 
This war- witii all its operations and bearings on the col- 
onies south of the Hudson River, has been noticed in the 
historyofNeiv-EngIand,down tothe peace of Paris, 1703, 

Under this administratioji, several controversies sprang 
up between the Governor and House of Assembly, which 
continued to rage, as we have seen in New-England, un- 
til they obtained the removal of the Governor, in 1764 ; 
and ti'.e Ring appointed Governor Tryon, as his suc- 
cessor. 

The remaining history of Carolina, will be carried 
forward collectively, under the National History. 

CHAPTER VIII. 

^"EW-YOBilt^ITS DISCOVERY. RISE AND rROGRESS OF THE 
^% COLOiNY. 

In 1608, Captain Henry Hudson, under a commission 
from King James I. discovered Long-Island, and the 
River in the colony of New- York, that bears his name, 
and returned to England. 

In 1610, Captain Hudson, (for some reason not satis- 
factorily explained) sailed from Holland, in the service of 
I >the Dutch, and again visited his former discovery ; and 
I in the year 1GI4, the States-General granted a patent to 
several merchants, for an exclusive trade upon Hudson's 
River. They accordingly built Fort Amsterdam, at 
Manhadoes or Manhattan, (now York Island) and anoth- 



132 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

er at Albany, called Fort Orange, for the protection o^ 
their trade. 

The same year, Governor Dale of South Virginia, sent 
Captain Ari>Hll to dispossess the French at Fort Royal, 
in Nova Scotia. Havinu^ executed his commission, he 
visited the Dutch settlement at Manhattan, and took 
possesston in the name of the Kinir of Entjland. 

In 1623, the Dutch, reijardless of the visit from Cap- 
tain Arirall, proceeded to extend their trade to Connect- 
icut River, where they built a trading: house, with a 
small Fort, at the mouth of the little River, where Hart- 
ford now stands, and called it the Hirse of Good Hope. 

In 1621, the States-General jifranted this district of 
country, by letters patent, to the Dutch West-India Com- 
pany, and called it New-Netherlands. 

In 1629, Woutei- Van Twiller arrived from Holland, 
with a commission of Governor of New-Netherlands; 
took possession of Fort Amsterdam, at Manhattan, and 
entered upon the government of the colony. 

Governor Van Twiller published his commission in the 
followino^ style : — 

*' We, Director and Council, residing in New-Nether- 
lands, on the Island of Manhattan, under the govern- 
ment of their Hii:!:b Mightinesses, the Lords, the States- 
General of the United Netherlands, and the privileged 
West-India Company," &c. 

The Dutch claimed not only Connecticut River and 
the lands lying west of it, but also Delawtire or south 
River, and the adjoining lands, as far south as Delaware 
Bay. They claimed also to the north as far as the Riv- 
er St. Lawrence, and called the country north-west of 
Albany, Tcna Incognita. ^' 

In 1638, William Kieft succeeded Governor Van 
Twiller, and entered upon the controversy about lines 
and boundaries. 

In 1640, the Enjihsh ittempted to settle a part of Long 
Island ; but the Dutch, under the command of Jan Jan- 
sen Alpendam, dispossessed them, and held the jurisdic- 
tion. 

In 1643, commenced the New E airland league, and 
Connecticut and New- Hampshire, altemj)ted to arm the 
league against the Dutch ; n .t onlv to punish them for 
furnishing- the Indians with arms, hut to drive them from 
their borders. Massachusetts declined; and it failed. 



NEW-YORK. 133 

In 1647, Peter Stuyve>!ant succeeded Governor Kieft, 
in the oveniiueiit. l^iaiiJis upon NfW-Neilierlunds, mul- 
tiplied upon all siden, diiriiiji^ this administration. Nf^w- 
Sii jjland on the ea->t.iVl.iryhind on .he west, the Dutchess 
D)\v;itrer of Sterling', claimed Lonfj Ishind, and the 
Swedes chiimed and encroached upon the Dehiware. 

About this time, a Swedish vessel entered the Raritan 
River, and the Dutch Governor seized her, which oj)en- 
ed a contr(tversy ; the Swedes rose ni arms, under (lov- 
ernor Risin!^-, and seized F^rt Casimer, which the Dutch 
had huilt upon the Delaware. 

Governor Stuyvesant assend)led a force and emhavked 
in person at the head of his troopy, to recover the Fort; 
the commandant capitulated, and resigned up the Fort. 
Governor Stuyvesant pursued his victory, took Fort 
Christiana by capitulation, t»nd sent Governor Rising: to 
Enirland. All such Swedes as refused to swear allegi- 
Tincetothe States-Geiieral, were sent to Sweden, and 
Nesv-Sv/ede!;'ind was added to New-Netherlands. 

New-Swedeland now took the name of the three lower 
counties upon South River, and Johan Paul .laqnet, was 
appointed their first Vice-Director, by the Director Gen- 
eral at New-Met h.erhmds. The successors of Jaquet, 
were Airicks, Hinnojossa, and William Beekman. — 
These Lieutenants had fid! power to grant lands; and 
their deeds have ever been considered as valid. 

in the year 1(359, William Beekman. aa^reeable to or- 
der, purchased f'ape Henlopen, awd com»nenced a settle- 
ment, inider the protection of a f<n-tress. 

Inthesprino- of 16G0, Governor Stuyvesant entered 
into a treaty with Governor Berkeley, (Governor of New- 
JeiseyJ for a free trade, and a league, oft'ensive and de- 
fensive. 

In 1664, King Charles 11. granted to his hr( ther, the 
Duke of York, all that extent of country in America, 
lyin,>- between Nova S-oiiu and Delaware Bay. 

Th(; same year, the Duke of York C(mv<'yel ti John 
Lord i5erke!ev and Biron of Stratton, and Sir 
George Carteret, of Saltnim in Devon, all that part of 
hU patent \\'[nr between H5id.'^on'> R»ver on the east, and 
D •! r.vare-Uav on the west, extending souHi to Cape 
May, or tiie main Ocean, at the mouth of D.rli ware- Bay, 
&c. This patent embraced what became New-Jersey. 

12 



134 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

The same vrar a number of settle "s removed from 
Loiiu Ihland into New-Jersey, and commeuced the first 
settleaienls. 

The same year, Coh)nel NicoH, from England, entered 
the harboiir with a small squadron, and sumnuMted the 
Governor to surrender the Ft)rt to his Brittanin Majesty. 
The (Tovernor convened his council to deliberate, and 
attempted to nalliate; but Colonel Nicoll pressed his de- 
mands with severe threats, and the next day the Gov- 
ernor capitulated, upon conditions, "that the Dutch and 
English limits should be settled by the crown and the 
States-General." Commissioners were accordingly ap- 
pointed by the parties, and the articles drawn, signed and 
accepted, the same month; and Colonel Nicol! took pos- 
session of the Fort and colony, and conducted their af- 
fairs with wisdom and prudence. 

Sir George Carteret was commissioned to reduce Fort 
Orange, which lay 170 miles uj) the River; this he soo»* 
effected. At the same time, he held a conference with 
the Chiefs of the Five Nations, and settled a treaty, 
which proved of lasting advantage to the colony. 

The na)ne of New- Amsterdam was now changed to 
that of New-York ; and Fort Orange, soon after, to that 
of Albany, in honor of the Duke. 

Robert Carr was commissioned about the same time, 
to subdue the settlements on Delaware, or South River, 
and he effected his object by the first of October. 

Thus the whole of the colony of New-Netherlands, 
was subdued to the crown of England, in less than two 
Kionths. — 1764. 

Governor Stuyvesant continued in the colony, where 
he lived in affluence an*' died much respected. 

The Dutch settlers all remained in the colony, and be- 
came valuable citizens; and their descendants are great- 
ly respected to this day. 

The same year, Governor Nicoll seized on the proper- 
ty of the Dutch West-India Company, in consequence of 
the war that commenced hetween the English and Dutch. 

On the 12th of .lune, 1665, Governor Nicoll incorpo- 
rated the city of New- York, and introduced the English 
mode of government. He also settled the boundary line 
with Con tiecticut, and reguiatsd the limits of the town- 
ships on Long Island. 



NEW-YORK. 135 

In 1667, the conquest of New-York was confirmed to 
lh(^ English, by llie peace ot Hreda. 

^•nm alier the peace, Governor NicoU retiirnerl to 
Eii2,iand, after iiaving Jire^i(!e(! over tite coh>ny, in wis- 
dom, moderation aii(i justice, with a plenitude of power, 
that was uncontroied. 

<Jovernor Nicoll chfsed his administration, by erecting 
a cjurt of" Astiizes, consisting of the Governor and coun- 
cii and Justices of the Pea<e; and collected a code of 
hiws, usages, &c. for the colony. 

In 1667, the Duke of York sent out Francis Lovelace, 
as siK-cessorto Govertjor Nicoll, and he ruled with wis- 
dom and moderation, down to the year 16'T2, when the 
colony was again taken by the Dutch, which closed his 
administration. 

In 1674, this colony was as^ain restored to the Enjrlish, 
at the peace of \Vestmin^ter, upon the grounds of uti 
possidetis. At the conclusion of this peace, the King 
granted to the Duke of York, a new patent, bearing date 
June 29ih, 1674, and the Duke commissioned Sir Ed- 
mond Andros, as Governor General over all his territo- 
yies ill North America. 

Governor Andros received the resignation of this prov- 
ince from the Dutch, October 31, next ensuing; and en- 
tered upon the duties of his office, by calling a Court- 
Martial, to try Ciiptain Manning, for his treacherous and 
cowardly conduct, in l^etraying the colony to the Dutch. 
To these charges Manning pleaded i:uilty,yet the Court 
spared his life, by ordering his sword to be broken over 
his head, in front of the City Hall, and himself disabled 
from holding any place of public trust in the colony, 
hereafter. 

In 1680, Governor Andros claimed the jurisdiction of 
New-Jersey, and cau.-ed Philip Carteret, lie Governor, 
to be arrested and brought t«» New-York; but the Duke 
of York interposed; restored Governor Carteret to his 
government ; removed Andros, and appointed Colonel 
Thomas D^n^an, as his successor — 16?^2. 

On the 27ih of Augtist, 1683, Governor Doni»an arriy- 
€d and entered upon the government of the coh»ny. 

in the vear I6P3. G(.vernor Dongan issised orders to 
the Sheriffs, to sumimm the freehfdders to elect their 
representatives, to meet in General Assend»ly ; the elec- 
tion was made, and the Assembly convened accordingly 



}m HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

on the 17th of Octoher. Tins proved useful to the colony 
and rendered the Governor hijihly popular. 1 his As- 
sernhly consisted of a council of ten, and a House of 
Representatives of eighteen. 

In 10S4, Governor D(»n«^an, at the request of Lord 
Howard, Governor of Vir|iinia, assenihhd a council ol the 
Chiefs of the Five Nations, at Alhany, where th.ey united 
in a firm treaty of ))ertce. 

In the same year, De la Bane, Governor of Canada, 
enraged at this treat}^ connnenced a war upon the Five 
Nations; entered their country with an rorny^of 1700 
men ; resolved on their ruin. Governor Don<^an gave t!i,c 
Indians seasonable notice of this invasion, and put them 
on their guaid. 

When De la Hane entered their country, the Indians 
retired into the forest ; and a mortal sickness commenced 
in his army, which defeated the enterprise. He called a 
council of theChieis; settled a peace, and withdrew in- 
to Canada. 

In 1685, De la Bnne was succeeded l)y the Marquis 
Denonville, who brouuht out with him from France, a 
regiment of troops with a view of carrying- into effect 
the plans of De la Bane, and proceeded to erect a Fort at 
Niagara. 

Governor Donjran remonstrated agr^inst the measure, 
and tlireatened him with hostilities, la.l without effect. — ^^ 
Denonville persisted in his plans, and carried the war in- J I 
to the country of the Five Katious, and finished Fort I i 
Niau:ara. 

These movements led Governor Dongan airain to as- 
semble the Chieis of the Five Nations at Albany, in Au- 
gust, and tlie treaty was renewed. Thus Governor Don- 
gan maintained the supremacy of peace and war over 
the Five Nations. Whenever they showed a disposition 
to treat with the French, he withheld his supplies, and 
refused all aid, which brought them to terms. 

In 16S5, Charles II. died, and the Duke of York suc- 
ceeded to the throne, as James is. who appointed Sir 
F>dniond Andros, Governor of Kew-Eno^land. Sir Ed- 
mond arriv<'d in Boston, December, IGSG. 

In 16SS, the ir(><>d news of tlse Revolution in England, 
the flight of .1:imes II. to France, and the accession of 
William and Mary, were annovmced to the colony. Joy 
and satisfaction beamed in every Protestant countenance, 



NEW-YORK. 1S7 

«nf1 glarldened their lieai ts. Tlit^y, with Colonel Lois- 
hu ill iiieir lieaii, sei/cU on the tortiesj^ at i\eu-Yoik, in 
the name ot King W iiliaiii, ami the militia gave iheir 
su})j)Oir. 

(ioverijor Dongari r('si«ine(l the cl air to LienteiiantT- 
Govern< r JNiciiijisoii, ano einharked for Knglaml. A 
seen' of disicord en^iiied ; hut the api)e}ir;aH'e ol three 
ships in the harbour, from England, decided tlie contro- 
versy. 1 he people .supported Lei>!er iw ho ding the 
Fort, and suUsi-nb'-d n declaration of mutual 8up[)ort to 
the Prmce of Orange. INichoifcon ahsc<inded, and the 
people trmmphed. 

iiing \V jiham graciou!-lv received the address of Colo- 
nel Leislec, and confiimed iinn irj his roujmand. — 1689. 

Governor Dongan repaired to Inland, where he be- 
came Karl Ol Lunerick, and Colonel INieholson was ap- 
pointed Governor of Virginia, the same year. 

Colonel Ba)ard, ano Courtiand, the Mayor of Nevr- 
Yotk eity, OjJj)osed tne governii.eiit of Leisler, ami re- 
tired to ilhany, where they formed a strong jiaity, who 
resolved to h«dd Fcit Oiange, ioi the i rmce, in defiance 
of the authoiity of <'o!onel Leisler. 

ColoiieJ Leisler sent h.s son-in-law, ^filhourn, as Colo- 
nel of an iff ined foi ce, to reduce Fctrt Oi«.iige to obedi- 
ence ; but til |5a^si< IIS of the parties were high, and he 
did nol succeed until the >pr!hg of 1690. lie then avail- 
ed himseil oi the in-ii-ifi \vi»r that raged; took jxisj^es- 
sion i.f li e F< it, aii< ti i niphed over his enenies. 

Thisyeai was renoere. memorali e tor the faihire of 
h theexpe(!it(On aijainst Q.u(diec. iim'er Sir William Fiiipps, 
as vvas noiice*; uiu!<r JNew-Knaland. 

In March liyhi Coloi ei Humph ey Sloughrer i=u< cvcd- 
ed Colonel Leisler, in the giKcrnmeui; o! Ncw-I'cmIv. — 
Colonel Leisier.vviih i\? dl>ou( II, rciiised to (U hvei up the 
Fort at IN ew- York ; but (ioveinm S.ouolitci )>ressed his 
demands, and L<'i>lc>- complied, and surremh red the 
Fort. The (ilovcih(n' caused leisler am! Milbourntohe 
arreste<l,tried, and executed for high treason. AJany of 
the paitizaiis of Lei.-lcr, lied the colony ; but they were 
soon recalled by an act of general im'enin.ty, which set- 
tled the peace of the colony. — A})ril, IGV'l. 

'i'he Assendilv then in session was the second that 
kad been held ill this colony. They passed their een- 
12* 



138 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

sures upon the administration of Colonel Leislrr, and 
approved tiie j>roteec!in;is ot Governor 8iou<ihter. This 
Assembly abolislied the old court of Asisize;^, and esmb- 
lished new courts of law. lliey next erected a Supreme 
court of justice, with four assistant justices, and an At- 
torney-<"eneral. 

They also formed a constitution or bill of ri«:hts; se- 
curing trial by jury; freedom from taxes, without con- 
sent of Assembly ; toleration to all christians, except Pa- 
pists, &LC, 

A question was discussed in this Assembly, " Whetli- 
er the people have a right to be repr< senteti in (Jeneral 
Assembly, or whether it be a pri\ilege enjoyed tiirough 
the grace of the crown." The sense of the House was 
taken upon this questit)n, and an act passed in favor of 
the former opinion ; but this act was repealed bv King 
William, in 1G97. 

In 1691, (iovernor Sloughter met the Chiefs of the 
F'Ve N-i.tions in council, at Albany, and renewed their 
former league with the Enghish, to preveiii ti.e IVSohawks 
from making peace with Count Fiontenac, then Gov- 
ernor of Canada. Governor Slougliter, on his return to 
New- York died, July 23, 1G9I ; and tin government de- 
volved on the council. They appointed Richard Inj^ols- 
by President, i.nd he was sworn into office on ti e 26th. 

At this time Major Schuyler assen bled a parlv of Mo- 
hawks; cros>ed Lake Chansjjiain, and commenced an 
attack upon the I rench seitlements in Canada; g^ained a 
signal victor} over De Callieres, Governor ot Montreal ; 
killed and took about 300 French, and returne«l in tri- 
umph to Albany. This opened an Indian war with Can- 
ada, that raged through the winter, with various success. 

On the 29th of August, Colonel Henjatnin Fletcher ar- 
rived from F'ngland; pulished his comm-ssion as Gov- 
ernor, and entered upon the «iuiies of his office. He 
brought out an acceptable present to the colony, f)f arms, 
mditary sto-es, &c. which called fotlh an atldress of 
thanks to I'.is Majesty, with a n quest that he would order 
the neiahhnring colonies to join their aid in defence of 
the colony.* 

Major Schuyler of A'bany, had at this time, by hi« 
great abilities, as well as active zeal in defence of his couu- 



*Th« colony at that time, coiitaiaed about 800d souls. 



NEWYORK. 15§ 

try, acquired sueh itiflueiuc over the Five Nations, iis 
not only seemed their ir;eii(!.shij), but rendered them en- 
tireiv siiihservient to his vvdh Quider (as they ealled 
bun) was the director of their niovcnienlsis Kud thus he- 
can»e veiy useful t<» Governor lieiclier; and .he raised 
hitn to the couneil hoard. 

In 16*J3, Count Fronrenac invaded tlie Five Nations, 
with an army of six or seven hundred Fiencli and In- 
dians ; and on the nij^iu ot tlie 6ih of Fehruaiy, this ar- 
my [jassetl the vdhiiie of IScheneetady, and entered the 
country of the M(tliuvvks. 'i hey surprised the Intiians 
in their castles, and killed aiai ca|Hured about 3({0 of 
the confederates. 

Major Schuyler ajypeai-ed f(M- their relief, at the head 

of his volunteers, aiui route<l tiie <'n« my. i he conlede- 

I rates joined in I he juirsiut, and the French were driven 

back into Canada, wiih g! eat loss and distress. Peace 

was lestorei. 

I This year, the Kiiiji' vested Governor Fletclier with 

*" full powers to command the miiiua ol" the iieiiilibounng 

colonies, for the defence cd' ^ew-Yotk, agreeable to 

their peiitioirto his Majesty; and the Governor atienipt* 

ed to assume tiie commamiof the Connecticut mditia at 

Uaitford, as has been noticed. 

At this time, there was no lelijxiou^ establishment m 
this crtlony ; but a free toleration was granted in tlieir 
bill of rights. 

Goveriior Fletcher, in his s])ee(di at the opening of tlie 
first Assembly, ur^ed the importance of providing for a 
religious establishment ; but tlie Ih.u^e declined it. At 
the second sessson of the Assembly, he pressed tie sub- 
ject again, and tite House passed a bill accordingly, and 
sent it up t* tilt C ■jivesnor, for his concurrence. lUe 
Governor rciuiin d the bili, with this amendment upon 
that clause that rri;arded the choosing and settling Min- 
isters: '' And pn.^efdcd f(f the Ouvirnor, to be approved 
and collated.^'' 

The House returned the bill, praying "that it ndglit 
pass wirhout the ameiMiment, having in ihe drawing tiiC 
bill, a dni' regird to the pious uitent of settling a Minis-» 
try for the benefit of the people." 

The (Governor m his wrath, prorogued the Assfembly, 
Here opened the first rebsi'io'*-^ contr* versey. The Gov. 
oriior set up his prerogative, and the House their pi ivi. 



340 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

lege. This sjiirit appeared at ihe acijojuned FP.«FioiSj 
in Sej»reniher, and the (governor dissolved tlie Aysemhly. 

In I he nudijii «i litis leiioious quairel, a n« w Indian 
wai c(»njnjeiiced. Count I rentenac again invaded the 
Cdunti V oj the Five IXations, and commenced the repairs 
of tlie Fort at < aiaiaqui. Ihe Governor {MihhtjheiUJie 
King's oider:5, tliat ihe followino- coh>nies slionjd furnihh 
their several (pioias of men tor the war. 

Mass tciiusetts 350, Connecticut r20, Rho(!e-l^Iand, 
&c. 4fe5, 1 < liiisylvanui 80, ir^ai}'land t(jO, I\evv-\orU '^(>0, 
and Viigima240. 

Tiie Covernor n-^ed nlMiis efforts to carry this order 
intoetiect; hut (h<- cohniies resisted lliC mear-uieas dan- 
gerous and im politic, to I rust so n.uch power in the hands 
of the Governor of JXcw-York. 

This Indian uar, c<n)tinned to i age down to the peace 
©f Rvsvvic, 1(397 — this cIo.-e(i the lioriid scene. 

Lpon the pea( e ol" liyswic, Kicliard, Earl of F'ello- 
mont, was aj)|;oin;ed to succeed Govei nor FU^tcher, and 
he anived in r^eu-York, Ajjrd 2, U>9?5. iiis Fxceihncy 
laid before his couniil, his commissKjn against the pi- 
rates, uiso then iniested ihe American Sf^as. lie next 
laid hc;orc the conned, an atiidavit <!ehvered him b^ ?>( c- 
reiary Vernon, and t!ie Easi-ijuiiu ('on)pany, alkging 
"tha! Fletcher had pein.it.ed the pirates to lar.d their 
Sj.oils ill this province, and that ISscoil had hargained for 
tiicii pioKction, and received eight iiundred dtdlars in 
gpcvie." 

Nicoll acknowledged the receipt of this money; but 
pleaded liiC a* l oi' As>enibly, allow ing jnivateers to en- 
ter, upon giving sc«:uiit}. This atli(iavit o|)ened the 
field Un- the enemies of Fletcher to attach themselves to 
the Earl, and rendered his iHimim-tration })opular. 

Bis Ford^hip repaiied to Boston in June, to eiiter uj)- 
on the government of that province, as was noticed tai- 
der A'.assachnset's, where he ap|)rehended the noied pi- 
rate, [iid. When he had settled the alfasrs of thai gov- 
enn ent, he leturned to New-York, where he died, 
March, 17G1, greatly iamenled. 



NEW-YORK. 141 

CHAPTER IX. 

NEW-YORK, CONTINUED. 

The Earl of Bellomont was a minister for <(ood to the 
colonies over'which lie presided, and his death was se- 
verely feh. 

Nanfati,'. he Lieutenant-Governor,was then absent in the 
Ishind of Barbadoes, and the council were divided upon 
the question, who should rule. 

On the first of May, Lieutenant-Governor Nanfan ar- 
rived and closed the controversy, and entered upon the 
governnient. The parties continuinji; warm in tiie As- 
sembly, the Governor, to allay the storm, dissolved 
tlietii. — June, HOI. 

On tiie 2d of September, the Governor instituted a 
Court of Chancery, by order of the Lords of trade.-— 
This Court was to commence; and continue its sittings 
on the (ir.-st Tuesday of each month; and commissicm- 
ers were empowered to appoint Masters, Clerks, and a 
Reaister, for the same. 

i j)ass over those civil and relio^ious controversies that 
distracted this colony, throuob this and the succeediiig 
administration, under Lord Cornbury, down to the ad- 
ministration of liord Lovelace, 1708. 

His Lorrlship received ids appointment from her IMaj- 
esty, (Queen Ann) in the sprintj; but did not arrive in 
the colony, until December following". 

'IMie jealousy excited by the mal-administration of 
Lord Cornbury, cairied its ejects into this administra- 
tion, and led the Assenddy to oiainiaiii that caution they 
had used towards the former; iest i^ord Lovelace should 
tread in his ste! s, and defraud th.e ])'.dtlic revenue. His 
Lordshij) felt t'ne cruel indijruity, and in tins trying- scene 
he died, and left his wife and family to fee! the severity 
of their neglect, until the Queen interposed, and com- 
pelled t!ie Assembly to do them justice. 

Upon the death of Lord Lovelace, the administration 
again (levolved on Lieutenant-Governor Intjoldsby. 

At this time the expedition c( utemplated against Can- 
ada, enjirossed the attention of this cohuiy. General 
Nicholson, formerly Lieutenant-Governor, had enjiaaed 
in the enterprise, as Commander-in-Chief; and he en- 
tered into the war with zeal and s})irii. 



142 IITSTORY OF U. STATES. 

The colony of New- York raiseil 700 men, with two 
independent conii>anies ; en)jtlr)yed six hundred Indians 
in their service, and snp|)orted their families at Albany, 
at the same time. 1'hey also constrncted 200 I aileaux, 
200 birch canoes, to transport the troops over the lakes, 
and bnilt two Forts; besides the expense (d transport- 
inj2^ provisions, military stores, &c. all which cost this 
c»>lony about c£20, 000 ; but wlien the promised fleet had 
failed, they were left to provide for this expense by an 
emission of paper money. 

It aj)peared from the letter of Lord Sunderland, (the 
British Minister) that the fleet promised by the Queen, 
had been called into service to su[)port the Portuiinese 
fleet, which had been defeated by the French; and thus 
the expedition failed. 

Ju 1710, Lieutenant-Governor In^oldsby was super- 
ceded by Governor Hunter. The Governor brought out 
with him from England, a colony of Palatines, to the 
number of 8000; a part of this colony settled in New- 
York, wliere they built a Lutheran church, and estab- 
lished the Lutheran relig^ion ; others planted a beautiful 
village upon the Manor of Livingston; others removed 
into Pennsylvania, where they settled ; and drew out in- 
to that province, several thousands of their persecuted 
brethren from Germany ; who also settled in Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Another colony came out from Germany, and planted 
the villag-e west of Albany, upon the Mohawk, known by 
the name of German Flats. All these Germans were 
peaceable, industrious, ^ood inhabitants, and a great ac- 
quisition to her Majesty's cokmies. 

Governor Hunter saw the importance of securinjj the 
peace of the frontier, by a friendly intercourse with the 
Indians. He accordingly assembled the Chiefs of the 
Five Nations, in council, at Albany, and renewed the 
former covenants. 

In 1709, Colonel Schuyler sailed for England, with 
Ave Sachems of the Five Nations, at his own private ex- 
pense, to promote the best good of the colony. 1 hese 
Indian kings were objects of particular admiration in 
England, throughout the kingdt^m. They weie intro- 
duced at court, and presented to her Majesty, who re- 
ceived them graciously. They visited all parts of the 
kingdom; and when they had been fully satisfied with 



NEW-YORK. 148 

the enjoyments of England, they returned to America, 
with Coniuiodore Martin und General N-eiiolson, wlio 
comaianded tlie forces df^stitied against Port Royal. — 
1710. (See Nevv-Eniriand.) 

This year, New-York anfain made great efforts to co- 
operate with the Hoet and armament from England, in 
the conquest of Canada; but the destruction of the fieet 
in tlie G(dpl] of St. Lawrence, again defeale<! the en- 
terprise, and left the colony again involved in debt. 

In autumn of 1711, the Governor convened the As- 
sembly, to provide fcjr the exigencies of the colony : but 
a controversy sprang up between the two Mouses, which 
marred the in^^erest of the colony, and defeated the ob- 
ject of the session. Both parties W( re obstinate, and the 
debts of the colony. remained unpaid. 

In May, 1712, the Governor again convened the As- 
sembly, and the same evils continued. The public groan- 
ed under the accumulated pressure of the debts incurred 
by the war; yet the ffouse was obstinate, and the Gov- 
ernor dissolv(id the Assembly.* 

In March, 1713, the treaty of Utrecht was signed, 
and the peace was soon annoimced in America. By 
this treaty, the Five Nations of Indians were (for the first 
time) acknowledg<^d subjects of the crown of England. 

In May, 1713, the Governor convened a new Assem- 
bly ; and by his laconic speech, broke the obstinacy of 
the House, and they promptly provided for the exigen- 
cies of the public. 

In 1719, Governor Hunter took an affectionate leave 
of the colony, and sailed for England ; and Colonel 
Peter Schuyler, as eldest counsellor, took the chair.— 
The most conspicuous features in this administration, 
were a new treaty with the Six Nations at Albany, and 
the settlementof the colonv hne with New-Jersey. 

On the I7th of September, 1720, VVilliam Burnet, 
Esq. arrived in New-York, with the King's commission, 
and relieved Colonel Schuyler from the duties of the 
chair, and commenced his administration as Governor; 
Colonel Schuyler became his senior counsell;;r. 

In 1727, Governor Burnet was removed by his Majes- 



*This year has been distinguished for the union of the 
Tuscaroras with the Five Nations, frcwn which time thqjr 
iBecatne the Six Natioas, 



114 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

ty, (Georire 1.) aiul placed in lliechnir of Massachusetts, 
ami Gsivtit'iior Montiioiiu-ry .-«uece(Mled In the cliair. 

Ti>e adininistraiiun oi' (-Jovefnnr Moiitt!;-<'n»ei-y settled 
the hoiirwlarv line with CouneeticMit, by exchanging 
lands neat the sound, for a tract lyinij hetwes n the col- 
onies, of sixty thousand acres, called tlie ohliJiiir. — 1731. 

The same year, tlie Freneli built the fortress at Crown 
Point, on Lake Champlain. 

The subsequent history of New-York, has been carried 
forward in the sreneral history of New-England, down 
te the peace of Paris, of 17(33. 

CHAPTER X. 

RISE AND FROGUESS OF NEW-JERSEY. 

The patent of the Duko of York, to Lord Berkeley 
xind Sir Georije Ca'teret, bearing date 1664, which laid 
the foundation of tlie colony of New- Jersey, has been 
noticed in the history of New-York ; and the incipient 
stages of the rise of New-Jersey, have been carried for- 
ward in''t])at history, because they were inseparably con- 
nected. 

The next year, Philip Carteret was appointed Govern- 
or. He came over from En<;!and, and settled at Eliza- 
bethtown ; and laid the foundation of the colony, upon 
the free and independent plan of the colonies of New- 
Eni*land; and presi<}ed with wisdom and diofuity, until 
the colony was conquered by the Dutch. — 1673. 

The Dutch erected the colony of New- Jersey into 
three jurisdictions, viz. Niewer, Anistel, Upland and 
Hoer-Kill, and appointed Anthony Colve, Governor. 

The next year, the coh)ny was restored to the English, 
by the peace of Westminster. The Riu2: ;^ranted a 
new (latent to the O.ikc of York, an I ilie Dul;e appoint- 
ed Sir Ednifuid Andros Governor of all his territories 
in America. 

"in 1076, the province was divide^ into East and 
West Jersey. Lord Berkeley's assi.rrvves released East 
Jersey to Carteret; who in return, couvi'ved West Jer- 
sey as a de|>endency <d' New- York; but Carteret retain- 
ed the government of East Jersey." 



DELAWARE. US 

'•In 1677, a vessel arrived from Enafland with two fniii- 
dred aii'1 tlurty pcU-seiiiiers. iiios'Jy Quakers, who pro- 
ceeded U}> the Delaware: treated with the Indians for a 
tract of land, and com me need a settlement, at what is 
now calied Burliniton. Two vessels arrived the same 
year, with about 200 passengers, and settled at the same 
place," 

"West Jersey continued to be held as a dependency 
of New- York, or rather asa conquered country, until the 
year 16S0, when the Duke of York, after much solicita- 
tion from the j)ropr!etors, restored to them the rights, 
granted by his parent of 16(51 ; and West Jersey was no 
longer subject to New-York." 

This year the first Mills were ereotetl in New Jersey. 
Governor An<lros caused Piiillip Carteret, Governor of 
East Jersey, to be arrested this year, and brought pris- 
oner to New- York ; but the Duke interposed; restored 
Carteret to his government, and removed Andros. 

In 1635, tlie Duke of York, then King James II. ap- 
pointed Sir Edmond Andros, to the government of New- 
England. 

in 1702, the proprietors of East and West Jersey, 
resigned up their colonies to Queen Ann, and they were 
governed by the crown, down to the time of the Revolu- 
tion of 1775. 

One common Governor, under the crown, from 1702 
to 1738, governed the colonies of New- York and New- 
Jersey; they then became di timt and separate govern- 
ments, and h jve continued so to this day. 

In I73S, Pnnceton College was founded, by the name 
of Nassiiu Hall. 

In 1776, the present constitution of government was 
^amed and adopted. 



CHAPTER XI. 

RISE AND^I'UOGRESS Of DELAWARE. 

In the year 1627, this country was visited by a party of 
Swedes, by permission of Gjstavus Adolphus, King of 
Sweden ; who commenced a settlement at Cape Henlo- 
13 



HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

^yt^n, (tlien called Paradise Point) under tlie command of 
William Uselin<»-, a noted Swedish merchant ; who call- 
ed it Nevv-v^wedeland. 

In 1631, they huilt a Fort near where Wilmington 
now stands, which they called Christeen or (^hrisliana, 
and laid out a villaij^e, which the Dutch afterwards des- 
troyed. 

Soon after this, Peter Minuet was eommissioned by the 
rejjency of Sweden, under the Queen, to the government 
of the colony. 

When Queen Christiana ascended the throne of Swe- 
den, she cnjrimissioned John Printz, to the 2^'overnnjent 
©f the colony ; and his administration continued to the 
year 1654, when he was succeeded by his son-in-law 
John Pap^oia. 

In the year 1655, Peter Stuyvesant, Governor of New- 
Netheriands,made a jjeneral conquest of New-Svvedeland, 
and added it to the Dutch colony, and Alric became their 
first Governor. 

In 1664, the English took possession of the Dutch 
colony of New-Netherlands, and Rinfjj Charles 11. c<»n- 
veyed this district in his patent to the Duke of York. — 
The whole was confirmt'd to the Cn2lish at the j)eace of 
Breda, by an exchanoe for Surinam, a province of Gui- 
ana, in South Amenca. — 1667. It then fell under the 
government of Sir Edmond Andros. 

In the year 1672, the Dutch incorporated the town of 
New-Castle, and the inhabitants had a free trade, with- 
out being obliged to make entry at N(;w-York. 

Waqmm was the principal currency of Delaware, 
throuifh the early periods of her settlement, and Govern- 
or Lovelace gave it a current value, by proclamation; 
ordering four white grains and three black ones, for a 
stiver or penny. 

In 1681, this country was covered by the patent of 
Pennsylvania, which King Charles II. granted to Will- 
iam Penn. 

In the year 1682, the Duke of York conveyed to Penn, 
all his claims upon this district, and he annexed it to 
his government.* 

After the unif)n of the province and the three lower 

♦Their deeds embraced New-Castle and twelve inilec 
r«und it, extending to Cape Henlopen. 



DELAWARE. 147 

oounties, (then so called) the representatives held their 
fir-'t session a^ Upland, (Chester) on tlie fviiirth of the 
10th month, 16S2. 

In 1685, llif boundary line between Delaware and 
Maryland, was settis d beiweeji William Penn and Lord 
Baltimore, as follows, viz. " 8 hat tlie tract lyini>- be- 
tween the River and Bay of Delaware and the eastein 
sea, on the one side, and the (^lusepeak Bay on iln' o;h- 
er, he divided into two eqnal parts, by a line froto (ape 
Henlopen to the 4Jhh decree of nonb latitude, and that 
0!ie half lying" between the Hay ol' Delavva.e and. the 
eastern sea, b<d(Mig' to his Majesty, and the oiher ba'f to 
the Lord Baltimore," 

Duriii«r the three years residence of William Veun in 
the colony, all was liarmony and ^ood or<ler ; in? when 
he rein:iied to Lii;jiand,lo settle this contntv^Msy with 
Lord Baltimore, lii> Deputy GoveriuM', M«ior, Unew the 
province into Jiie n most disorder, nntil he was removed 
and succeeded bylMackwell. in 1638> lie m his tntn, 
played the tyrant over the people. 

Upon the ac( ession of VViiliam and Mary, the C(dony 
of Pennsylvania nej>;lected to acUnowlediie their sove- 
reignty ; but continued iheir ad miinstration in the tinaie 
of James II. an 1 tl!is2,ave ju-^t offence to King William, 
aiiil in 1(39:2, he as-Jiimed the i>overnmenr, and apponited 
Colon<d FIcicber, Gttvernorof New- York, to admini>iei* 
the i»overnment f>f both c(d(»nies. 

In tie year 1093, P<>misy!v!in!a was ai»ain restored to 
William Penn. and in 1696, he aave tlu; colony a new 
frame of crovernment, which continaed lo the year I7m, 
wlien the counties of Delaware, rejected the constitution 
and tieciared their independence of Pennsvivama. 

The repose of the counties of Delaware reniained 
undisturbed for many years, until tjie old itropiietary 
contrtiversy was renewed; then the claimants liecame 
warm, and the vveiulu of anxiety and evpense, obliged 
them to afljust all their differences by commissioners. — 
May, I7:3'2. 

By rea-ion of nnmerons delays, the doinirs of these 
commissioners were eveicanie<! !ntf> effect, nntil T^^arch, 
176*2, when the division hues were run ont in due form; 
b'.'t these were not full; estallisbed until tlse proclama- 
tion of Richard Fenr),in J775. 

Tiie remainder of the history of Delaware, will be 



/l48 mSTOKY OF V. STATES. 

carried forward with the colonies collectitely, in their 
national character. 



CHAPTER XII. 

mSE AND PROCRESS OF PENNSYLVANIA, DOWN TO THE PEACE 

OF 1763. 

The distin^iiif^hed services of Admiral Penn, had 
broij*:ht him into power at C(*urt. Tliis favor descended 
to his son, William Feun, ahhou^h a Quaker, and ena- 
bled him to ohtain, by way of compensation for a large 
«urn of money, due fr«»in the of>vernmenr to his fHlher, 
that district oi' country in JNorth America, now known by 
the name of Pennsylvania. 

William Penn was constituted full and ahsohite pro- 
prietor of all this tract of land or j rcvirtce, witii full 
powers of 4>:overnmeni over the same, hy acliarter hear- 
inw date, Westminster, March 4th, 1T81 ; which province 
is thas defined : 

*' Charles, by the Grace of God, &c. Therefore, hnow 
ye, «fec. do give and ij:rant unto the said Wiiliaai Penn, 
his heirs and assigns, all that tract of land in America, 
with the Islands thereunto f'erlaining, as the same is 
bounded on the east by Delaware River, from twelve 
miles distance north of ISew-Casfle Town, untvi the 
43d de2,ree of north latituile, if the said river doth ex- 
tend so far, hut if not, then as far as it doth extend, and 
from thence to the 43d degree, as aforesaid. The said 
lands to extend westward, five degrees ot" loniriiude; to 
be computed from said eastern hounds. Saii! lai^ls to 
be bounded on the nortii by the 43d degree of north lat- 
itude, and on the sont^ by a circle drawn twelve nu'es 
distance f.om ]Vew-( 'a^1le, noithward and westward, un- 
to ihe beginning t)f the 4Gth degrer of north latitude, and 
then westwardly hy a straight line, to tiie limits of the 
longitude above mentioned.'* 

This patent conlinjies in this style, through 23 long 
sections, in which the nglits, powers and privileges of 
the proprietary, are fully and clearly drfiiied. 

These preliminaries hein^ ci» sed, W illirm P< iin f>uh- 
lished his patent, witli such a description of the colony. 



1>ENNSYLVANTA. 149 

lis conlfl then be obtained ; and ofitued his lands for sale 
at 40 diallings st(>rlin|ii-, the hundred aertf-,oi (aie>Fn!lmjr 
per annum, forever ; with jiood eondirH;ns ol fcttihnient 
for such as wished to heconje advt ntnrers. 

The disciples of Geor*;e Fox,* whose confidence was 
stronglj fixed in VVilhani Fenn, soon foin»ed a conij.ai.y 
in LoiKlon, utifier the iwinie of " 'ihc Free Societj of 
Traders in Pennsvlvania." Twenty th« nsand acres of 
land >vas soon |jurciia>e<l ; articles of trade were djawn 
Uj>; |ndiii.s|i(^d and entered upon, by several (hvisions of 
the company ; which were soon fo!i( wed by otner.-, and 
tiic emigrations to Pennsylvania, rapidiy progressed. 

Ill 17-1, two ships from L<)n<!<jn aiu! one from iJristoI, 
sailer! for Pennsylvania, and arrivc«i safe with settleis tor 
the new colony, and brought out William Mariiham, the 
DeputN -Governor, with several con:missioners to neat 
with the Indians, and purchase their land's. A \)(}\u-y 
well calcidaied to insure tiie peace and prosperity of thi© 
colony. 

William Fenn irunranteed to his settlers, a constitution 
entilletl, *■• The Frame of Cjovernmeiu lor the colony of 
Pennsylvania, in America./' «&Lc. in which the civd and 
religious privileges of the citizens vve;e clearly tiefiued, 
cautiously guarded, and fully pri'ecied. i he iiuv p in- 
cinles of this government may be seen in the foliowmo^ 
remarks : 

"The true design of government, is to support pow- 
er in reverence WMth the people, and to secure the peo- 
ple from the abuse of power; for liberty without obedi- 
ence is conlusion : and obedience wilhout iiherty, is tyr- 
anny," &c. 

in IG8-2, W^illiam Penn obtained r»f the Duke of York, 
n relea-e of all the riiiht, claim or title, which he [sad, or 
might be supposed to have, to the (province of Penn.>ylva- 
nni; together vvith another conveyance of ali claim to 
the territory lytng upon the Usver Deinvvare, erdler! by 
the l^utch, the '■'■tkrpe lower coi/ftfirs,''^ vvhich aie fuUy de- 
fined under New- York and D( laware. 

1« \(j^2, WilhaniPeun arrived at Newcastle, in !Vnn- 
gylvania, on tiie '24ih of October, where he was cordially 



*r under of the secv called Quakers, about the middle 
ftf tlie 17th century. 

13* 



150 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

received, amidst the acclamations of the people. Eng- 
lish, Swedes, and Dutch, all bid lum welcome, with min- 
gled transports of joy. 

On the 4th of December, William Penn convened the 
jfirst Assembly at Chester;* at which time, the three 
lower counties were annexed to the province, by a spe- 
cial act of umoM. The Dutch and Swedes were all nat- 
u;aiized, an<l the laws agreed upon in England, all pass- 
ed in ^^ue form. 

Wdliam Petin concluded a treaty of peace with the 
Indians, this year, wLich continued more than seventy 
years, aiid rendered the Quakers the idols of their af- 
fections. 

In less than one year after the proprietary came into 
the province, more than thirty ships arrived from Eng- 
land, with pas^en^iers to settle tfie colony ; these were 
generally Quakers, whose first concern was, like the Pu- 
ritans of New-Euiiland, to plant churches, and make 
provisio^^ for the free enjoyment of their religion. 

In about two years alter this, more than fifty sail of 
shi[)ping arrived from different parts of England, Hol- 
land, and Germany, with settlers for the new colony. — 
A company of Palatines, at this time came out Irom 
Germany, and settled (jlermantown, near Philadelphia, 
These were Quakers, who were driven from the Pala- 
tinate, by the religious persecuti((ns, that laid waste their 
country, in the reign of Louis XiV. Ring of France. 

At this time, the city of Philadelphia, v.'hich William 
Penn had laid out for his capital, in 1(382, grew and in- 
creased rapidly, and the log liuts had hectmie numerous. 

In 1683, William Penn convened ihe second A.-sem- 
blyt in his new capital, and presided in the council. — 
The province was by this Assenibly, divided into the 
counties of Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester ; these ad- 
ded to the three lower counties on the Delaware, viz. 
New-Caslle, Kent ;ind Sussex, made up six counties, for 
which the proprietary appointed Sherilfs. . 

This year a controversy arose between Lord Balti- 
more and William Penn. concerning the boundarv be- 



*This Assembly consisted of three councillors, and 
nine wiend)t rs of the House. 

tThis Assenddy was composed of eighteen crjuncil- 
lors, and thirty-six of the Assembly or lower house. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 151 

tween Maryland and Pennsylvania; but the prudent 
mahagen:ent (tf V> ^liiam P( nn, t^oon allayed the strife, 
and restored tranquihiy to ihe settlers. VViliiani Penn, 
h(.vvever, resolve.' to lelnin to England, and settle the 
question fidiy with Et.rd Baltinjore. 

In 1684, A'v.lliani Penn appointed Thomas Lloyd, 
President of the Coutuil; organized his government; 
atui on the i^tli of June, set sail lor England. He ar- 
rived m Enul.tnd in seaso»to witness the dealhot King; 
Charles 11. and the accession (»f James 11. late Di;ke of 
Yuik. 'i'o effect the imn-.eciiate [)iupt»ses of his voyage, 
he to»)k (ij las residence at Kensington, that he nught 
have a more free and easy access to theKnig. — H)b*'5. 

The agent of Lord Ballinioie, appeared in I'ligland 
and nuinaued liie cause of his Lordshij) so adroitly, be- 
f(M-c ihe King in council, that he ohiained an order f<»r 
th.e three lower couiifies, fornicrly ch^imetl hy the Dutch, 
to he aniiexed to Maryland. Although thisordei v. as to 
take iuin.ediate eff<'ct, yet it vva.- dela}ed until the reign 
of Queen A tin, about tlie year 170*i. 

hi 16S5, gieatdisor<lers aiose in the government of 
Pennsylvania, during the absence <d the jn-oprietary, 
and severe persecutions awaited VViiiiani Penn. while in 
Ensrland. His <nemies accuseil hnn o( a je.-nilical am- 
bifion. At the same time, he >ent from England, Will- 
iam Blackwell, to art as Deputy Governor, in the place 
of Thomas Lh>yd, removed from the Presidency by re- 
signation; but thisincreased the evils. Blackwell with- 
drew from the chaii, and returned to Englaml. 

En 16S9, the public school of ihe. rrunds^ was founded 
inPhi!adel|;hia. !n 1697, it was incorp(>rated hy char- 
ter; and in !7(Jl , th.s cliarter was conHrnseil by patent 
from the proprietary, and he fixed the miniher of the 
corp^oration to that ot 15; under the title of the Over- 
seers of the Public School, iiumded in Phdadelphia, at 
the request, cost and cl!arges,of the people called Qua- 
kers. In !7il, William Penn resiewed the charter of 
this school, whereby he c<,nfirmed all the orher charieis, 
and apj)oin'ed that fifteen overseers should Ite chosen bj 
the f nrpor;iiion, to inspect the affairs of the sclicml. 

(n 1688.when William and i^lary had ascended to the 
throne, upon the fliirht of Jamcj; W. those suspi<*ions that 
had fallen upon W'ilham Penn,af»d jiiven bin) the name 
•f Papist, Jesuit, &c. were remembered, and caused 



15S HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

him to be arrested ; arraigned lelore a tribune of justice, 
and fornially ined; but as no proof Jav again&t l»im, l»e 
Was! acquitted at the Ea.ster term. 

In 1690, lie was arraigned as:ain,upon a new indict- 
ment ; tried and aequilled, at trinity leim. 1 he t?anie 
year, he was again attacked by a proclamation, as an 
enemy to the kinguf)ni, and an adherent to the enemies 
of the crown; arraigned, tried and acquitted, at Mich- 
aelmas lerm. « 

VVilHarn Pfnn now begun seriously to wish to refiini 
to his province in America ; but ihe time had n((t yet ar- 
rived. He was arrested upon tin; oaih ol a vile, |>rofli- 
gate fellow, whilst retui ning from the luneial of the cel- 
ebrared George Fox ; and he withdrew from public no- 
tice, and passed iwo or three years in retirement. — 1091. 
In this stare ot things, the disor«;ersin the jjrovince of 
Pennsylvania, became .-() serious, that the King appoint- 
ed roloiiel Fletcher, Governor of JNew-Yoik, to take the 
reins of government; and in April, l(i9li, he enleied 
upon the admini.-tialion. 

In 1694, the friends of ^Yi1lianl Fenn, found access to 
the ear of his Majesty, and obtained the h»ilowing dec- 
laration from the King: " Willium Penn is one oj my 
oh! friends, as well hs yours ; and he luuy follow his busi- 
ness without further nndestation ; and y(»u are author- 
ise! to make this known to him." 

A\ the eventful moment when ibis communication was' 
ma if to William Penn, died (Tulielmar iMaria, his wife, 
November 30th, which added «j really to (he weight of 
Lis afflii'tions. 

In August, 1694, William Penn, was restored to the 
government of his province, by letters patent Ironi their 
B'ajesties, William an<l Mary; and lie appoint! d \S ill- 
iani Markhnm. Lieuienanl Governor, and the afi'airs of 
the })rovince became regular. 

In 1699, William Penn returned again to Pennsylva- 
nia, where he arrived in December By tliis late arrival, 
be providentially avoided the yellow lever, which for the 
first rime, had raged in Philadel[.'hia, and had proved 
Tery malii>nant and mortal. 

One of the first objeeis that engrossed the atlentioQ 
fif the proprietary, was to heal the differences that l.-ad 
dist I a«'t«'d th colonv in his ah^ience ; to effect this, he 
m>nvcued an Assembly at New-Castle, in October 17U0. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 15g 

This Asseoihly receive. I from the proprietary, a new 
charter ot privileges, that h(;aled all their diiierences, 
and restored peace, order and tranquihty to the province. 

In 1701, William Penn held a grand treaty at Phila- 
delphia, vvifh about forty Sachems, and oihers of the 
great tribes lyinj: upon the.waters of the Susquehainiah, 
Potowmac, &c. winch eslablibhed a general and lasting 
pea<e. 

Thus we see how ninch the interest of a people, de- 
pends npon individual character. 

These thinjrs beijiii" accomplished, William Penn once 
m<»re organized his i»(>vernnient in his province, by ap- 
pointing Andrew Hamilton, laie Governor of Ne»v Jer- 
sey, as his Deputy (i<(vernor. and .1an;et> Logan, as his 
Secretary, and renirticd tv; England, to pKmiote tfie in- 
terest of the col -nies gen> lal y. 

In 1702, King William died, and was succeeded hy 
Queen Ann. I'he same year, (.jovernor liannlion died, 
and was succeeded by Li«'utenaiit-G(fvei nor Skipper. 

In 1703, Ihe three lower counties on the Delaware, 
withdrew from the province, and ihe latter called a sep- 
arate As^endily at P! iladelpjna, in October. 

I'he saiiie year, the proprielary aj)poinle<( John Evans 
as Dej'Uty Governor, and repaired to Pennsylvania, where 
he ariived in Februarv, 17^54^ 

[n April, he convened an Assembly at Pliiladelphiaj 
for the })urpose of again uniting ihe three lower coun- 
ties to the province; this he t fficted sofar as tt) gain the 
con>entof the counties, but the |;rovince refused to be re- 
united. In aulunm of the samt- year, Gtvernor Evans 
convened an Assend)ly at Ni w-(?a!stle, which became 
clamorous; caballed against liuu, and acinally accused 
the (jlovernor lothe j>roprietary, for irsal-admimstration. 

Queen Ann's war with the f^iench and Sjfaniards, 
was now racing in Europe, on the ocean, r^nd thtough- 
out the frontiers of New England ; desidating their fields 
and settlements, and filliuiJi; their borders with death ; yet 
in Pennsylvania, all was trantpiil, and tlie SusquehannaU 
Indians were rejoicing with a C( mpariy of Quakers, 
who liad come out to prrach to them in tiie character of 
friends of William Penn.— 1705. 

In 1709, Gc^veru'tr GooUin arrived at Philadelphia, to 
succeed Governor Evans, removed. The Governor 
made an eftbrt to raise ujcn and money in the provincCj. 



154 HISTORY OF V. STATES. 

to co-operate with New-Entrla!id and New-York, in the 
conquest of Canada ; but tailed. Tliese Quakers were 
not disposed either to fight or pay. Tliis (►pened a con- 
troversy between the Assembly and Governor, which 
raj>ed so seriou.>-ly, that the proprietary was obhged to 
interpose by letter to the Assembly, in 1710. 

'3'he effects of thjs letter were such, as caused the dis- 
solution of this Assembly, and the election of a new 
one; and harmony was resroied. 

In 1712, Wdlian) Penn made a formal sale of the 
province of Pennsylvania, lo her Majesty Queen Ann, 
foi the df)uble purpo^e of relieving hiniself from the em- 
barrassments ol" his affairs, as well as from the vexatious 
cares which ti.eii- unhailowrd ('ont( ntions bad |.rt>riuc< d ; 
but before \hc sunt ndry was (li}\y executed, lie was 
seized with an apoplexy, which rendered iiim incorupe- 
lent to the act. 

The factions of the province were shortly renewed, 
and continjied down to the year 1717, when (lovernor 
Gookii) retu'ned to England, and was succeeded by 
G'^vernor Keith. Under tins adminisiration, order and 
"peace were again restored. 

At this-^eveniful moment, when all was quiet, died Wdl- 
iam Penn, the friend of man, and the benevolent founder 
of the provineo of Pennsylvania. — 1718. I he pariicu- 
lars of his will, an i disposal of his estate, may be seen 
in Proud's History of Pennsylvania, Vol. IL page 114. 

A'iout this time, VVilhaui Penn, the heir .<t Inw, died 
at LiCge, and his eldest son, Springett, clainjfd the gt)V- 
erninent. 

The controverted claims amongst the heirsof William 
Penn, wove deenled in a court of <^'hancery, in England, 
in favor of Jolm, Tiiomas and Richard Penn, minor 
heirs of the elder V/il!iain Penn ; and the widow Han- 
nah Penn, as executrix, had the government vested in 
her and other trustees, in trust for the minors. 

In'^1728, the Governor instituted a Court of Chancery 
in the province, by and with the ccmsent of the Assem- 
bly. 

This year. Governor Keith made a general peace with 
the Virginia, Pennsylvania and eonfedeiate Indians, 
and the Assembly, to irratifv a request of the Indians, 
passed an act to prevent the traders from selling rum t© 
them. 



PENNSYLTANIA. 155 

In 17*22, the Assembly, to relieve the burthens of the 
people, issued bills of" credit, to the amount ot" ^"15,0<}0. 
At the close of the year, they issued ^30,000 more, which 
in 1726, had depreciaied 50 per cent. 

Ill 1739, they issued o€30,000 more, and in 1739, (ten 
years) such had become the depreciation and presstire 
for money, that they issued o^"! 1,000 more, makniii a 
sum total of ,^80,000 which, in fair market, was worth 
^50,000. Only =£6110,5.^. of all this sum had then 
been redeemed. 

In 172(3, Governor Keith was succeeded by Governor 
Gordoii, and in 1731, such had been the prosjx'rity of 
the province, that it contained a more numerous wfiite 
population, than the three colonies of Virginia, Mary- 
land and Carolina. 

The commerce of Pennsylvania, had become so res- 
pectable, that their historian, (Robert Proud) obsesves, 
" their exports consisted of wheat, flsur, bisruit, beef and 
pork, butter and cheese, bacon, hams, cider, apples, soap, 
inyrlle, wax, candies, &c. which 3 ielJed them a revenue 
of c£60,000 annually. All this, the colony iiad aUaiiud 
to, in about 50 years. 

In 1732, Ttiomas Penn, a descendant of William 
Pennihe elder, arrived in Pennsylvania in Auirust, when 
the Assembly were in sessioii, and entered upon the (hr.ies 
of the administration. 

In 173G, Governor Gordon died, and was succeeded 
by (iovernor Thotnas, who did not arrive in the provir.ce 
until August, 1738. 

In 1741, Thomas Penn took an affectionate leave of 
the Assembly, and returned to En;r|and ; and in 174(j. he 
came into possession of three-fourths of the provinee. 

In 1742, a number of <ientlemen in the city (d" Phila- 
delphia, associated with Doctor Franklin, and sub'^crilw 
ed forty shillinjis each, for the purchase of a library, with 
ten shillinirs annually, which laid the foundalnm of one 
of the fust and most respectJible libraries in the enunlry. 

In 1750, more than five thousand British, Irish and 
Gernmns, were im[)orted into Pennsylvania. At thii 
time, Philadelphia.contained twenty-one hundred dwell- 
ing houses, and eleven places of public worship. 

The American Philosophical Society, was instituted in 
.1769, and incorptuated in 1780. 

Xn 1747, the affairis of the province were generally 



J56 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

quiet, when GovernDr Thomas resigned, and was suc- 
ceeded hv Governor Haniihon, in 1748. 

In 1754. Govenior Hamilton ^e:^ig•ned, and was suc- 
ceetled by Governor Morris, and he was succeeded by 
Widiam Ocujiy, in 1756 ; and in 1758, James Hamihon 
ftiiain look the chair, and continued to the year 1763. 
John Penn.sonof Richard Penn, then took the chair, 
and continued until 1771. 

At the commencement of the Revohition, the heirs of 
William Penn quit-fdaiiued all thcnr proprietary right* 
to the colony, for thirty thousand pounds. 

In 1790, Pennsylvania established their present con^ 
stitntion. 

In 1793, more than three" thousand souls were swept 
ofif by the yellow fever; and in 1797, the same disease 
swept away more than twelve thousand. 

In 1800, Conii'ress removed from Philadelpiiia to the 
city of Vi ashmgton. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

RIPE AND PROGRESS OF MARYLAND, FROM ITS ORIGIN DOWN 
TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

The first settlement that commenced in this district, 
that now !)ears the name of Maryland, was made by 
"William Claiborne. 

In the vear 1631, Kinjv Charles I. s^ranted to Clai- 
borne, a license to traffic in all such parts of America, 
as were not patented toothers; and he planted a small 
colony upon Kent Island, near the centre of the terri- 
tory. 

About the same time. King' Charles I. caused a patent 
of this district of country, to be made out to Sir George 
Calvert, (Lord Baltimm'e) who had been Secretary to 
his fi^ther, King .fames I. and who having become a 
Papist, now sought a retreat in the wilds of America, 
where he might enjoy his religion undisturbed. 

Sir Georii'e was one of the original partners of the 
Viririuia Company, and contMiued so until its dissolution ; 
;Which led him to seek a retreat in this part of America. 

.When Sir George arrived in Virginia, he found vhc 



MARYLANB. 15V 

people all cliurclimen, whose intolerance was as bitter a* 
thi»r . e had left in Enjjlan*!; he therefore removed into 
the district of Maryland ; but before his patent passed 
the seals, Sir George died, and ihe King issued the pat- 
ent to his son <'eecil, Lord Baltimore, June 20tli, 1632. 

The patent issued to Ceecil, Lord Baltimore, is thu» 
definj'd, viz. " All that part of Pennsylvania lying be- 
tween the Ocean on the east, ajid the hay of Chesapeak 
on the west; and divided from the other part by a line 
drawn from the cap', called VVatUinson's Point, situat- 
ed in the aforesaid hay, near the River Wiirhco, on the 
west, unto the main ocean on the east; and between that 
bound on the south, unto that part of Delaware-Bay oa 
the north, whicdi lies under the 40th degree of north lati- 
tude, ifec. and all that tract of land, from the aforesaid 
Delaware- Bay, in a riiiht line by the degree aforesaid, 
to the true meridian of the first fountain of the River 
Potomac, and from thence tending towards the south, 
to the further hank of the aforesaid River, and following 
the west and south side of it to a certain place called the 
Cinquack, situated near the mouth of said river where 
it falls ?nto the Chesapeak Bay; and from thence in a 
straight line to the aforesaiil Cape, called Watkinson's 
Point," &c. 

This grant, as well as that of Virginia, Pennsylvania 
and Connecticut, was so carelessly defined, as to involve 
the parties in long and obstinate disputes, which cost 
them mu'-h rime and expense to settle. Lord Balcimore 
(some say King Charles) gave to the province the name 
of ■Maryland, in honor of the Queen, (Henrietta Maria.) 

In 163-3, liord Baltimore appointed his brother, Leon- 
ard Calvert, as Govern »r of the province; and in 1634, 
h(^ comm*inc»'d a setttlement upon the north side of the 
Potomac and near to its mouth, with about two hun- 
dred settlers, mostly Roman (Catholics. 

Lord Baltim »re laid the foundations of his province 
in the seem ity of property, and liberty in religion; 
granting in ahsolu e fee, fifty acres, of land to every ac- 
tual settler, and establishing christiai.ity agreeable to the 
old common law, without allowing pre-eminence to anj 
eect. 

These measures of his choice, soon converted a drea* 
?j wilderness into aprosperous colony. More than ^403- 
U 



15S HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

000 were expended by his Lordship in the iwo first 
years, in transportino^ settlers, atid tlieir necessary stores, 
&c. The people, to retnuneraie tiiis expense, jjranted to 
his Lordship a subsidy of tvvo-fifieentijs of tobacco, up- 
on every poll. 

Such was the pacific disposition of tlie Indians, that 
the first settlers lived for some time amonast them under 
the domestic regimen of a family. The Indian women 
tau<^ht the emi«i?rants how to make bread of tiieir corn; 
their men tau'j;lu the English how to hunt and fish, and 
when they assisted in the chase, sold them the ijame they 
took for themselves, for a tnfle ; all wliich furnished them 
an easy support, until they could clear the ground and 
cultivate for themselves. 

Such was the fertility of the soil, the mildness of the 
climate, and the free toleration of the o-overnment, that 
emigrants flocked to the province from Europe, and set- 
tlements began to multiply. 

In 1635, tlie freemen all met in Geneial Assembly; 
but no other record remains of their doings, than an act 
passed, '' that all offenders in all murders and felonies, 
shall suffer the same pains and forfeitures, as for the 
«ame crimes in England." 

In 1638, the Governor called a new Assembly, and pre- ^ 
sented for their accej>tance, a bodv of laws, sent over by 
Lord Baltimore; but the Assembly rejected these, and 
prepared a collection of regulations, better adapted to 
their circumstances. 

At this time Claiborne, who had settled on Kent Isl- 
and, refused obedience to t«> the laws of Maryland, and 
set up his claims, and appealed to the crown. This was 
rejected by the Lords Commissioners, who established 
$he claiuis and jii>isdiction of Lord Baltimore. 

In 1639, a third Assembly was convened by the Gov- 
ernor, and an art was passed, "/"or esfabHshing the House 
of Aiiscmhiyy This act declared that all who should be 
elected pursuiint to writs issued, sht>uld be called Bur- 
ges^ses. That the gentlemen suuimoned by special writ 
of the proprietary, together with the Governor and Sec- 
retary, should be called the House of Assembly. All 
acts to be of the same fi)rce as if the whole body of free- 
Jftien had been present. 

By an act of this Assembly, thG people are distinguish- 



MARYLAND. 159 

ed from the slaves, wliicli serves to shew that slavery 
, comrnericed almost wilh rheir oriiiiii. 

Ill 1640, aiitflor! was riKuie by Virsfinia, lo exiend hei* 
dnnsiiiioii over the province olMarv Ian.', and j-ubvert heir 
charter; hiil their efforts failfd; and tlius, what cuni- 
ni( need in injnsfice, ended in disgrace. 

IMie peopletrf Maryland, were pecuiiarly happy un- 
der the iio\erimje?it of Lf)rd Baltimore. Ihey i)fith un- 
derstood and pursued tlieir own best lntere^t ; and while 
tlicy cherished a just reijard for the prerooatives of the 
projuiciary, lliey never lost >igUi of their own rigfits as 
free ni CM. 

'( lie intrijrues of Claiborne, to<:::rt!ier with t.e imfru- 
dence of the settlers, invcdved t!.c piijvin<-e in an Ifulian 
war, in KMi w hich raived i'^r several yea; s ; IfUt the sav- 
aufswtM' iMiioh ed, and jicace was rcstoi ed. 

imnn iia'<^y n|,>!)n the restoration of peace, Chi'horne 
united w.tii Richard iniiohis, and aide<' by tlie tui bulvnt 
spirit (jf the times, raised a leheliionin thi** province. — 
Calvert tiie Ottvernor, fled into V;r<:ini;, and Chiibcrne 
seized (sn the i!:overnnient. — \G4'3. Jn August f(>lli>v\!ng, 
the rehcllo'ii was quelled, afiti tranquillity resioied. 
^ In 1049, ail act of free religiotis t(r1crati(>n, was pass- 
ed by the Assend.il\ , which \\ as eoi.'fi;n;ed in lG7t>, a- 
mongst the p«rpe!ual laws of tiie ; rovMice. 

A new reliiiKui.s firama was now oj>eiied u})on the wj-cat 
theatre of the Anierican colonies. Viro-iniH passed sev- 
eral laws against tiie Puritans. In Massachusetts, liie 
Puritans were persecutintr the Lipiscoj'aUans, Haptist?, 
Quakers, &e. but the Cailmjics in Marylan-I, to their e- 
ternal hon-.r, were tolerating ami inotecling all. 
■ In that memorable year, 1650, tl at constitntion was 
fiiiaiiy establish* d, wh.ich continued, wi'h verv little in- 
terruphon, down t(» the year 17T(*, w!i< n toe ccmstitufion 
she mjvv enjcy;::, was ad(>;(icd. in forming this eonstiru- 
tion, those who were called Ity sp'ecial writs, jbrmed the 
upper House, and thos^e choFen by hundreds, the lower 
House; and all bills that passed b;>th l!«'ns«s. with the 
Governor's signature, became the laws oi tlse province. 

From this epoch, the democratic part of the As>em- 
bly, (consisting of i'ourteen delegates) must date the (»ri- 
gin of its particular immunities, or exclusive priyileges. 

The f)rovince at this time, was divided into three 
counties, viz. St. Mary's;, the Isle of Rent and Ann- 



16i HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Arundale. These counties were &ub-divided into lum- 
dreds. 

In 1651, tlie rulin^ power in En«land, (the Conimon- 
wealth) a[)ijointed Commissioners "for the leducinir and 
governing the provinces within tlie Chest-peak Bay," 
which trust they exercised with great attenti«>n and dex- 
terity ; ahhoiiyh the prnj)rieior of Maryland, had .s!d)mit- 
ted to the Parhament, and obtained leavt- to govern in flie 
ftame of the "keepers of the hl>erties of England." 

In 1654, Oliver (/romvvell seized en tie government 
•f Maryland, which excited a strife between ll.e Pifri- 
tans and Cathohcs, that igsu« d in a civil war: a decisive 
battle was fought ; the Catliolics were vanquished; the 
Governor was taken, asid by a Court-iVlartial, sentenced 
to die; but the PuuTaiis interposed, and liis sentence 
Was changetl to a loiio confinement. 

This year, Claiborne aaain attemjiled to assume the 
reins of gciveninuni, nnder ibe autl.(!i sry of ''liieLord 
High Proteclnr of England;" and with hss Commission- 
ers, called an Assembiy ; but ibe Bin g>t-ses of St. Mary 's 
County, declined bis governnu nt, as being inconipatiliie 
with 'heir oaths to Lord Baliiniore, and refused toattend. 
This Assemidy acknowledged the government of Cr( ni- 
well; and passed an act declaring all Papists, outlaws in 
the province. The contrast between this and tbe act of 
Assembly in 164;), reflects great honor on ihe Catholics 
©f thai liay, for their liberality in matters jo^f religion. 

In March 165^^, the Commissioners resigned their trnsi 
to Josiah Fendal, Esq. as Governor on the part of th© 
proprietary. 

In l659, he called an Assembly which abolished the 
Senate or upper House, and rendered the hwer House 
absolute in the government ; and the Governor was ap- 
pointed by the ruling |)arty. 

Upon the restoration of Ring Charles \l. in 1660, a 
change was again effected in the government. The pro- 
priemry appointed Philip Calvert, Governor oi i* ary- 
land, and in December, he entered upon the administra- 
tion. 

These political changes produced no sensible effects 
upon rhe prosperity of the province. Her \ve;ilib and 
population, like tlinl of Pennsylvania, liad s<> lapidlj 
progressed, that she could number more than 12jC00 !»•» 
iiabitams, ineludiu"- slaves, 



MARYLAND. 161 

In 1662, the proprietary appointed his clcjrst son, 
Chailes Calvert, to tlie guvci imiciit ; lie f()ll<;\vpti ihe 
maxims of his fathtr, ant! ruled in wisdom. 'i'liis year 
the i-cace of the province was disturhed h\ the hniadoah 
Indians; but i lie war was short, and successfully ter- 
minated. 

In 1676, Cacihus Calvert, the father of Maryland, 
died, in the 44th yt ar of his government. At this time, 
the piovuice was divided into ten counties, c<>r\rainirig 
moie tlmn 16,000 souls, i^iaryland tlien coniuincd nei- 
tlier parishes nor churches, and lut provision liad been 
made by law, for the si!})port of the j:'ospcl. There 
were only iliree Episcopal clergymen in IMaryland. 

diaries Calvert, the then (Governor, became the pro- 
prietary, and under this authority, lie convened an As- 
sembly, which gave to Maryland a new code of wise and 
salutary laws. 

in 1689, a revolution was compht ly effected in Mary- 
land, by the Protestants, under the mask of a P< pisli 
ploi, in conne;;tj()ii with the Indians, to massacre all the 
Protestants, and assume tlie reins of jj[overniuent. I'he 
revolutionists jflaced one John Coode in the cliair of the 
province; and King V'i lliam sanclit^ned the measure, by 
orders to those who had asf>unieo the power, to «'xercise 
it in his name, until further orders. Thus the gt.vern- 
ment of the province remained under the control of 
the crown, about 2* years. 

In 1692, Maryland was divided into ihiriy-six {)arish- 
es, and tiie Bish<»p of London ap} oinled Thomas B.ay, 
D. D as his commissary to sujierintend the Protestant 
cause in this province. Thus the protestant religion 
was estabiisheil by law. 

in S6V'4, the town of Severn was clianged to tliat of 
Ann. ipolis, and made a pint of entry. In 1697, it be- 
canie the seat of government, and tiius continues tolliis 
tin.e. 

In the year 1716, the g(»vernmrnt was restored by 
Kin«' George I. to Ciiarles, Lord Baltiinorc, rile [)roj.ri- 
etor, and it continued in Itis family, dowii to tJu' year 
1776, when the freemen of the province, i^fe^nmed the 
government; confiscated t!ie property, although i.h< t' < n 
yjiopnetary Was a minor; and framed and adopted ihc 
present constitution. 

14* 



im HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

In 1790, Marylaiul giaiiU'd to tin United States, that 
part of the DiMiicloi ( (.junibia, lliui ht.^ eatl ol ilic 
Poio.ac. 

The leiiiainder of tiie history of >iaryland, ^vill be 
ciinied ioiward wiiii \he United Slates, eollecti\eiy. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

RISE AND PROGRESS OF GK)!!GIA, FKOM ITS ORIGIN, IN ITS^, 
DOWJV TO IHL AMLHltAiX KEVOLLTION. 

A perioti of more than one centurj ehijsyed, frem the 
settleajcMi of Vn'-jiriia, Nt-w-YorU and i\<>vv-En:iiaiHl, 
befure any altenipts vveie nsaiie lo .^e lie (seoi^.'a. Ill 
June. \7'j'2., Kinii; George 1j. or;uiied a charter to ,-. ( om- 
pafiv in En^ilani, to settle tiiat pari of Gecfrgia, li.at 
lief> between the Risers ??avannah and Alataundia ; and 
the colony hears his nanie. 

The proprieKns of this j^rant, had it in view to settle 
their iand> hv transj^ortin^ .-ueh intli;^eni |)eoj)!e in Eng- 
land, a:i had Ijecoinc hinti»en.s(»rne, an<l were tiis{)osed to 
beeoaie advenni; e; s lo rhe \ie\v world. 

In tlie month (d July of tise same year, tlie |)ro|trietors 
met a»id appointed Lord Pe:cival for their PreMdeni; 
ordered a common seal, <&.c. '1 he |?owers vested n, the 
CompanvThy tins cliarter, extended to rhe term of twen- 
ty years; and lie jiovernnH-nt was vested in the crown. 

In Anirnst following', a la'ires; mot money was raised 
by suhscriptiii), atnoiiL st the hiile (siders in Enjil. nd, 
m; ier the ma'.a;iement ot Sir Wdhan? Heathcole, to 
provide for the nec(^s>Jities (d tiie settU>rs. and tnpport 
tlte view> oi" the Company. Parliament also eo-o[-erat- 
cd by a i^rant of ten thousand pounds, to carry forward 
the plan. 

In November followin|Li:, between one and two hnndred 
labourers vohinteeriMl m the enterprise, and embarked 
from Eniifand in Ds-cemher, under the siqserinlendence 
of James Oj/lethorpe. In January, l7o3, rl ey ell arriv- 
ed in Carolina, where they were kindly recei\ed and 
hospitahlv presided for. 

The Carolinians snpj hed this colony wifh snch five 
tocli and tools as w ere /jeces&aiy to couimeuice their 



GEORGIA. 16S 

settlement, together willi sik h tiiiJitary escort, scout boats, 
&,(•• as were uecessai y to conduct tlum ante into Gour 
gia. 

1 liiis provided for, this little colony, with their ilhis- 
trioiKS (liiet, arrived sale in Georgia ; exjih-red the hanks 
of tiie lr?avannali lor a permanent residence ; anti on the 
9rh of I'ebiuaiy. eieeted ihr first house on that elevation 
vvht-rethe town of vSavannah now stands. 

Tluy next ereited a small tort ; ensbodierl and organ- 
ized the settlers mro a regular mditia, t(U" the (ielenee and 
pro/teciion of the^!olony, and eoninicnred their lahours. 
Ihey n<xl entered into Iriendiy nejifttiations wiih the 
nejiiliborina Indians, puiticuhirly the Creeks, who were 
the most nunierons, and concluded treaties of sai'cly. 

Tins colony was considered j.s a frontier setilement, 
between the Indians on the one siiie, and the rSpatnards 
on the other; th«y were therefore all armed and equip- 
jiedatilie expetu^e of tlie Conijany; and the seti!«'rs 
were accordini>iy ho«<nd to do mitirary duty, and hold 
themselves in readiness for the juhlic <!ei< ncc '1 he 
goveinnjeiit was so tar feudal, th^t ihe trtistees granted 
tiien lan<is upon a niah* eniadnient, and upon a faiiure 
in the male line, the lands vveie t<» reveri hack to liie 

I trustees; reserving- the rigUi and power of providing for 
the feiTvale heirs, upon such estaies in jever^ion, as the 
seV'T il improvements, as well as then neii .ssjtics w<aild 
justd'y. Reserving- to the; wit'ows, the th\elhng hou>e, 

1 With one iudf of the lands, during life. 

All lands snfiered to lie waste for eighteen years, to- 
gether v^ith all lands forfeited by high treasdu, felorres, 
&c. were to revert back to the t usiees. All tiade with 
the Indians, to be subject to the regulations oi' the trus- 
tees, and all negroes and ri m, were prohibiied the colfuy. 
Such a plan for settling' a colony in America, sofn 

^ proved as abortive as the constitution of Mr. Locke for 
Carolifia; tin; settlers fled the province, in (piest <»f lands 

i free from entail, and wbich were easy to be obtained.. 

In l7:J4,tho trustees collected together from the glean- 
ings of cities, abourGOO adventurers, whom they tians- 

I ported into Georgia; but these jvroved a nuisance to the 

Ilk colony, by their idle and dissolute I abits. 'i'he colony 
continuec! to lauiiUish, aIthoui:li Parlianient iia<{ auji'- 
niented their grants to the amount of .^tllOjOOOj to carrj 
fpruard the benevolent design. 



164 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

The trustees opt ned a tiew |;lan for criulucling titeir 
settlements. 'I'hey !ai«! nfi e'even township?, upon the 
Alatamaha, Savannah, Saiitee, Pedee, &:c. consist/no; of 
20,000j!Cies eacli, surveyed into filt) acie h)ts. Ihey 
next offered tme fiJty acre !ot to every actual settler. 

When tllelru^tee^ pul)lifhe(l iheire tein.s in Sco-tland, 
one htindred and thirty Hijihlarulers voiuhteered at onee, 
and were transported into (Je* rgia, where they buiit the 
town of Inverness, upon the Alatamaha. At the sanie 
time a eonipany tiom Germany, consisting of al)out one 
hun<ired and seven'y, embarked for Georgia, and set- 
tied a German colony. 

In 1736, General Oglethorpe, who had retured to 
Enj^lauii to jji'onote the good of the province, sailed 
for Georgia witli thiee hundred planters, and settled 
Fredertca ; which augmented the number of settlers to 
fouiteen hundred. All which gave high hopes to tlie 
truslees; hut their hopes were premature ; the idleness 
and dissipation of the tirst settlers, added to their wars 
with the Indians, blasted th«ir hopes, and kepi the coh)- 
ny m a state of wretchedness. 

At the commencement of the Spanish war. Governor 
Ogleiliorpe was apj)oinfed Conrmander-in-Chiel of all 
bis Majesiy's forces in Georgia and South-Carolina. — 
1738. The tiist object of the (General, was to secure 
the frii^ndslnp of the Creeks, to defeat the intrigues of 
the Spaniards. This being accomplisbeii, he next con- 
creted measures with Governor Bull of South-Carolina, 
for the cojjquest of East Florida. 

(■Jenerai Ogletljorp,e, ar the head of 4C0 men, from 
Virguiia, Carolina and (Tcorgia, with a br)dy ->f friendly 
Indians, entered Florida, and took Fort Dseiro, wulijn 
twenty nsiles of St. Aug!istine. Soon after, he was join- 
ed by ihe othi-r colonial troops and Indians, to the num- 
ber of about 2tM}0. and marched to St. Au iistine, with- 
otst oj>position, and invested the castle. I'he General 
pushed the siege for se\eral days vi'ith vigour; but the 
garrison was reinforced; his troo},'s became sickly, and 
bei^an to desert; the hurricane season was at hand, and 
tie General abandoned tlifc rnterpiise, and returned to 
Georgia. 

In IT42, the Spaniards attempted to return the com- 
pliment to the General. A Spanish force of 2000 men, 
under the command of Don Antonio Ridoudo, from the 



GEORGIA. I6S 

ffavannn, tonrlied at St. Auoustine, and took in a roin- 
forccHH nt of one lliousand men, and from tlience s^iailed 
to <xe(>r5iia ; fiueied tlieAlatunialia,and proceeded up the 
Rv<M-, and erected a battery of twenty 18 pounders. — 
General Oj^letliorpe retired at their approach, and re- 
treatec! to Frederica, with only seven hundred men. 

The Spanish commander detaclied several parties in 
pursuit of General Ojrierhorpe, hut these were defeated 
with very considerable loss, and the enterprise failed. 

At tliis time, General OivIeth(»rpe learned that the dis- 
sentions in the Spanish army, oidiiied them to keep two 
encatnpments, and he attempted to surprise one of them 
in ti;ft niiiht ; hut his plan was dr-scovered by a deserter, 
and he was oblisi^ed ai>aiii to retreat to Frederica. 

The (ieneral hit upon an expedient to revenge on the 
deserter for his treachery. He addressed to him a letter 
bv a Spanish ca[)rive, as thoujfh he was a spy in the 
Spanisli camp, and directed him to inform the Spanish 
General, that if he marclied directly to Frederica, he 
mijihl surprise the Enjrlish, in their defenceless situa- 
tion; but if he delayed three days, the English would 
then be reinfctrctd by six British ships of war, and 2000 
men. 

This stratagem succeeded ; the letter was delivered 
toth(>. Spanish General; tlie deserter was put in irons; 
the Spanish General, undetermined how to act, delayed 
Iiis movements until the third day, when a reinforcement 
which had sailed from South Carolina, for the relief of 
General 0^»lethorpe, appeared in view. The Sp'anisU 
General took the alarm ; demolished his Fort; spiked 
his heavy cannon; abandoned his provisions and milita- 
ry stores ; embarked his troops, and returned to Florida, 

Georjria was thus relieved ; and General Oglethorpe 
was hailed as the deliverer of his country; but the Span- 
ish General, on his return to Havanna,' was tluown in* 
to priscm for his dastardly conduct. 

At this time the supplies of money voted by Parlia- 
ment, for the settlement of Georgia, amounted to one 
hundred and twelve thousand pounds; but with all this 
patronaiie, the restrictions, forfeitures and hardships, en- 
dur<d by the settlers, embarrassed the colony, and the 
settlements laiiii;uished. 

Tired of these fruitless effi.rts, the trustees abandoned 
Ihe enterprise; resigned up their trust to the crown, an^ 



166 HISTORY OF IT. STATES, 

Georgia became a roya! j>'overnme»{ in 1752; just twen- 
ty years alter llie first setilement.in Hie couiilry. 

Kiiui Genroe est;il)li;<lied a reo:iiiar eolunial govern- 
ment in Georgia, after tie plan of tiie oilier royal s>«'Vern- 
menl.s : and aj)])ointed John Reynolds for tluir first (Gov- 
ernor, under ti.e ctoun. x\t this time, the vvlxle exporty 
of the provsnee, did not exceed tun thousand poutnls ster- 
Ihig, pel- anntinj. 

In 1755, the first Genera! Court ^^as estfd'lished in. 
GeorjiJH; hut ihe projiics?! of a;>rieultnrH! rjnpi ovenuf.ts 
had been so slow, tiuii (heir exports at i!ie close <d 'he 
oJdFieiuvh war, did iioi (xcted tu^niy-sevcn thousand 
pounds, pei annum. 

Soon after the peace of 1763. a spirit of enterprise he- 
g:ai) to prevail, umier fhi: aiUniin.-ii ji'u ii of (Mivein' r 
Wriulit: lis* ir low innds tind ^Wi^nlps hei-pn w> he char- 
ed and cultivaTed; and the < o'ony enjoyt',! t^uch pro.<.per- 
ity, t!:at in 1773, their an>. r.\\ exjxnts anjounied to about 
one hui)r!re<' and tueniy '^Miusfind pouuf's ^'erlniL''. 

in 37(>3 liinp- Georoe HI. jittnexed u iecoi^i :■. ?di the 
lands lyinti- l>et\veen the Kiver Alatainalm and St. Mary. 

J ;i 1*85. Geoi-iiia adopted her tl.st tree (tonstitntioii, 
and the le^iislature incorporated r!>« Univershv oi' Geor- 
jria. In 170S, (ieorgia amended and adopted ihe pres^ 
ent constitui ion. 

The renmmder of th.e Idstory of Georojn. will be car- 
ried forwaid collectively, with the IJiuied States* 



T'Am.T III. 

CHAPTER I. 

CAUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTiOiST. 

By the peace of 1703, Great Britain liad triiimplied 
over her enemies in the East and in the West, and be- 
come mistress of the seas, and arbiter of the world.-— 
The coh)nies had triumphed over tlie Frentdi in Canada, 
and the savages of the svilderness, and laid the founda- 
tion of a lasting- Indian peace ; but new troubles awaited 
her, more serioijs in their effects and consequences, than 
any she had yet endured, and from a quarter vvhoJlj un- 
contemplated. 

Great Britain, jealous of the risinir strength of the 
colonies, resolved to make an «'ff()rt to check and con- 
trol it. At this time, her Navioation Act, so called, of 
1651, was in ftdl force in America ; by which she engross- 
ed ail the trade of the colonies, and from which she de- 
rived such a revenue as ouj^ht to have shewn her where 
her true in'erest lay, and made her c(jntent kI. 

This degree of wisdom, she did not possess; but her 
avarice, combined with her jealousy and lust of domin- 
ion, led her to check tliis free trade, by a system (;f du- 
ties on commerce, under the authority of the following 
act of 1764: " Whereas it is just and necessary, that a 
revenue be raised in America, to defray the expenses of 
defendini^, securing and protecting the same, &r. We, 
the Commons, &:-c. towards raisin<i: the sa'ne, do give 
and grant unto your Majesly, towards raising the sum of 

■ ", to be levied upon tlie lollovvinn articles, th« leia 

specified, viz. upon all foreign clayed >ugais, indigo, 
coffee, and all foreign produce, upon all wines, except 
French, upon all wrought silks, and all calici)t!s, moUi^? 
ses and sirujis, being the produce oi' a colony notumlcr 
the diMnini-rn of Great Britaiit." All which duties, were 
to be paid into his Majesty's exchequer. 
• This act cidorced liie collection ol these duties in the 
Counsof Adaiiralty, and ortiercd all duties to be paid in 
specie; both wuiih aimed a mortal blow at the liberty 
and prosperity oi ^ineiica. 

WeJl might the cuiouies take the alarm at such a bold 



IC8 HISTORY OF V. STATES. 

stretch of power, anJ well miglit tliey sound the alarm 
thronoli the eoniH ry. The sairacious politicians of A- 
nierica. ?!iw acloiul arisiuu nntler this act, tliat threaten- 
ed to destroy their just ri<jhlsand dearest interesis forever. 

It had heen a ni.ixi'o interwoven in the fundamental 
principies of fheeohwiial g<»vei ninents, ''that taxation 
and representation, were, and ought to he, insej)arahle." 
lrnj)res&ed with the importance of this truth, the cohjnies 
detnan'!ed,h\ the way of petition to the crown, that the 
taxes might he removed, and the colonies left free to tax 
themselves, or he admitted to an equal representation ia 
the iovernmenr. 

Deaf to the remonstrances of the colonies, the taxes 
were continuedjjy the Ministrv, and rigidiv enforced hy 
the naval Commanders, stationed upon the American 
coast. This led the colonies to appoint committees of 
correspiuidence, to call up the attention of the people and 
promote a general union of sentiment and action. 

Instead of listening to the prayers and remonstrances 
of the colonies, and removing the taxes, the Ministry 
added the duty on stamps, termed the stamp act, which 
passed in Marcdi, 1765. 

VVlien this hill had pnssed, Doctor Franklin, then in 
London, wrote Mr. Charles Thompson,* at Philadelphia, 
and tlnis expressed hiniself: '' The sun of I'.ber.y is set, 
you must li:fht up the candles of industry and economy." 
To which Mr. Thompscm replied, " I fear other lights 
tna/ become necessary " 

To guard against colonial opposition to this system of 
taxation, as well as to keep the peace in America, it was 
contemplated hv the Ministry, that the revenue on 
stamps would !*upp nt an armed force. Lord Grenville 
introduced another bill, authorising military officers in 
America, to quarter their trooj)s upon the people, in pri- 
vate houses. This hill, corrupt as it was, passed in part, 
and compelled the legislatures of the several colonies to 
provide by law, for the supjxtrt of the troops. 

Thus the system of despotism was unfolded at one 
Tiew.and the colonies saw nothing before them, hut resis- 
tance or slavery; even the slavery of Ireland, at the 
point of the bayonet. 

Those sons of the Pilgrims, whose sires had subdued 

^Altciwards Secretary to Congress 



CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 169 

the forest, the savatre and the French, to plant the church 
in the wiklerness, h)sf not a moment in their ch(»ice ; tmt 
ralhed round the .'Standard of liherty, and stood forth the 
champions of their country's rights. 

The parriots of Virginia, George Jofinston and Patrick 
Henry, kindled the spark of liberty, which burst forth in 
a niiiLdity blaze, and illuminated the country with \\\e spir- 
ited resolves in May. These were reci))rocated through 
the colonies, and led to the convention of a General < 'on- 
gress at New-York, in 0<a(»ber. This, like the Grand 
Assembly at Albany, in 1754, oav<i union, strensfth and 
spirit to the colonies. runuilts commenced iti Boston, 
and spread through the country. Acts of non-importa- 
tion were passed, that lessened the imports from Britain, 
this year, .£880,811. 

At this time, the free white population of the crdonies, 
was estimated at 92(), 000 ; extenlinyf on the sea coa^t, 
from Georgia to Maine; yet their manly resistance, sup- 
ported by the influence of the great William Pitt, com- 
pelled the British Ministry to repeal the stam;) act ; and 
in March, 176G. his Majesty went to the House of Peers 
and gave his royal sanction to the act of repeal. 

Great was the joy in Ijondon ; the city wrs ilhinnnat- 
ed ; the ships displayed their colors, and all was a scene 
of rejoicing. The joyful tidinixs flew hke iiiihhiing. to 
the shores of America, and the colonies were filled wi^li 
transports of joy. The bold declaration of the gnat 
Commoner, Pitt, " You have no right to tax America ; P 
am glad she has resisted^''' became the topic of the day, 
and he the idol of the people. 

The clause in this act of repeal, styled the der.larotorij 
ac^, was, if p(»ssible, more hostile to the peace and inter- 
est of the colonies, than the statiip act itself. This per- 
nicious clause, " Parliantent has, and of right ought to 
have^ power to hind the colonics in all coses irhaf soever,''* 
severed the nation, and established the independence of 
the colonies. 

America felt the elevated ground on which she stood, 
from the hiirh acquisition she had gained, the saving 
clause in the act of repeal, and ascribed the victory to 
the impressi'Mi she had ma le on commerce ; hence she 
concluded that s'le miglit always wield that weapon with 
i^uccess, should she ever have another occasion. 

15 



170 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Great Britain at the same time, felt her honor, a^ well 
as her iatcie.-t wounded, and lost not a niomentin beck- 
ing red res*. 

in IH>7, Charles Townsend, Chancellor of the Ex- 
«beqner, called up the attention of Parliament to the rfe- 
elaratory act^ and pledged his honor thai the same mij^ht 
be enforced. To accomplish this, he introduced a hill 
into Parliament, for granting certain duties to his Majes- 
ty, on glass, paper, ]mintei's colours and tea, imporlei 
into America; which was passed into a law. 

This hill opened the wound of the stamp act afresh, 
and roused the same excitemer.t in America, that th« 
bill of ship money had done in England, the last centu- 
ry, and raised the same opposition. 'J'his hill contained 
a svveepinuj clause, w^hich empowered tlie King to estab- 
li>h a civil list in the colonies, upon which he might levy 
taxes at pleasure, to an indefinite amount. An act was 
also pissed, for establishing a board of Commissioners 
a? I.osron, to superintend the customs and manage the 
revenue. An act also provided, that Brilish t^'oops 
should be supported at the expense of the colonies in 
America. 

Alarmed at such daring innovations ; impressed with 
a just sense of their true situation, anci alive to their 
best rights and dearest interests, the colonies again rous- 
ed to the contest, and opened their whole battery of re- 
solves, petitions, addresses and remonstrances, with 
which they had withstood the stamp act; together with 
their general associations of non-importation. 

This commanding attitude of the colonies, alarmed 
Lo;d Hillsborduirh, Secretary of State, for American af- 
fairs, and he wrote to all the crown Governors in the col- 
onies, to exert their influence to suppress these combina- 
tions. This opened the war between the Governors and 
the people ; and the scenes of the stanap act, were ex- 
tensively renewed. 

On the 27th of May, a bill passed in Parliament, " for 
restrainin!r the Assembly of New- York from passing any 
act,untd tiny had complied with the act of Parliament, 
for furnishing his Majesty's troops with the necessaries 
recjuired by the act,'* This act was signed by the King, 
the 2d <»f Ju'y following. 

This act unfolded the whole system of arbitrary pow- 
er, which the Ministers bad assumed, and called forth 



CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 171 

frt>m the Hoiisp of Biu^e.-ses in Virsrinia, the foUowing 
remark: " If Parhameiit can compei the coh>iues to fur- 
lli^:ha smnjlo aifich' to the troops s(iit over, thty may bj 
the same rule, oblige them to furnish ci(»thes, arms, and 
every other necessary, even to tlie pay of the officers 
and sohhers ; a doctrine jejdete with every misvlnef, 
and utterly subversive of eveiy thinj: dear and vahiable." 
This act of Parhament, took effect in New-York, and 
the powers «>f tlieir Asi-embly, were suspended one wi ole 
year, which brought tliem to terms. '1 hey compi ed 
with the act, and their functions were restored ; but 
when they attempted to co-operate with the other colo- 
nies, by their resolves to support the grand system of op- 
position ; the Governor dissolved them. 

At the June session of the Massachusetts Assembly, ia 
1768, Governor Bernard, by order of the Minister, de- 
Bnanded that tliey should rescind a particular act t)f a 
former Assembly ; to which Mr. Otis replied, "W'lsen 
Lord Hillsborough knows that we will not repeal our 
acts, he should ap])ly to Parliatuent to rescind ti eirs.- — 
Let Britain rescind her measures^ or she is It stjhrcvn\" 

The public mind was now ripe for an explosion, and 
an incident occurred that lit up the fire. 

On the 10th of June, the <»fficers of the customs, seized 
a sloop belonging to John Hancock, Esq. while in the 
act of discharging a cargo of wine. Resistance wa« 
made, but without effect. The people rose in a tumultu- 
ous manner, to the number of one or two thousand ; beat 
and wounded the officers of the customs; demolished 
their hinises, and renewed the scenes of the stamp act 
so fully, that the (Commissioners of the customs fled to 
the cas le, under the protection of the Governor, until 
the storm was over. 

Lord HiMsboroiioh had anticipated these scenes in 
Boston, and written on the 8th of Jjine, to Genera! Gage 
and Admiral Hood, at Halifax, to send a military force 
from that station to Boston, to protect th.e Commission- 
ers of the revenue. On the lith of Auirust, General 
Gage communicated this order to the (governor of Mas- 
sachusetts, and informed him that he had sent over one 
regiment, with a small naval iorceto protect the harbor 
of Boston. On the first of October, the fleet entered 
the [lortof Bostcm, and proceeded to land the troops, lin- 
ger cover of their guns, without oppobilion ; and tiiey 



172 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

were quartered in Faneuil Hall and the Town Hoiis8; 
until ntlier accommodations could be provided. 

In February. 1769, the House of Lords passed sundry 
bills, bif^bly indicative of the resentment they felt to- 
wards the proceedings of Massachusetts, with which the 
House of Con)mons concurred, and both Houses united 
in an address to liis Majesty, applauding the firmness of 
his measures, and as>uiing hinj of their support. 

They jdso besought his Majesty "to direct the Govern- 
or of Massachusetts to procure the fullest information, 
touching all treas? ns and misprisions of treason, com- 
mitted within the colony, since the 30fh of December, 
14 67. and to transmit tlie san^e, together with the names 
ot the persons wlio were the most active in su<-h offences, 
to one of the Secretaries of State, in order that his Maj- 
esty might issue a special commission for inquiring of, 
hear'inii an<l determining the said offences, witliin the 
realm of Great Britain : pursuant to the statute of the 
35th of Henry VHl." 

Theindignaticm which this address excited in Ameri- 
ca, can never again be either felt or expressed. The fol- 
lowing resolution of the House of Burgesses^ in Virgin- 
ia, may serve to shew the sense, as well as the firmness 
of the colonies at large, viz: 

"Resolved, That this House has the exclusive right to 
tax tlieir constituents; as well as their just right to pe- 
tition their sovereign for the redress of grievances, and 
also to procure the concurrence of the other colonies, in 
praying for the interposition of his Majesty, in favor of 
the violated rights of America. And ihat all rnals for 
treasons or misprisions, or any other crimes wbarscever, 
committed in the colony, ought to be tried before the 
courts of his Majesty in that colony; and that the seizing 
of any person lesiding in that colony, suspected of any 
crime whatsoever, committed therein, and sending such 
person to places beyond sea, to be tried, was highly de- 
rogatory to the rights of British subjects." The next 
day. Lord Bottetourt, the Governor, dissolved the As- 
sembly. 

The same resolutions were passed in Carolina, and the 
same effects followed, from Governor Tryon. 

in 176S, the non-imi)ortation association.s had l)ecome 
geneinl throughout the colonies, under the motto of 
-' United wc conquer'^ divided we die.'''' 



CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 178 

In Massachusetts, tlie fire ra^ed with increased vio- 
lence. Here were 1 he foreign troops, and liere was the 
forces of the revolution. 

The Massachusetts House of Assemhiy, hy the firm- 
ness oi' tlieir resolves, extorted the fohowing acknowl- 
edgment from the Governor : 

*' Gentlemen, I have no authority over his Majesty's 
ships in this port, or his troops in this town," which led 
them to pass the followiui* resolve : "that we can pro- 
ceed no fartiier with business, while surrounded with an 
armed force."* The Governor adjourned the General 
C(jurt, to hold their sittin^ycs at Camhridae. 

The Governor next requested the House to ma^^e pro- 
vision for the expenses of the troops; which they, by 
their resolves, absolute! v refused. 

The whole coh>nies had now become sensibly alive to 
the oppressions tjiey felt ; their resolves reached Rritain, 
which caused an attem()t in the FTosise of Commons, to 
repeal the obnoxious <hities, supported by t!;e clamor of 
the citizens of Londtui; but all without effect. Lord 
North appeared at the head oj the opposition, and thus 
expressed the sense (»f Piirliainent : " However prudence 
or policy may hereafter induce us to repeal the late pa- 
per an;! iiiass net, I hope wr shall never think of it, until 
we have brought America to our feetJ''' 

Lord Hillsborough, at the close of this session of Par- 
liament, atiempferl to sooth the irritability of the colo- 
nies, and soften down their feelings, as well as their 
measures, by the followinij circular, whicfi he addressed 
to the Governors of ail the colonies. — May 13, 1760. 

*' It is the intention of his Majesty's Ministers, to move 
in the n?xt Parliament, that 'he duties on tj:lHss, paj)er 
an ! colours, be removed, as liavinijr been laid contrary to 
the true principles of commerce;" vvith as-inan<*es at 
the same time, "that a desijiu to prr)pr)se to Parliament 
any further taxes on America, ^nc the ptirpose of raising- 
a revenue, has at no time been entertained." 

This was plausiM«', but it took no effect. The duty of 
three pence per pound, remaining? on tea, shewed to the 

* V oark of Artil'erv was planted in front of the State- 
H»'is.^. with 'nuz/Jos ;)ointed directly towards that se^it 
of Justice and the laws. 

1&» 



174 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

colonies, that enough of taxes was retained, to establish 
the principle in llie declaratory act, " that Great Britain 
claims the right of binding the colonies in all things what- 
soever.^^ This to them, amounted to the same as if the 
whole taxes had been retained; because the principle 
was the same, and this was the real point in question. 

Governor Bernard was recalled by his Majesty, in 
June, and in Augiust, he embarked for England, leaving 
Ueutenant-Governor Hutchinson in the chair of Massa- 
chusetts. 



CHAPTER H. 

CAUSES THAT LED TO THE REVOLUTION, CONTINUEB. 

Collisions from time, between the troops and citizens 
of Boston, had been frequent, and the public peace had 
often been disturbed ; these collisions had engendered 
strite and bitterness between the parties, and violence 
often ensued. 

On the 2d of March, 1770, a squabble took place be- 
tween a parcel of soldiers and rope-makers, which be- 
came serious, and led to the collection of a mob at eve- 
ning. At 9 o'clock, the populace were assembled at the 
rinsring of the bells, and commenced an attack upon the 
mam guard, accompanied with the cry of "kill the sol- 
diers, kill the soldiers." 

The officer of the guard, resented this outrage, and 
ordered the men to fire on the pojmlace, which was obey- 
ed in part ; three were instantly killed ; five were dan- 
gerously, and several slightly wounded. — March 5, 1770. 

The shock was inexpressibly great; the town was in- 
stantly alarmed; they beat to arms, with the general cry 
of "turnout with your guns." The eirizens immediately 
assembled, to the number of several thousand, both with 
and without arms. At the same time, the Lieutenant- 
Governor called on the ofilcer of the guard, (Captain 
Preston) and demanded the reason why he fired upon the 
people without orders'! To which he replied, "we were 
insulted." The Lieutenant-Governor instantly passed 
on TO meet the council, and on his way, attempted to ap- 
pease the populace. 



CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 175 

On the mornins: of the 6tli, the Lieutenant-Governor 
assembled his council, and by permission, Lieutenant- 
Colonels Dah'vmple and Carr, appeared in the counciL 
The people at the same time, assembled in town-mcetino^, 
in a vast concourse and in great rage, where they passscd 
the following resolve, and sent it by a special committee, 
to the Governor : "It is the unanimous voice of this 
meeting, that nothing can prevent blood and carnage, 
and restore the peace of the town, but the immediate re- 
moval of the tr()0j)s." The I ieutenant-Colonel Com- 
mandant returned for answer, " that he readily consent- 
ed that the (►ffending (29th) regiment, should be remov- 
ed." At the receipt of this report, (3 o'clock, P. M.) 
the town-meeting had increased to about three thousand. 
They returned another resolve, "that the whole of the 
troo])S must be removed." To which the venerable Sam- 
uel Adams, who bore the message to the Governor, add- 
ed, "If you can remove the29tli, you can remove the 
14th, and it is at your peril, if you do not." 

The Lieutenant-Governor api)ealed to the council for 
advice, and whilst the question tluis balanced, Mr. Sec- 
retary Oliver, frankly told the Governor, "you must ei- 
ther comply with the demands of the people, or prepare 
to leave the province." 

Captain Preston and his guard v/ere taken into custo- 
dy the next day, and committed to prison for trial. 

On the 8th of March, one of the wounded men died, 
and the funerals of the slain, was attended by an unusual 
concourse of the citizens of Boston andihe neighboring 
town^i; under the solemnity of the largest and most in- 
teresting procession that was ever witnessed in Boston. 
Themou-nful peal of all the bells in Boston, Cbarlet^town 
and Roxbury, tolled their solemn knell; which gave an 
inexpressible gloom to the scene. 

The troops were all removed down to the Castle, and 
general tranquilitv was so far restored as to adntit the 
trial of Captain Preston, to commence on the 24th, in 
due form. The crime for vjhich he stood indicted, was 
murder. 

The counsel for the prisoner, were .John Adams and 
Josiah Quinsey, Esq's. These distinguished sons of lib- 
erty ; warm as had been their emotions and expressions 
in tlie cause <»f their injured country, became cool and 
«Jisinterested in the court of justice ; and displayed th© 



176 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

tnaofnanimity of their chararters, in the defence of their 
client. On the SOth, a virtuous, independent jury, re- 
jrardless of the emotions of their own hrea>ts, or the 
ra<^e of popular opinion, returned a verdirt of not guilty. 

I'he trial of the eight soldiers of the jjuard, who acui- 
ally fired on tlie people, commenced the next day, upon 
thn same indictment. They were defended by the same 
counsel ; and alter a trial of five days, were in the samo 
manner acquitted. 

It v/as remarked of Mr. Adams, that his arjaruments to 
sliew under what a variety of circun»stances murder was 
actually reduced to m;in slaujihier, were so luminous, 
that they induced the popidar leaders to change their 
ground, and turn their attention to the militia, as the best 
defence of liberJv. 

On the 2Gt!» of September, the Governor informed the 
House that the troops were to he wiihdravvn from the 
castle, m\(\ theis place wan to he supplied with s;uch oth- 
er iCiiular troops as his Majesty should le pleased to 
appoint to tliat station, and be subject to the command 
of Genera! Gaire. 

Struck with alarm at this intelliiience, the Assemlsly 
saw before tlicm tlie awful crisis. They j)assed a resolve 
*' appointinj* Wednesday, the 3d oj October next, tt> be 
obsci ved by both Houses, as a f'ay of ju'ayer, to seek the 
Lord for his direction and bJessinj;." This was sent up 
to the council, and approved unaii.m' usiy. The Assem- 
bly were at this time m session at Canjbridge, by order 
of the G(»vernor. 

In .lanuary, 1771, a recent grant of <£'2000, by the 
Af^sembly of New-York, for the sni)j>ort of British 
troops, raised violent coniniotions in that city. Anony- 
mous publications were circidaled, to inflame the f>as- 
sions of the peojile; callirio' upon them to assemble ia 
the fields. About 1400 obeyed the smnmons, and re- 
paire<l to the fields, where they expressed by a resolve, 
tl eir <lisapprobation of the aets of the Leirislature, jrran- 
t n^njoney for tl e sup|>ori of British Troops; a})pointed 
a comn)irtee to coiruiiunicate their doing* to the Assem- 
bly, and quietly dispersed. 

In the years 1771 am' '2, general arrangements wrre 
n^n?!e throuiyhout the colonies, by correspon<!inof com- 
roi t'es, spfriallv affpointed, to ascertain the strength of 
I4»e »(ja» of liberty, iu every town. The public muiA 



tlAUSESOFTKE REVOLiiTION. 177 

was at the same time, excited by a succession of the 
mosf spirite*! puhlicntu^ns, on the side of liberty and the 
rights of the coinitry. 

-At this time, the citizens of Providence, burnt tmd deg- 
troyeci the (lar^pee S(h(»oner, a noted vexations revenue 
cutter ill that river, which served to give in!|,ulse to the 
public feehnji-. 

Town n)eetinos c«>nt!nned to multiply, and their re- 
solves were traru- milted to tlie (ieneral (^"njiiiiitee in 
Bo^t(/n A general summary of the whole, may be seen 
in the foUowiiiii : 

Kesoived, " 1 hat it is the first an(! highest social duty 
I of this people, to consider of. and si ek ways and means 
for a speedy redress of these mii>hty gr.evances an<! in- 
tolerable wroniis; and that for the f>btainin«> of this end, 
this peo[)ie are warranted by the laws of God and nature, 
in tfie use oi eveiy rightful aci and energy of policy, 
stratagem or forc^." 

In 1773. a tiaitiHous and peifidions correspondence of 

Governor ^!utchin^on, Juriire Oliver, and five othcis, 

witlithe British Ahnislry, wa^ detected and sent to A- 

merica, by Doctor Frankltn, (then in London) where it 

circulated throngh thec(uintry, in the public prints, and 

gave higli impulse to the }>ublic mind, 'ilie Assembly of 

Blassachusetts innnediaiely forwarded a petition to his 

IMaJe.^ty, praying for the speedy removal of the Governor 

and Lieutenant-Governor. 

I When the news of the destruction of the Gaspee 

I Schooner, arrived in Eiig'and, the Ministry obtained an. 

! act of Parliame t, under the following title, viz. *' An 

' act for the better securing his Majesty's dock-yards, 

magazines, sliip^, ammunition, stores, &:c." by which 

the penaty of deatis was denounced against all who 

should destroy, or aid and assist in destroying any of the 

ai tides named in this act ; and also subject d the offen- 

\j ders to a trial in any shire or county in England. 

Armetl with these powers, Parliament next j)roceeded 

to pass another act, authorising the Ea.st india Company 

to export their teas, free from duty, lUto any part of the 

I world.* This would give tea to he American colf)nies, 



*riie East LidiaCompanv had on hand -at that time, 
ftbout seventeen million pounds of tea. 



178 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

with the duty to government of tiiree pence per pound, 
cheaper than the then current price. 

Tlie Company were aware ot the evils that niigiit en- 
iiie, and oftered to government a duty of sixpence, or» all 
teas exported, if they would withdraw the colonial duly 
of three pence ; but thi;^ v^as rejected, and the East ln<ha 
Company shipped 600 chests, to Philadelphia, 6(30 to 
New- York and Boston, each, and a general distribution 
in like proportion, to the other coloniei!. 

These nieassures were rightly appreciated in America, 
and combinations were immediately firmed, by the 
merchants throughout the colonies, to resist the meas- 
wres and oppose both the landing and sales of the tea; 
denouncing -is tories and traitors, all who either aided or 
assisted in thus violating the liberties of their country. 

The consignees of the tea, generally, resigned their 
trusts, to avoid the rage of the populace; and the tea 
was either sent back or stored by all the cities to which it 
was shipped, exce[)t Boston. The consignees of Boston, 
had refused to resign. A town meeting was called ; the 
tea ships were seized and secured by a strong guard; 
the citizens of the neighboring towns, repaired to Bos- 
ton, to witness the scene that was passing in town meet'* 
ing; then held under that liberty tret, which had been so 
•onspicuous in the riots of the stamp act. 

Alarmed for their safety, the consignees then request- 
ed permission of the Governor, to resign, but he refus- 
ed. The die was now cast; the town meetings were ad- 
journed from day to day, until the impatience of the pop- 
iila< e could no longer be restrained. The Captain of 
one of the tea f^hips, applied to the Governor for a pass 
for his vessel, that he might return to England, whicli the 
Governor refused. 

The sound of the war whoop, burst from the front gal- 
lery of Old South, (where this meeting was held) and the 
meeting was dissolved ; but the Mohawks rushed out 
and ran down to the wharf; entered ih.e tea ships, and 
threw into the dock, more than three hundred chests of 
tea; dispersed and retired quieily to their homes. 

This act of destroying the tea, wa? a full declaration of 
what was afterwards expressed, '* that they had taken a 
decided stand, and were resolved to resist all acts of op- 
pression, in blood up to their knees." 

Kotwilhstanding the warmth of feeling so openly ex- 



CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 175 

pressed :>y al! public bodies, at this eventful d^y, and not- 
W'lthslan Unj» tbe firm and energetic measures v\bicb bad 
been, and continued to be pursued, in resistinj^ tliC ag- 
gressions of Biitain; the great body of the people were 
anxious for a reconcibation with the mother country, and 
hopirJiT that the repeal of the duty on tea, would restore 
the same harmony, as the repeal of the stamp act had 
done before. But the leading- few saw that this was now- 
impossible; and at tbe head of these, stood Samuel Ad- 
ams, who not only felt, but often declared in tbe circles 
of his friends, "tbe country shall be independent, and 
we will not be content with any thing short of it." 

Early in March following, his Majesty announced t» 
Parliament, t:ie proceedings of the town of Boston^ 
which so bigldy incensed that body, that they passed tb« 
famous Boston Port Bill^ (so called) laying a commer* 
eial interdiction upon that town. — 1774. 

From this eventful moment, the movements of the 
parties, both in England and America, progressed in reg- 
ular succession, to meet the awful crisis before them. 

CHAPTER III. 

CAUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION,CONTINUBB».. 
BATTLE OF LEXINGTON. 

On the 5th of September, 1774, a delegation of all 
the colonies, excepting North Carolina, assembled at 
Philadelphia, agreeable to their appointment, and chose 
Peyton Rand«dph, Esq. of Virginia, for tiieir President, 
and Charles Thompson, Esq. of Pennsylvania, for their 
Secretary. This Ctmgress, by their first resolve, placed 
all the colonies upon an equality, by declaring " that in 
determining all questions, each colony shall have one 
vote." 

The delegation from North Carolina, soon after ap- 
peared and took their '?eats, which rendered the amount 
of the whole number, fifty-two, besides the President. — • 
Thus organized, Congress passed numerous resolves in 
vindication of the cause of their suffering country, and 
in support of the measures that had been pursued in her 



180 HISTORY OF U. STATES.^ 

defence, particiiUir'y for the support of the town of 
Bost<)n, Slc. 

Coi)'j;''ess next entered into a cfeneral bond of union, 
which coi)sis((;d of ff»urteen articles, for tlieni^elves and 
their ccmstitiicnts, "to be and remain in force, nvstil the 
obnoxious acts or parts of acts, rrlaring to these colonies, 
shall be repealed;" signed by all the members, Octoi:>er5 
1774. 

Con<Tress next resolved, that an address be prepared 
and sent to the inhabitants of Great Britain. 

They n^xt resolved, that a petition be presented to his 
Majesty. 

C<n2fress next resolved, that letters be addressed to 
the inhabitants of Canada, Nova Scotia, St. Johns and 
Georgia, inviting them to mutual aid in the common 
cause of British America.* 

These were all dignified and masterly productions; 
did honor to the illustrious statesmen of the day, and 
were of i^reat ntiliry in carryin<y forward and sup})ortino^ 
the common cause of the colonies, both in Europe and 
America. 

Con^rress at the same time, published a manifesto, un- 
folding; to the world, ihe causes of the contest and tiie 
resohitions of the colonies. They next called up their 
attention to their armed vessels, and the defence of their 
sra-ports. They then proceeded to establish a General 
PiKst-Office; and apjtointed Benjamin Franklin, Post- 
Master General. They also established a Hospital for 
20,000 men. These jjeneral outlines being settled, all 
parties prepared for action. 

Congress further resolved, ^'that another Cons^ress 
should be called on the !(5th of May next, unless the ob- 
noxious acts should be repf^aled ;" and on the 2Cth of Oc- 
tober, they dissolved their sittings. 

The wisdom, firmness, dignity and patriotic spirit of 
this Coiigress, will shed a lustre on the American charac- 
to the latest generation. 

Pen<lino this session of Congress, General Gage issu- 
ed writs, an<l called an Assembly of Massachusetts, at 
Salem. Ninety members met, and tiie General counter- 
manded his writs; but the members convened, resolved 



*Messrs. Lee, Cashing and Djckinson, were the Coni- 
tnittee who prepared these addresses. 



185 
C \USES OF THE REVOLUTION. i ^^c 

themselves into a provincial Congress; chose John llarr^ 
cock, K-'|. PresKlent, and adjourned to Concord. 

Tiiis Congress assutned tho direction and government* 
of the affairs of tiie province, and conrnjued their sit- 
tini^s, by adjournment, from time to time, and place to 
place, as citcmnstauces re({uired. 

Sn*di was the power of hahit, arisin2j from a lono- and 
sti'ady obedience to the laws, in a well rei^nlated state of 
society, that Massachii-etts was in all respects, as free 
from every decree of licentiousness, now all courts of 
law weve suspended, and one jrreat f)usile of miiitarj 
preparation usurpel the piace of the laws, as she ever 
had been in rimes of the most profound peace. 

Tile firmness of the town of B jstori, under all fier 

snffenn*rs, shed a lustre upon i.erself, and a "lory upon 

her country, which aaineil her the universal applause of 

thU day, and winch wdl be transmitted down to the la- 

! tes' iienerution. 

Fhe Kinij: met his new Parliament, on the 30th of No- 
vember, with X high-toned s[»eech, in which he announ- 
ced t!»e reb« jlious state of the cf Ionics, pariicularly iVlas- 
sachu.^etts, and called on Parliament to maintain and de- 
fend the measures he had adopted to bring the colonies 
to obedience. Fa; liament met this speech by an over- 
whelming majority in favor of the Kiug.^ Lord North 
disclosed the views of the xMinistry, in the following dec- 
laration to ftlr. Quincey: 

" We must try what we can do to support the author- 
ity we have claimed over America; if we are defective 
in power, we must sit down ctmtented, and make the best 
terms we can ; no body can blame us after we hav(^ done 
our utmost; but until we have tried what we can do, we 
can never be satisfied in receding," &,c. 

But America had friends, as well as enemies, in Eng« 
land; friends who knew her strength, a^ well as worth ; 
friends who wished to cu;ti\ate peace, both for the good 
of America, and the best interest of Critain. At the 
head of these friends, stood the great, the illustrious 
William Pitt, the Earl of Chatham. 

i\L'. Quiiicey, who attended in the House of Lords, oa 
the 2i)tli of Decf*mber, wiien ihe iMtJssier Ojiened his 
budget upon the afr<iirs of America, thus describes the 
great champion of her cause. 
1@ 



182 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

" Lorr! rijHiliam roso, like Marr.eMus, " Viros supere- 
met imm/ s''"' \\e seeme<i to feel liinistlf superior to those, 
arout'd biiti. His laniriea^ie, Vi>io«^ atid gesture, were 
inoiv patlietie th;iii I ever saw o-r liearl Uelore, at the 
bai o[ ill ihe J?'* luite. !!<' seeiTied l.ke an o'«! Roman 
Senator, rising wiili thu JijiHity oTniie, yet speaking willi 
tlie fire of yonth,"&c. fie tlien proceedet! : 

'V V L'>id^- the?e papejs n'>vv laid for the first time, 
befoiv yonr Lord>liips, have heen five or six weeks in 
th<' poekets Of thr Minister, and notwithstanding the 
faie id" this kinw:'U>m, iiungs upon the ev^-nt of this great 
c«nilroversy, weare ))ui this moment called to a consider- 
auon i)f this imporrant subject. My J^ords, I iU> not want 
to look into one of those papers; I know their contents 
■well enongh a; ready ; i knowthe'e is not a Memher in 
tins House, but is accpiainted with their contents also.— 
Tl eio ouirht, tiierefore, to be no delay in entering- upon 
this matter; we ought to proceed immediately," &c. 

" 1 move my Lords, thai an humble address he pre- 
sen'ed to bis Majesty, m(»st humbly to advise and beseech 
bis Majesty, that it may gracunsly please liis Majesty to 
tlirect that (U'ders be immediately d* spatched to General 
Gage, for removing the troojis from the town of Boston, 
as soon as may be. 

" The way, my Lords, must be immediately opened for 
a r«'C<)nciliaiion. It will soon be too late. I knr)w not 
who advises the present measures; 1 know not wfio ad- 
vises to a perseverance and enforcement of them ; but 
this 1 will say, that whosoever advises them, ouiiht to an- 
swer for it at his peril. I know that no one will avow 
that be advises to these measuns; every one shrinks 
from the charge. But somebody has advised his Majes- 
ty to these measures ; and if his Majesty continues to 
hear such evil counsel, his Majesty is undone. His Maj- 
esty may indeed, continue to wear his crown, but the 
Ameriran jewel out of it, it will nni be worth the wear-o 

"What more shall I say, my Lords? I will not say the 
Jcinrdiim is betrayed; but thi^ I will say, the nation is nt- 
ined. Wh-it loundaiion have we for our claims over A- 
nierica? Wliat is our right to persist in such cruel and 
vindictive measures against that loyal, that respectable 
people ? They say you have no right to tax them without 
fbeirconscalj and thoy say rightly. Representation and 



CAUSEJ^ OF THE REVOLtTTTorC. 183 

fixation must <rott)o^ether; they Hie inseparable. Vet tlierc 
is hardly a man in our streets he he ev-^r s«<> poor, hut 
thinks he mui^t he legislator tor Aineriea. Obr Am, nccm 
suhjcci's, is a conirnoti phrase in the month of the lowest 
order of our citizens; hut pro|!e!tv, my Lords, is the sole 
and entire dominion of the owner. None ran medd'e 
with it; itisaunily; a mathematical jioitit ; it is a n at- 
om, untanjjible by any hut the pro|,'rietor. Toncli it 
and the owner loses his whole pro| erty. The touch 
contaminates the whole mass; the whole pr(>perty van- 
ishes," &:c. 

" It! the last Parliament, all was aniier. all was ra«e.— 
Administration did not consider what was i.raetieahle; 
but what was reventj^e. Sine clade victoria^ was the lan- 
f;uaire of the JVlinistry, the last session ; hut every body 
knew; an ideot miirht ktiow, that such would not he the 
issue. For the ruin of the nation, was a matter of no 
eoncern, if Ministers mijfht be revenged. Americans 
were abused, misrepresented and traducetl, in the most 
©utrag;eous manner, in order to give a colour, and urge 
©n to the most precipitate, unjust, cruel and vindictive 
measures that ever disgraced a nation. 

*'Gno.«sius ha?c Hhadanianthus habet durissima regna. 

" ('arti|j[atque, auditque dfdos.'' 

*' My Lords, the very infernal spirits, they c/«r/.s//sf',cas- 
^ffatque ; seA auditque. My Lords, the very spirits of 
t^ie infernal regions, A««r fe^;/}>?'e they punish. But how 
havH these respectable people behaved, under all their 
gfrievances ? \\illi unexampled paiience, with unparal- 
leled wisdom. 

" They chose delegates by their suffrages ; no bribery^ 
no coi'riijtfiori, no infiicncc heie.niy Lords. Their lep- 
res«njtatives met, with the sentinunts and temper, and 
speak tlu' sf^ntiments of the whole continent. For pw 
nine sagjjcity, for singuiar moderation, for solid wisdom, 
maidv spirit, sublime sentiment*, and simplicity of lan- 
prutige; for every thing honourah'e and respectable, the 
Congress at Philadelphia, shone unrivalled 

"This wise people speak out. They do not hold the 
language of slaves ; they tell you what they mean. — r 
They do not ask you to repeal your laws, as a favor; 
they claim it as a /7V''/; they <'/r'?»/r/w'/it. Thev lei! voii 
tliey will not submit to them ; and 1 tell you the acts nausi b^ 



mi HISTORY OF TT. STATES. 

ref raled ; they will be repenlerl ; you cannot enforce them. 

' Repeal, tlieif Owe, wy Loids. 1 say. But repeal 
will not ?aiisty this enliglitened, this spirited ])eople. — 
"V^ hat ! repeal a hit ()f })aper ! repeal a piece of parch- 
ment! that alcne, my Lf)rds, will not do. You must go 
tliroui^h ; yim must declare you have no right to tax, then 
they may trust \<»u; then \hey may have confidence in 
you. 

"My Lords, tliere are three n;iJiion of whigs. Three 
million ol wlwgs, u\} Lorcis, with arn;s in tl eir hc.nds, 
are a f(»rmisial/le body. 'Twas the whius,my Lords, vjiat 
set his Mjijestv',- royal ancestors up(.n fiie tlirone of Eng- 
land. I hojjc, my Loids, there are yet double the num- 
ber of wlujis in England, there are in America. 1 hope 
the whi<;s {}f both countries will join and make a com- 
mon cause. Ireland is with Atnerica, to a man ; the 
w5>[£s of thai country vvdl, m\c\ those of this ou^ht to 
make the cause of America, their own. 

" T\\v cause of ship money, »vas the cause of the vvhigs 
of England. You shed! not tr/ke my money vnthout my 
roiisent^ is tlie doctrine and Innguage of whigs. It is the 
doctrine, in supjjort of which, I do not kn(»vv how many 
names i cuiihl, 1 may caW in this IU)use, arnonif the liv- 
iuir. I cannot say how many I could join with me, and 
maintJiin those d(ictrines witii their blood; but among 
the dead f could raise an host innuriterable. 

•' My Lords, consistent with the pi eccding doctrines, 
and with wliat 1 ever have and shall continue to maintain, 
I say 1 shall opj)ose America, whenever I see lier aiming 
at throwing ofi' the Nai igciion Aft.ixnd other regulatory 
iicts of trade, made fec?iaj^f/e, for that juirpose, and fram- 
ed an(l calculated for a reciprocation of interest, and the 
generni e\tenf!<'d welfare and security of tlio whole em- 
pire. It IS ,>uggested that such is their design ; I see no 
evidence of it. But to come to a certain knowledge of 
their designs upon this head, it would be proper, first to 
dt: them justice. Treat thvtn as subjects, before you 
treat thein asasahens, rebels and traitors. 

" My L'u'ds, deeply impressed with the importance of 
taking .8ome healing measures, at this most ainrming, 
disi racted state of your f:lfairs, th« M;L!b hov»ed down with 
a CI nrl ilisease,* I have crawled lo this House, to givcyoii 



*The gout. 



CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. Ig^j 

my best experience and counsel; and my advice is to 
beseech his Majesty. &,c. this is the best I can think of. 
It will convince America, that you mean to try Iter cause 
in the spirit, and by the Jaws of freedom atid fair inqui- 
ry, and not by codes of blood. IIow can she now trust 
you, with the bayotiet at her breast 7 She has all the rea- 
son in the world to believe you mean, either her death 
or lier bondaiie," &e. 

I re^jref that liie limits of ihis work, will not permit 
me To insert ?he whole of this most masrerly |>roduction. 
What 1 have inserted will .shew most ciearly, tliat the 
}jearts of ministers were slee]e<l aijfainst conviction ; that 
their passions had surmounted their understandings, and 
that they were blinled by the gros.^cst delusion. 

The petition of the continental Congress, had been 
presented to the Kin<r,and was now referred to the House 
of Lords. 'Fnis threw the House into a hijiih fever. — 
They denied the leoality of that bodj , (Conore.^s) ; heat- 
ed their petition with contempt, and rejected it without 
discussir)n, by a majority of 218 to 68. 

On the :27th of February, Mr. Quincey returned to A- 
meriea. Thus balanced, the j)arties nu.vei] forward with 
a steady step, to the awful crisis before them ; and the 
destinies of America, were suspended upon a thread, 
which the meanest ruffian was liable evtry moment to 
break; and drench the land in blood. 

On the 18th of AjmII, notice was sriven to Messrs. 
Samuel Adams and .lohn Huncock, at Lexinj^ton, that 
General (i:ioe was about to make a movement; and a 
fifnnbei of provincial officers dined together at Cam- 
bri ''re, in order to watch the motions of the enemv, and 
give the a'arm aecordin<jly. About midnight, a detach- 
meot, ct)nsistinir r)f about eighteen himdred afrenadiers 
an I infantry, (the flo.ver f>f the British army) under the 
cminand of Lienteriant-(^olone! Smith and Major Pit- 
cairn, embarked at 'hf^ fo«»t of the common, cross; ti over 
and landed at Phip^.'s farm, alid commenced tieir march 
for roueiM'd, in ques' of the American stores. 

On the 19th, the detarhment arrived at Lexing'ton, 
and caused an alarm in that town and vicinity.* The 
* 

* rh s alarm was given by ringing the bells, by signal 
guns, voilies, &©» 

1«* 



186 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Captain of the Lexington company ot" militia, assembled 
lus men upon the green, (t-ay 1150) at 2 o'clock in the 
niornini^. No Curlher intelligence of the enemy, bein^i; 
received, the company vvat^ dismisj>ec!, after roil call, ta 
assemble u{)on parade, at tlu; beat ol drum. About tour 
in the m-'ming, the approach of the enemy gave the a- 
laru) ; ihe diun):-* beat toaiiis, and those ihat were near 
assembled again upon j^arade, (alx'Ut 70) aniidst a con- 
course of sj^ectators, whi> were drawn together by the 
alarm. When the C(»mpany was forming, Tuajor Pitcairu 
rode up at the bead of his division, and with an inij-'eri- 
ous command, exclaimed '"''Disperse ycu rebels^ threw 
donm your arms and disperse.'''' Regardless of the order, 
theconjpany continued to form. Major Pitcairn advan- 
ced to the charge ; fired his pistol, flourished his sword, 
and ordered his men to lire. The order was obeyed, ac- 
companied with a huzza; and the militia insJantly dis- 
persed. 'I'he fire wa?^ repeated, and the militia returned 
as<attering fire, as tlsey fied and took shelter undercov- 
er of the adjacent stone walls; from whence they con- 
tinued to fire. The enemy killed three upon the green, 
at their first fire, and five others* behind the stonewalls. 

The detachment continued its mareli to Concord, to 
sieze the American stores, which were the principle ob- 
ject of destiiia-ion. The conflict at Lexington, had giv- 
en the alarm at Concord ; and the militia assentbled and 
stood in their defence ; but upon the approa( h of a strong 
regular force, they retired behind the Uiver, and waited 
foi- aid from tlie neighboring townts. 

Colonel Sinith advanced w jth his whole force, and 
be«.'an tbe destruction of the mih'ary stores at Concord. 
Tw" t^4 pounders were disabled iind their carriages des- 
troyed, besides the wheels of several others of a smaller 
size. Five h.un<lred pounds of shot w^ere thrown into 
the river and well, &c. and about HO barrels of flour 
broken in j)ieces, and half destroyed. 

At this time the militia were reinforced from the adja- 
cent towns, and advanced upon the enemy, uniier the 
eoounand of Major Buttevick; a conflict began at the 
bridge; the eneu^y fired and kdled Captain Davis and 
one or hts privates; the provincials relurned the fire, 
and the enemy retreated, with the loss of several kil!o«l 



CAUSES OF THE "R EVOLUTION. 1S7 

and wounded.* Tins detachfnent soon joined the main 
body, and Coloriel Smith attempted to lead back his 
troops to Boston. But the whole vicinity was in arras 
and pressed upon his rear ; whilst the provincial sharp- 
shooters, oalled his flanks fr^mi the adjacent stone walls, 
iied<;es and other coverts, which greatly endangered and 
alarmed the officers, who were more immediately the ob- 
jects of their venoeance. Major Pitcairn,who burnt the 
first powder at Lexin<»ton, dismounted and led his divis- 
ion on foot; but his horse was taken h.y the provincials, 
tog'(5tIier wirh his pistols its ti^Mr holsters. 

To check the ravH<^es of the enemy on their retreat, 
tl'iC Rev. Mr. Payson,of Chclseu, hr^a^'^'d a siiial dctach- 
meiit of militia, and killed, wounded an I captured a 
small detachment of the British, uful recovered the j)hm- 
der they w^-re carrying*- o(F to Boston. 

About sunset, the ftj^itives secured their retreat over 
Charlestown neck, covered by a party of about nine hun- 
dred regulars, under the command of Lord Percey ; 
and the next morning, they escaped safe into Boston — 
Colonel Smith who received a wound in the expedition, 
had the honor to report to General Gai^e, that in obedi- 
ence to his orders, he had marched to Concord, and des- 
troyed such stores as were to be found; engaged the 
Yankees in several skirmishes, in which they had suffer- 
ed severely; but being overpowered by numbers, he h.id 
been able to make good his retreat to Boston, with the 
loss of only 65 kdled, ISO wounded, and 158 taken pris- 
oners. 

As soon as re<>ular returns could be made by the pro- 
vincials, their loss was found to be 50 kdled and 34 
wounded, and four missiriii, total SH; which left a bal- 
ance of success in their iavor of 1S5, besiHes liie exult- 
inu' triumph of pu(su!u<\- the enemy about 20 miles, and 
driving" them into close ((uarters. 

Thus llie conflict began; blood was spilt, and the 
scene was opened. 

Tiie news of this conflict, flusheS like lii'-htning 
through the country, and kindled a Sj-irlt of i 'vruge ia 



*<)ne of the wounded enemy was killed witti m hatrdi- 
et,by a straggling pursuei^v/iiu h gave rise !') v«'ry exi i a\- 
auant reports from the British, after they returned t® 
Boston. 



tSS mSTORY OF V. STATES. 

those hardy sons of liberty, who rushed to the war, to 
take veni>,eance on the insidting toe. The heroes of the 
old war pitt tiK niselves at the head of their injuied hreth- 
ren» and cnrollec! tliemselves in the ranks oi ti eir coun- 
try, to wipe out the stain by the blood of the Biitish. 

General Ward, an old experienced officer, took the 
eonnnand (aofreeable to his af)pnintment) of the troops 
at Cainbridjie, as they collected from the neighboring' 
coinilry and neiibborinif c >lonies, and General Ungv. 
soon f./iind himself closely invested in Boston, by an ar- 
my of 20,000 men. 

VVl.en the tirlinirsof the conflict at Lexington, reached 
the colonies at tite -souUi, ihey roused to she contest, with 
tlie same ardent, fuUriotic zeal, as tlie colonies at ihe 
north, and one nnvei^ai eftori, in the cause of liberty, 
fei^piied the wjiole American lamiiy. 



CHAPTER I. ^ 

A^IERIiAN nETOLUTI(»N, CONTiNUED FROM TITR BATTLE OF 

LEXINUTON, To THE FALL OF MOiNTGOiVJEUY BEfORm 

QUEBEC. 

Thus armed against herself, Great B'itain put forth 
ail liei (4f<>rts ti» prosecute tlie waj, and bring her colo- 
nies, " at her fei'i.^'' 

Arrayed m one firm bond of union, under the a'uitJ- 
ance of lier General Congress, America cornmiTt^d her 
cause to God, and mit»Meti ihe !i.vts with Brit.;in, then mis- 
tress ot the seas, ami arluter of the world. 

The provincial Congress of Massachusetts, addressed 
the following- circului letter, to the several ct»h>mes, bear- 
ing dale April 2f!<th, 1775: 

*'We conjure you, by a'} tl'.at is dear, by all that is 
sacred, that you give all possible assistance in forming 
an army, in defence ol' the country. Our all is at stake. 
Death and destruction are the certain consequences »f 
delay. Every m(«ment is itifinitely precious; aw hour 
lost, may deluge your couiitry in blood, sind entail j;er' 
petual slavery upon the few of your posterity that sur- 
vive the carnage. VYe beg and entreat, as you vvdl an- 
swer It to your Country, to your consiiences, and nbove 
all, as you will answer it to your God, that you wili hast- 
en, by all possible means, the enlistment of men to form 
an army ; and send them forward to l-.ead quarters, at 
Cambridge, with that expedition which the vast impor- 
tance and ins'.ant urgency of tlie atlairs demand." 

This circular gave wings to th" motions of that ardent 
zeni, with which the battle of Lexington had inspired the 
vauiint sous of libeity. They mjlied to the contest; 
obeyed the c^lls of their coiintry; flew to the relief of 
their brethren^t Cambridge, aad enrolled themseives as 
tfhe soldiers of libcrt.v. 



190 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Arduous wore the Hiit;fis of the heroes of the old war, 
©ri whom (]fcvolved the first and most important services 
of formiijuf cnmps. embody inoj the troo[)s, raw and un- 
disci| lined ; yet lull of zeal for the rights and Hlierties 
of their country. In this interestino and trving scene, 
it is recorded of some officers, that they appeared at the 
tiea<l of their respective guards, day and nii>ht, by the 
week t()j>et!ier, witlltiut repose, or even changing' their 
clothes, to savf the army from surjjrise fron>. a formida- 
ble, disciplined enemy. 

At this eventful moment, Colonel Etha»i Allen was de- 
tached by (ieneral Ward, and empowered to raise four 
h'lndred men, upon the JNew-Hampshire grants, (now 
VcrmtMir) to surprise the Forts of the enemy, upon Lake 
Champluin. Colonel Allen repaired to Vermont, and 
©ommenced the !-erviceof enlisting the men. 

At the sati«e time, the patriots of Connecticut, under 
the direction of Messrs. Dean, VVooster, Parsons and 
others, concerted the same plans. Several officers of 
the militia proceeded to Bennington, where they met 
Colonel Allen, and arranged the enterprise^ The Colo- 
nel ])r«>ceeded to complete his comi)!itnent of men. whilst 
the others procured such arms, stores, &c. as the expe- 
dition required. They fixed upon Castleton, as a place 
of rendezvous. Colonel x\ilen repaired to Castleton with 
2*30 men, and joined the party, which then amounted to 
172, and proceeded to post sentries upon all the ro;>ds 
leadiuii to Fort Ticonderoga, to intercept all intelligence. 

At this critical moment. Colonel Benedict Aru'dd ar- 
rived from camp, attended only by his servant, and offer- 
ed to take the command; but this was rejected, and he 
consented to act in concert with Cohaiel Allen. Thus 
arraved, these patriots moved forward to the object be- 
fore them. 

On the lOth of May, Colonel Allen crossed over the 
Lake, with a detachment of 83 men, and surprised Fort 
Ticonderoga in the grey of the morning. The Colonel 
8ummor»ed the fortress " in the nnme of the Great !eho- 
\ah and the continental Congress." Captain De!a|»lace 
obeyed the summons and delivered uji the Fort. The 
garrison, consisting of one Lieutenant, one gunner, two 
sergeants, mid 44 rank and lile, besides womeu and chil- 



AMERICAN »l^.VOMJriON. IHI 

dren, were taken prisoners of war, and sent down into 
Conaccticut, for hecuri^y.* 

(Jolonel Setii »Va!HtM' crossed the Lake, witii the re- 
mam-ler of the jiarry, and snrpris(^d and jook the for- 
tress ot" Crown Point. This Fort conrained more than 
100 pieces ot canrM>n. 

Colonel Vinohl »iini)arked n|)(tn the Lake, m a small 
sclioouer, and caj)injedan armed vessel at the noitheiid 
of the Lake, and returiu'd witli his prize to F<M*t Ticon- 
derojjfa. Thns ihe ccnnnianrl of Lake Chatnpl.iin, was 
secnrc)], and With it a fsee communication witli Tajuida. 

Daring' these operations in the north, (icneral Gage 
contemplated an attack upon General Thott!as, at Rf)X- 
burj. iMie General's vvhoie force, consisted of only 700 
nulitia, who were almost destitute of arms and ammuni- 
tion. General Thomas learned the nit>vemer)ts of Gen- 
eral Gajj!;e, and practised upon him an old niilitaiy strat- 
agem, hy displaying his forces. He marched his troops 
round a lull, m view of tl5e«'nemy, through the day, and 
thus deceived Genera! Gage, and prevented his attack^ 
General Thomas was soon reinforced, and Roxbury pre** 
served. 

During these operations, the British f(iraging parties 
were often surprised and defeated among tlie small isl** 
ands of the Bay, which inspired the Americans with 
courage and confidence, and taught them to face th» 
British wi'h firsnness and success. 

On the2-5Lh, the three British Generals, Howe, Clin- 
ton and Burgoyne, arrived in l5i)ston. These were ex- 
pected " to bring the colonies at the feet of the Ministry^''.'* 
the first campaign. 

On the 27tli, General Putnam and Doctor Warren, at 
the head of a party <»f provincials, defeated a strong Brit- 
ish fomuring party, upon the islands of the Bay, and des- 
troyed the armed vessel stationed for their defence. The 



*The arms and military stores taken in this Fort, 
were as follow*, viz. 120 iron cannon, 6424 pounds of 
ball, 5(1 swivels, two 10 inch mortars, one howitzer, one 
cohorn, 100 stand of arms, 10 tons of musket halls, three 
cart loads of fl.nts, 30 new gun carriages, a large quan- 
tity of shells, 10 casks of powder, two brass cannon, 30 
barrels of flour, 18 barrels of pork, &c. also a ware- 
house full of materials for boat building. 



4 



19^ HISTORY OF U. STATKi^. 

sniTiG successes were renewed on the 80ih, and the stock 
g-'Mier.'dly removed from those is^lands, whi;d» i^i-eatly dis- 
livsed the enemy in Boston. All intercourse with the 
town was now closed. 

The A:ne;ican army now beojan to suffer severely by 
the small jm»x, which had been communicated from Bos- 
to!i. The scarcity of money also became serious. At 
thfs 'ime, the whole American force did not exceed 8000, 
officers an 1 soldiers; and this was rather an assemblage 
of snen, than au army. Such was the state of discipline 
and such their privations, that nothinir but their zeal for 
the rii>hrs of their country, kept them looether. 

On the 12th of June, (Jenera! Gan^e issued his procla- 
maUon, ofFciin^r pardon. A-c. in theiiing's name, to all 
who should quietly submit totheroy;d authority, except- 
ing Samuel Alaaisan<l John Hancock; denouncing, at 
the same time, as rebels and traitors, all such as should 
refuse this oflfere I mercy, or aid and assist in any way» 
or corres})Oiid with su(di as should refuse to accept. It 
also declared the provmce under martial law, until the 
ivil law could be restored. 

Tins proclamation was considered as a public mnni- 
'festo, an ' a jirelude to some serious operation. The A- 
mericauR watched the enem\ closely. 

On the IvJth, Colonel Prescott was detached with one 
thousand men, to fortify Bunker's Hill, in Cljavlestown ; 
but Uy 'nista'ie in the night, he fortified Breed's Idill, 
wiiich lay contij^u- >us to the f(»rmer, and nearer to Bos- 
to/i. Struck vijth surprise at the firmness of this move- 
nunt, General Ga«fesavv at once, that his own safety in 
Boston, depended very much upon the strength of this 
P'Ohition. He resolved to dislodge the Americans, as 
soon as possible. Accordingly, about noon of the 17th, 
he detaclied four battatlions of infanti-y ; ten companies 
cf grenadiers, and a suitable train of Artillery, untj'er 
the command of Major-General Howe and Brigadier- 
General Pigot, VodisU>dge the provincials. 

This i'orce crossed over to Charlestown, where they 
were re.nforced, and bceame ^000 st-oni;. This whole 
force formed on the beach, and marched regularly to the 
combat ; a terrible cai!n.)Made commenced. 

Colonel Prescoit. suoi-or^ed by C«doi!c! Stark, of N<!W- 
riampshire, and Captan Ni»rion, of Connecticut, re- 
ceived the first shock of liie enuiny, vvAlii firmness.— 



'^AMERICAN REVOLTJTION. 19S 

€fenerals Warren, Pomeroy and Putnam, soon joined 
the «lela.liment, anri gave ?>pirit and enerc^y to the party. 
Charlcstown, by order ol" '•General G;j<i^e, was now wrapt 
in flames, and the m:irderons Britons advanced to the 
chariie. 

1 he provinciais, Hke the illustrious heroes of the 
plains of Abraham, reserved their fire until the enemy 
had advanced within twelve rods ; then they c»pened a 
well directed fire of mu-s'^etry, which was serious in its 
efi^ects, and checked his frace. The explosion of musk- 
etry nov/ became terrible; the enemy gave way and fitd 
in disorder. Stun«»: with mortification, they rallied to 
the charge : a«fain they were cut down and thrown into 
disorder, by the destructive fire of the Yankees, and put 
to fliL«^ht. At this eventful moment, (reneral Clinton 
jomei General Howe, and ty the united exertions of 
British officers and British valour, the troops were once 
more led on to the charge, and the carnaj^e again be<Mme 
terrible. At this critical moment, the powder of the 
provincials beo^an to tail, and tlie soldiers rifled the car- 
tridge bt)xes of the dead, to keep up their fire; even after 
the enemy had turned their flank and brought their Ar« 
tillery to rake their trenches. 

The British now redoubled their exertions, supported 
by a terrible cannonade from their ships and batteries; 
the officers pressed on the troops with the bayonet and 
the sword, in their rear; the combat became close. The 
British entered the trenches at the point of the bayonet ;. 
the Yankees clubbed their muskets, and maintained their 
defence, until overpowered by numbers, they were ctm- 
strained to retire. They retreated in good order, and 
regained their camp at Cambridge, under a galling fire 
from the enemy's ships and batteries, which raked 
Charlestown neck, as they passed. 

The brave General Warren fell gloriously on the field, 
in defence of hid country, and his country's rights. 

Not one action stands recorded in Iionor of British 
valour, on the whole historic page, where her troops met 
with such matchless firmness and desperate resistance, 
as was displayed by the Americans at IJreed's Hill. 

The loss in this action, as stated by General Gage, 
WdLS 326 killed, li> of whom were commissioned officeri;, 
i7 



194 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 



7<> officers wounded — total, 1054, including rank and 
file. 

The Americfin loss amounted to 139 killed, 278 wound- 
ed, and 36 missing — total, 453, The loss of General 
Warren, Colonel Gardner, Lieutenant-Colonel Parker, 
and Majors Moore and McClaney, was severely felt by 
America, and cast a «iloom over tlie nation. This loss at 
Bunker Hill, equalled the loss sustained by General 
V/olfe, upon the plains of Abraham, at the ca])ture of 
Quebec; but in the loss of officers, it stands as 18 to 13 
killed, and 70 to 66 wounded. From tins some ti ue es- 
timate maybe formed of that firmness and valour the A- 
mericans displayed, in defence of P>unker Hill. 

. Congress had assembled at Philadelphia, agreeable to 
appointment, on the J 0th of IMay, and commenced their 
sittings.* The honouralle Peyton Randolph, was again 
cho-ien President, and Charles Thompson, Esq. Secre- 
tary. 

On the 2d of June, they interdicted all traffic or in- ; 
tercouj se with the enemy, by a special resolve. I 

On the 7th, Congress assumed the style of the twelve | 
United Colonies, by a special resolve, which appointed a 
public fast on the 20th of July, following. 

On the 15th. Congress appointed George Washington, 
Esq. Commander-in-Chief of all the forces raised, or to 
be raised, in defence of the American Colonies. J 

General ^^'ashington, then a Member, accepted the|| 
trust with great modesty, declaring at the same time, j 
*' that he did not c(»nsider himself equal to the command 
he w^as honored with." i 

When the commission was made out and delivered to I 
General Washington, Congress pledged their lives, their j 
fortunes and their sacred honors, to ;<upport him in his 
arduous duties, in defence of liis country j 

Congress next proceeded to appoint the officers of the 
continental army, and their eommi:»sions were made out 
and deliveied to the General-in-Chief, for distribution. 

During these proceedinys, General Washington re- 
tired to his seat al Mount Vernon; set his house in or- 
der; made preparation for the service, and on the 2d of 
July, commenced his journey, accompanied by General 
Lee and several other gentlemen; acturdly arrived at 



^The morning of the capture of Fort Ticonderoga. 



.< 



amehioan revolution. 195 

Cambridge, in just fifief^n days from the dale of his com- 
iriission. Or.e universal expression burst tbrtli from all 
pans of Unilt^d America : '•''Under God, Washington 
must be the saviour of his country.'''' 

When the General had entered upon the duties of his 
appointment, and examined the returns of the army, he 
f(H!!id himself at the head of ahout 14,000 men, without 
order, dit<eiplir.e, or military stores, (or rather with a 
very scanty supply) and destitute of most of the conven- 
iences essential to a camp. 

Wlien the continental officers arrived, the General 
proceeded to deliver their commissions, and they enteied 
with zeal and ardor into a joint co-operation with his 
Excellency, to diffuse a spirit oi* cleanliness, order, ac- 
tivity a d discipline, throughout the array. JNew ener- 
gies, and new efforts became universal. 

The main b<jdy of the British army, was posted at this 
time very stronjJtly, on Bunker's Hill; connnanded by 
his Kxcelieiicy, (jeneral iiowe. The other division of 
the British army, was strongly posted near Roxbury. — 
Those two positions, together with the fleet and armed 
vessel, covered the town of Boston, and the corps-de-re- 
serve, which couiQianded that station. 

His Excellency, General Washington, took up his 
Ilead-Q,uarters at Cambridge, with the main body of the 
American army. II is right was secured by General 
War<l, stron'i;iy posted at R<)xl»ury. His left was in- 
trusted to the command of General Lee, who was strong- 
ly entienched ujioii Prospect hill, (seneral Putnam and 
others, filled the intermediate points of attack, with about 
3000 men. 

Thu!J posted, the American army, firm to the right- 
eous cause of their country, ncblv surmounted all their 
embarrassmenis, and held their enemy in a state of siege. 

Such was the ardent spirit of patriotism in this coun- 
try, that a hattallion of rifle corps, ordered !iy Congress, 
on the 14th and 22d of June, to he raised in Virginia and 
Peniisyivania ; were raised, accoutriHi, and maiched to 
the army, wiiere they were embodied, on the 7th of Au- 
gust foUowiiig, and all without oije cent of advance from 
the public treasury. 

The want of pf)vvder and bayonets, greatly exposed 
the American army to an attack from the enemy, and it 
became the most urgent duty of the General-in-Chief, 



Ita HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

to deceive the British General, until he coukl supply these 
deficiencies. Theoe embarrasments were augmented by 
the want of clothes, camp utensils, tools for seivice, and 
engineers; toj^erher with a disaffection amonji:st the offi- 
cers, which arose from the Congressional appointments. 
Many of the troops were to be discharged in IN'ovember, 
and the longest service did not exceed the last of De- 
eember. Yet all these embarrassments were sustained 
by that zeal and spirit that flowed from a righteous cause* 

The force of the enemy in Boston, was at this time 
aujrmented by a reinforcement from England, to about 
iOOO men. General \^'ashington caUed a council of war 
to settle the plans o* operation for the season ; and a gen- 
eral system of blockade was agreed upen, for the want 
of powder and bayonets, to carry the town of Boston 
by storm. 

On the first of August, it was well ascertained that the 
enemy had lost in vanous ways, about 25(50 of his orig- 
inal force, since the 19th of April, and from this, it was 
concluded that before the spring recruits could arrive^ 
the British army would become more vulnerable. 

In July, Georgia joined the Confederacy, and Ameri- 
ta then took the title of " TliC Thirteen United States." 

About this time, General Gage sent orders to INew- 
York, to_ invite all foseign seamen into his service, as vol- 
unteers. In the month of October, the town ot Fal- 
mouth was burnt, in obedience to orders issued in the 
name of his Majesty, to the commanders of his Majes- 
ty's ships of war, to treat the Americans, as rebels, and 
lay waste and de.^troy the stap'orts of all such as had ta- 
ken part in the rebellion. 

The flames of Falmouth, like the flames of Charles- 
tovvn, flashed through the country, and rtused the colo- 
nies afresh to union and revenge. Congress fitted out 
several frigates, and caused two battalions of marines 
to be raised lor the service; and frarised articles of war, 
for the government of the Navy. General Washington 
also employed several cruisers to intercept the store- 
ships of the enemy, tor the immediate service of the ar- 
my; all which produced a spirit of adventure upon the 
seas; and the American coast soon swarmed with pri- 
vateers, which cruised with great success. 

A rich store-ship was taken at this time, by Captain 
Manley, of the privateer Lee, laden with fcJuppUc-s for tho 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 197 

army in Boston. These captures not only gave support 
and enerijy to the American army, in carrying on tlie 
siege of Boston; but greatly distressed the enemy, by- 
cutting off his supphes. 

South Carohna, by a summons from her Genera! Com- 
mittee, convened her provincial Conjiress, upon ti;e first 
tidings that blood had been siied ai Lexington, and chose 
Henry Laurens, Esq. President. — June i. On the 2d, 
they passed, by a unanimous resolve, the following cov- 
enant : 

" Thoroughly convinced, that under our present dis- 
tressed circumstances, we shall be justified before God 
and man, in resisting force by force: We do unite our- 
selves under every tie of re!igu)n and honor, and associ- 
ate as a band of brothers, in defence of our injured 
couiitry, ajrain*it every foe: hereby solemnly engaoing, 
that whenever our continental or provincial councils shall 
decree it necessary, we will go forth and be ready to sac- 
rifice our lives and fortunes, to secure her defence and 
safety. I'his covenant tocontimie in force, until a rec- 
onciliation shall take place between Great Britain and 
America, upon constitutional principles; an event which 
we most heartily desire. And we will iiold those per- 
sons crminal to the liberty of these colonies, who shall 
refuse to subscribe to this association." 

This resolve was cordially sup[)orted by the people. — 
On the 5th, this Congress |)rocee(]ed to raise two regi- 
ments of infnntry, and one re$.'iment of rangers, for the 
defence of the colony ; and the lanouuge of the day, 
was " IVe will freely give up one half, or even the whole 
of our property, to secure our liberties.^'' 

IMiis Congress next assumed tl»e reii'^ns of <>T>voi nrnent 
over the colony ; entered vvith s})irit into a general organ- 
ization of ihcir affairs, and adjourned. 

The same zeal for the ssijjport of the common cause, 
prev uled iii all the colonies at the south ; their crown 
governors v/ere all remt.ved, and the people assumed the 
government. Each colony organized a provincial Con- 
grees, conunittee of safety, &c. for the management of 
their aftairs. 

Pending these events, the colonies generally, put forth 
all their cfi'nts to collect military stores, for the supply 

of the army at Boston, and turnedtheir attention to their 
17* 



198 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

cruisers on the water. They sent and purchased pow- 
der in forei{j;n ports, wherever it was practicable ; and 
even obtained it from Bermuda, and some of the British 
Forts on the coast of Africa.* Tliey also commenced 
the manufacture of powder in many of the colonies. 

At the same time, information arrived at Head-Quar- 
ters, that the addresses of Congress, had been favorably- 
received in Canada ; and that the people would not act 
against the colonies. General Washington detached a 
body of troops under the conmiand of Colonel Arnold, 
(say iOOO) aided by Colonels Green and Etjos, and Ma- 
jors Meigs andBigelow, upon an expedition into Canada. 

On the 19lh of September, Colonel Arnold embarked 
his troops at INewburyport, tor the River Kenebec, 
where he arrived the 20th, and on the 22d, began to as- 
cetid that River, upon an expedition against Quebec. — 
On the 9th of November, he accomplished his march, 
through a pathless, uninhabitable wilderness; overcame 
every possible diffii ulty, hardship and fatigue, and arriv- 
ed at Point Levi, opposite to the city of Quebec. 

At the same time, General Montgonui)' penetrated in- 
to Canada, by the way of Lake Cl.amplam, accompani- 
ed by General Schuyler ; and on the 8th of October, laid 
siege to the fortress of St. John's. Sir Guy Carleton, 
Governor of Canada, appeared at tlie head of about 
eight hundred men, for the relief of St. John's ; but 
Colonel Warner, at the head of his Green Mountain 
boys, defeated Sir Guy, and on the 18th of May, Brown 
and Livingston passed by Fort St. John's, with a party, 
and surprised the small lort of rhuniblee, where they 
found six tons of powder, &c. with which they pushed 
the siege of St. John's ; and on the 2d of November, the 
Fort surrendered. The garrison became prisoners of 
war. 

During the siege of St. John's, Colonel Allen attempt- 
ed to surprise ihe city of Montreal, but (ailed; was ta- 
ken prisoner on the 25th ©^October ; loaded with irons, 
and scut to England. 

On the 12th of November, General Montgomery en- 
tered Montreal in triumph, and on the 17ih, eleven sail 



*Sevpn thousand pounds were secured by General 
Waybill!* ton, from the latter, by the way of Providenca* 



about the first of September. 



AMr^RlCAN REVOLUTION. 191> 

of vessels, witli General Prescot and several other offi- 
«ers, antl about 120 privates, with a large i-upply ot flour, 
beef, butter,&c. besides cannon, siriail arms and ualitary 
stores, were taken ; all wi'ich became useiul to ihe ar- 
my, in prosecuiinjr the coiiCjuesi ot Canatia. Governor 
Carleton escaped in a can ie, with muflieii paddies, in the 

^ night, and retired to Quebec. 

Genefal Montgomery, with such troops as he could 
retain ibr the servire, penetrated ini») Canada, and j<»'ri- 
ed Coionel ArnohJ, Leiore Quebec, oii the first ot iJe- 

• cend)er; and on the 5th, they eumnienced a system of 
operations, to carry the city by storni. 

1 hiS (nbralter of AniCiica, was ther. unni oned by a- 
bout J600 men, under the CMumaud oi Sir Guy CHrle- 
ton, wfio had arrived from M<.iitreal, on ilie 19ti) oiMo- 
vember; yet tlie brave General Moniifomery sat down 
before this htrong hr;ld, in the severity of winter, and 
opened his trenches in the .-nnw, (tl-c ground being im- 
penetrably fixeti by the fro^ij ,uid haiikried these trench- 
es with vvatri, fr<»zen into ice, aiui linss commenced the 
siege. 

General Montgomery next called a council of war, to 
consult upon the iulure operations of the siege; the 
council met the views oltlte (ieneral, and were almost 
unanimtais in the iep(Mt!tu»n, to atteaiptto carry the city 
by storm, Arrangensents were accordingly made ; the 
next day the genera! preparations commenced ; and on 

' tl e morning of the 81st, the signal was given for the at- 
tack, by a discli.irge ol rockets, precisely at 5 o'clock. — 
A violent snowstoini covered the tr«M>ps as they advan- 
ced with firnuiess to the combat; but the garrison had 
taken the aJarm from the discharge of rockets, and stood 
on ilieir dereSRC. 

General iVlonrgomery, at the h<ad of the first divis- 
ion, attempted to enter the lower tov/n by ihe margin of 
the River; carried the first battery and dispersed the 

^- guard; but -n pessing a defile, %t the head of his brave 
troops, the discharge of one seJitary gun Irom tlie aban- 
doned battery, killed General Montgomery, with Cap- 
tains Clu esnian and McPhers'iii, and several others. — 
I'he tro«?ps, :ipj»alied at the lo.-s of their General, retired 
from the d( fi'e, and abandoe.ed the enterprise. 

,. Not so with Coionel Arnold, he at the head of the 2d 

'Mivision, entered the lower town on the opposite side 



3<)0 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

accompanied by Captain Lamb, at the head of his Artil- 
leij company, with one field piece, luounted on a sled. 
The main body of the division, brought np the rear. At 
the head of this I rave column, Colonel Ai riold was 
wounded in the leg by a musket ball, uhiie forcing the 
first barrier, which fractured the bone, and obliged him 
to be remo\eii to the rear. The command now devolv- 
ed upon Colonel Morgan, who led )n the column; storm- 
ed the fi.st l)arrier, rsnd advanced to the attack' of the 
second, with high iiopesof success, and in momentary 
expeciaiion of iearmng the success of General Mont- 
gomery. 

At this eventful moment. Colonel Mors^an was join- 
ed by Majors M( iijs and !>igel<»w, which an*>mented his 
force t(; the number of about 200. At the head ot this 
force, C«)lonel Mor«ian led on ihecliarge to storm the 
second barrier; the whole column, amidst a shr.wer of 
musketry, ascended their ladders and mounted the bar- 
rier; V hen h» ! to their astonishment, a forest of bayo- 
i)et bristled in array ai^ainst them, and filled all the 
street. To advance was deatli, to retrt at was danger- 
ous; they therefijie entered the adjacent houses, and 
stood in their defence, until overpowered by numbers-, 
th.ey yielded to necessity, and surrendered themselves 
prisoners of war. Thus this desj)erate enterprise fail- 
ed, with the loss of their General, and about 400 men, 
kiilt'd, wounded and raken, and Quebec was relieved. 

'Hie. death of Getujral Montgomery, was a serious 
loss to the American cause, and severely felt, as well as 
deepl\ lamented, throughout the nauon. Congress felt 
the shock, and resolved that a nionument be erected to 
bis memory ; comntenjorative of his excellent worth. 

VVc will now leave Colonel Arnold to continue tb© 
blockade of Quebec, and j^ursue the siege of Boston,^ 

CHAPTER n. 

REVOLUTION CONTINUFD FROM THE FALL OP MONTGOMER"?, 
TO THE EVArUATH>N OF BOSTON. 

In the month of Octo' er. Geneinl Tlowe succeeded 
Oenerul Gage, in the command at Boston, and the Brit- 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 301 

rsh army lay in an ismctire state of blockade, through 
the wjisler. 

(.'(x^^ress being (desirous to support the views of Gen- 
eral Washington, resolved as follows, viz. " 'J'hat if Gen- 
eral Washington and his eouncil ol' war, shall be of opin- 
ion that a succ.essiul lUtacK ntay be made upon the troops 
in H<»S!on, he should make it in any manner he might 
think ex[)edient, notwitlistaiiding the town and property 
inii nxght iherehy he destroyed." 

The General, in his reply to this resolve, thus express- 
ed himself: *' It is not in ilie payees ot historv, to furnish 
a case like ours. 'I'o maintain a ])ost w;thin musket shot 
of the enemy, for six m(»nlhs t<i;:»eiher, without ammuni- 
tion, ami at ilie ^a^)e lime to disband one army and re-, 
cruit another, with.n that distance of twenty odd Ivrifish 
regiments, is more than i>robahly was ever attempted; 
hut if we succeed in the latter, as we have done in ihe 
former, 1 shall tiiink it one of the most fortunate e- 
vents of my whole life." 

Such was the deficiency of arms in the service, at this 
time, that the Genci al wrote to Congress about the first 
of February, "that more than 2:000 men in his army 
were without arms of any sort, and that his whole force 
did not exceed 8fe50 m»;n." 

The General, at the same time pressed it upon Con- 
gress, to rai'-e a regular army, for a given time, as a prop 
the country might moie fully rely upon. Congress saw 
the necessity of the measure, and by the first of March, 
the army before Boston, was about 14,000 strong ; which 
when reinforced by 6000 militia, amounted to 20,000. — 
"With this army, the Genera! commenced serious opera- 
tions. He ordered (leneral Thomas, with a detachment 
from Roxbury^ to take possession of Dorchestei Heights, 
whilst he covered the movement by a bombardment up- 
on the town of Boston. On ihe night of the 4th of 
March, General Thomas took possession of the Heights, 
and threw up a breast-work sufficient to cover his party 
from the fire of the enemy in the morning. 

General Howe saw at once, the necessity of dislodg- 
ing the provincials from this commanding position, or of 
evacuating Boston. He resolved on the iormer, and de- 
tached Lord Percey, with three thousand men for this 
Sjervice. His Lordship actually eniharked to execute 



W2 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

his orders ; but the movement was defeated by tempestu- 
ous weati.er. 

General Washington had made his arrangements to 
commence an attack upon Boston, as sotm ar^ the tietach- 
nienl should iDeconie engajied at Dorchester; and thus 
the storm most probably saved the Britisli army in Bos- 
ton. 

Pressed upon all sides, General Howe despatched a 
special tlag to General Washington, to con>niunica;e his 
intentiojis to evacuate Bt)s1on, anri threatened to «les- 
troy the town if his movements were molested. On the 
niilht of the IGth, the British army were all embarked, 
and sailed on the 17th, for j\aniasl>et Roads ; and in a 
few days the whole fleet sailed for lialiiax. 

General Washingt( n marched in and tool; possession 
of Boston; and joy universal, spread through the colo- 
nies. Congress 'passed a resi'lution, expressing" the 
ihanks of that body, and of the colonies to General 
"Washington, and ordered a gold medal to be struck, with 
a properdcvice, commemorative of the event, and pre- 
seiited to the General. 

Pendi'ig these operations in the north., Lord Bonmore 
raised a force, and attempted to effect a counter revolu- 
tion in Virginia; but the patriots pressed his Lordship 
so close, that he was compelled to abandon his cause, 
and. lake , efuge on board his fieet. 

To reveiige this indignity, ids Lordship ordered the 
fleet to destroy the town of Norfolk, and the order was 
obeyed <.'n the night of the first of January, 1776. it is 
Lordship continued his depredations upon the coast, un- 
til he disgusted his own p-arty, and then he willwirew 
with his negro booty, (say 1000) to Florida and Bermu- 
da, where the slaves were sold for the benefit of the con- 
cern. 

Governor IMartin made a similar attenijU in N<»rth 
Carolina; but his movements were all defeated ; the in- 
surrection was suppressed, ami the patriots estabUshed. 

On the 17th of February, Commod<ire Hopkins )»ut to 
sea, with the American Navy, from Cape llenlopen, 
and in fifteen days, surprised and dismantled a Foit up- 
on the Island of New-Providence, and brougiit off 40 
pieces of iron ordnance, 15 brass mortars, &c. together 
with the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, aiul ono 
counsellor of the Island. On the 4th of March, the fleet 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 203 

fell in with, and capturen a British schooner, and on the 
5tl), they took a bornh-hiijj;, laden with arms and rriiliiuiy 
stores, ajid on the (ith, a |)art of the fleet en^nra«cd the 
Ghisgovv sloop of war, of 20 guns; niii'it parted the 
combatants, and in the morning, the Giu^i^ow escaped 
into Newport. 

Pendinir these movements in America, the news of the 
battles of Lexington and He.rd^er's Hdl, had reached 
England, to«jether willi the appointment of Gf^tif^ral 
Washington as Commander-itj-Chief of the Am*, icun 
armies; all wiiieij made very serious impressions upon 
the people an.l the j»overnment ; but the King and the 
Ministry, were obstinately bent r,;; war. 

Parliament convened on the2Gth of October, and the 
King by his speech, supisorted the w-ar system. Altl'.otigh 
the speech met with a siron^r opposition in both Houses, 
yet the King and tlie Ministry prevaih^d, and the war vva» 
conlinui^'d. 

On the 29th of December, the ships Actcon nndThun- 
derbomb, saih^d from Portsmouth for Cork, with Sir Pe- 
ter Parker and Earl Cornwaihs, to convoy the transports 
with 4000 troops to Amerisa. 

Colonel Ethan Allen returned to America, on !>oHrd 
this fleet. 

Colonel Allen had been confined in Pendf nnis Castle, 
in Cornwall, and treate<l with great severity ; hut when 
he arrived in L'elan 1, a sniiscrij^titju was opened for liie 
relief anathat.of his companions, which wa^ the first 
succour they had received. 

On the I3th, lord North moved *' that his ^Majesty's 
treaties with the Landgrave of Hesse CassrI, and the 
DuUe of T>iunsu ':c'k, and other Cerman Princes, for 
17,000 men, to hf ciupioyed in Ameiica, be referred to 
the committer: of supply." T!us motion, after a warm 
debate, was carried by 242 to 88. 

In tlie course of these debates, it was shown that this 
body of troop* would cost tlie nation, one ;»r,Iliun sterling, 
annually; and that the army ir> garrison 't Boston, liad 
already cost the nation more than £10j sterling per 
man, in less than a vear; and thaf ev*^n under ibis enor- 
mous expense, their privations had *er\\ great, and their 
suppl.es wretched in the extre-vse. 

In April and May following, two divisions of these 
Gennan troops, sailed for America. The whole csti- 



^^4 HISTORY OP U. STATES. 

inale of forces to he employed against America, this yeaf^ 
(1776) amoiHired to 60,000. 

The destinction of the Cork fleet totheSoutliern States, 
was early know n in America, by an interce!>te;i letter ad- 
dressed to Lord Dunmore, of Virginia; and on the 3d 
of May, the fleet had all arrived in Cape Fear River, 
where they were joined by General Clinion from New- 
York. 

On the 5th of May, 1776, General Clinton published 
his proclamation of pardon, &'C. to all such as should 
lay down their arms; htit finding little encouragement, 
the General with his fleet, sailed for ^'harle.-ton, (S. ^\) 
where ihey arrived about the first of June, and came {& 
anchor off Sullivan's Island. 

General Clinton commenced the siege of CharlestoHj 
by issuing his proclamation of pardon, &c. as he had 
done m North Carrlina, and with the s^ame eft'ect. It had 
jiow become too late for proclamations of pard«in in A- 
merica. 

The Secretary's letter had reached South Carolinaa 
and Governor Rutledg<^ had made all possible pn^para- 
ti'>n to receive tlie enemy. The militia of the vicinity, 
promptly oi»eyed the summons of the Governor, and 
rallied round the standard of I heir country. General 
Lee appeared, at this critical moment, at the head of sev- 
eral regular regiments from th.e north, and took the com- 
mand in defence of Charleston. ^ 

On the 26th of Jui:e, the enemy crossgd th* bar with 
several ships and frigates, and commenced their opera- 
tions; but they were so severely galled by the American 
Fort and batteries, that they were constrained to with- 
draw, with the loss of one 50 gun ship, wholly destroyed, 
and the others so disabled as to be unfit for further ser- 
?ice. Such was the severity of this contest, that more 
than 7000 loose balls were picked up <n\ Sullivan*s IsU 
and, after the action. 

Such was the intrepidity of Colonel Moultrie and his 
brave garrison, at the Fort, that when their flag-staff was 
shot away in the action. Sergeant Jasper, of the Grena- 
diers, leaped upon the beach, seized the fl;ig, fastened it 
to a spon'ie-sitaff, and erected it again, in the heat of the 
action ; for which act of bravery, Governor Rutledge 
presented him with a sword, the next day. 

Such was the character of the heroes who defeuded 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 205 

Charleston, and such the signal defeat of the English, 
that they ahandoned the enterprise ; retired to New-York, 
and left the patriots to the full enjoyment of their righfes 
and liberties. • 

When the news of this (-lorious defeat, reached Con*- 
gressjit kindled into aflnmf! that s[)ark of liberty, which 
prudence and caution had long smothered in that lionor- 
able body; and it burst forth in the declaration of inde- 
pendence. The c(donies were now well prepared for 
such an event, and the declaration of independence was 
hailed by America, as the salvation of the nation. This 
spirit in Congress, was sup|)orted by instructions c^^ra" 
nitinicat(Ml from all the colonies; and the following res- 
olution was move<l, by Richard Henry Lee, and second* 
ed by John Adams: 

"Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of 
riofht ought to be, free and independent Stales; and that 
all political connection between them and Great Britain, 
is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." — Passed unani- 
mously. 

Pending these movements, a Declaration of Inde})en- 
dence had been prepared by a special committee,* and 
the same was now adopted unanimously, and signed by 
all the Members, according to the order of the States. 

This was one of the most memorable state papers, that 
the whole historic page can boast; and the wr>rthies 
whose names stand recorded in support of this dii nified 
measure, as the authors of this glorious epoch, are en- 
rolled in the temple of immortal fame, and their names 
can never die. 

This was the epoch of permanent liberty, and the 
death blow to British power, and British influence in 
America. 

The sons of those venerable sires, have watched with 
care the sacred fire; resolved to transmit it in its purity, 
to their posterity, that generations yet unborn, may fan 

*The gentlemen who composed this ever memorable 
eommittee, were Mr. Jefferson, Mr. John Adams, Mr. 
Franklin, Mr. Sherman, and Mr. W, R. Livingston ; but 
the honor of the draft, has ever beea ascribed to Mr. Jef- 
ferson, 

18 



106 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

tho sacred flame, and bid it burn to time's remotest 
Hounds. 

CHAPTER HI. 

REVOLUTION CONTINUED — CAPTURE OF NEW-YORK. 

General Howe arrived at Sandy Hook, with his fleet 
and armament, from HaUfax, on the 28th of June ; and 
Lord Howe arrived with a fleet and armament from Eng- 
land, and joined his brother, on the 12th of July. 

Lord Howe brought out a commission from the Brit- 
ish government, which clothed him and his brother 
with full powers to treat with the United States, collect- 
ively or separately, or with individuals; to grant par- 
dons, (fcc. His Lordship, upon his first arrival at the 
Hook, despatched a flag to Amboy, with a circular letter, 
announcing his commission, &c. 

General Washington, who had arrived with his army 
from Boston, for the defence of New-York; ordered this 
circular to be transmitted to Congress. 

General Howe addressed a letter to George Washing- 
ton, Esq. for the purpose of opening a correspondence 
upon tht; subject of his commission; but the General re- 
turned the letter unopened, as being improperly address- 
ed ; and Congress applauded the act by a special resolve. 

General Howe despatched Colonel Patterson, Adju- 
tant-General of the British army, with another letter, 
addressed to George Washington, &fc. This was also 
rejected, and the Colonel opened the subject to the Gen- 
eral in a conversation, in which he disclosed the powers 
of the commissioners, to treat, grant pardons, &-c. to 
which General Washington replied, " that they who had 
committed no fault, wanted no pardon." Colonel Pat- 
terson expressed his " regret that the negotiation should 
have failed," and withdrew. 

General Washington meditated an attack upon Gen- 
eral Howe, upon Statca Island, before the whole force 
should have arrived from England; but was prevented 
by tempestuous weather; and in the mean time, the 
whole force arrived, excepting the last division of the 
Germans; amounting in the whole, to about 24,000 men. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 207 

This was one of the best appointed armaments the 
British iiijovernment had ever fitted out, and from which 
they had the highest expectations. 

General Washinjrion iwid under his command at this 
time, about 17,000men; three or four thousand of whom 
were sick, and the renjiiind'^r were stationed in i\ew- 
Yovk, nptm Lonj*- Ishind, Governor's Island, and at Pau- 
las Hook. Sotne of these posts were tenor fifteen uule* 
distant from each other, and separated by waters naviga- 
ble by the fleet of the enemy ; and the whole exposed to 
an aitack by a superior force. 

Tlius posted, under such circumstances, and in the 
presence of such a ibe, the Amencan Communder-in- 
Chi<^f, aMempt(Kl to cover New- York, by risking- a bat- 
tle npon Lon«>- Island. At this lime, the American ar- 
my was augm(!nred by draughts of mditia, to about 
27,000; one-tourth of whom were sicK wtth diseases 
common to raw troops, who were exposed to the open 
air, without teat*, &/C. 

t no vvhifle fi)rce of »he enemy, bad now arrived, and 
General Wushin!i;ton made h.; M.rnnueioehis to suj-port 
his point of defence of New York, upon Lnnjjf Ubuid. 
There General Sullivan was stationed, in the con»mand 
of General Green, wi.o liad retired through extreme in- 
disposition. 

Early in the morning- of the 22d of Aujrust, t!ie Brit- 
ish shewed a disposition to land on Long Island, and 
consequently General Sullivan was strongly i einft>rced ; 
but tlieenerny made good his landinir, under coyer of his 
ships, at lJtreCi.t,andGravesend.a! the narrows, (so called.) 
Colonel Hand, of the Pennsylvania line, retired to the 
high i^rounds, to cover the pass leading to Flat bush 
Tillage. 

Lieutenant-General Clinton, who commanded this ex* 
pedition, detached Lord Cortiwalbs to sieze the pass of 
Flatbush, if unoccupied, but not to hazard an engage- 
ment. His Lordship advanced; but tinding the pass 
in possession of the Auioj jeans, lit hailed in the village. 

These movemenis being announced to General Wash- 
ington, he issued the following orders : 

"The enemy have imav landed upon Long Island, the 
hour is fast approaching, in which the honor and success 
of this army, and the safety of our bleeding country de- 
pend. Remember, officers and soldiers, that you are 



mS HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

freemen, fighting for the blessings of liberty; that slave- 
TV will be your portion, and that of your posterity, if you 
do not quit yourselves like men. Remember how 
your courage has been despised and traduced by your 
erucl invaders, though they have found by dear experience 
at Boston, Cliarlcstown, and other places, what a few 
brave men can do in their own land, and in the best of 
causes, aorainst hirelings and mercenaries. Be cool, be 
determined: Do not fire at a distance, but wait for or- 
ders from your officers." 

These orders closed with renewed injimctions to shoot 
down every man who might desert his post, to seek shel- 
ter by flight. And with assurances " that if they ac- 
quitted themselves well, like men, thcv had good reason 
to expect to save tiieir country by a gloriuus victory, and 
acquire to themselves immortal honor." 

The camp at Brooklyn, .vas now placed under the 
command of IMajor- Genera I Putnam, and reinforced v/ith 
six resriments. with orders to be in readiness for a mo- 
mentary attack, and to keep open a communication with 
his best troops, through the woods, with the advance 
guard on the heights of Flatbush. 

On the 23(1, General De Heister landed at the head of 
two brigades of Hessians, and on the 25th, took post at 
Flatbusii, and Lord Cornwallis drew off his division to 
Flatland. 

On the 26th, General Washington crossed over 1o 
Brooklyn, and passed the day in making arrangements 
for the action. 

The British army were now formed with the Hessian* 
in the centre. General Grant, yt^ith his division on the 
left, and Genersd Clinton, L(»rd Cornwallis, and Farl 
Percey, with the flower of the British arnsy.on the riglit* 
Thus posted, the distance lietween the two armies, did 
not exceed four miles, and their apjMoath to each other 
was accessible by three direct roads; that led across the 
hills, that divided the armies, and which were covered 
with woods. 

The direct road from Flatbush to Brooklyn, was pos- 
sessed by the Americans, and defended by a strong re- 
doubt, mounted with, several pieces of cannon, and sup- 
ported by a strong detachment of infantry. The other 
two roads were guarded by detachments of infantry* 
within view of the enemy. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 209 

These passes beinoftlius sruarded, General Clinton de- 
taclied the van of ihe !?riti.^!i army, on the nii^ht of the 
27th, consistiii«» of lijiht infantry, ifrenadiers, and light 
hortJe, and a reserve under Lord CVnnwallis, with 14 pie- 
ces of cannon, to si(^ze on another pass that fed to Jamai- 
ca, about three miles east of the Bedford road. 

This m<;ven!ent snccceded, and opened the way for 
this whole division to }»ass the heiirhls, and in the morn* 
in^ they weje encamped on the plain. 

General Grant moved forward with his division on the 
left, and a sharp slurmisli rommonced on the heights. — 
Lord Sterhng was detaclied to support the An)eriean 
rioht; but the whole column was obliged to retire before 
the enrmy. 

At dayli<;ht, General De Heister put in nir>t!on, the 
centre of the British army, to cross over the hills direct- 
ly to Brooklyn, and contmenced his attack with a heavy 
cannonade. General Clinton had now gained the rear 
of a part of the American left, and detached Colonel 
Donop, to charne the Americans, on the bills, and sup- 
ported the attack with the whole centre column, under 
the command of General De I leister. 

Genc'rai Sullivan now discovered the enemy in his rear, 
and beat a retreat, if possible, to regain the camp at 
Brooklyn. The advance guard of the British, interrupt- 
ed liis retreat, and an action commenced; but the Amer- 
icans were overpowered by mimbers, and fled to their 
camp at Brooklyn, with very considerable loss. At this 
time, the American left was broken and routed, near 
B«dford, and fled into the woods, wliere they were in- 
closed between'the right aiid ii;e ceijtre of the British 
army, ami suffered great loss; yet a part of these fugi- 
tives {rained the camp at' Brooklyn, 

At this time. Lord Stirlinj/, discovering that the erie- 
my had turned and pat t«) flight the le!t,,'and were press- 
ing on in his resn-, upon the camp at Brooklyn, instantly 
beat a retreat, and lo ctiver this retreat, chijrged the corps 
ol Lord Cornw.dbs, with a detachment of 400 men only, 
feuch was the spirit of this cbHi-oe, that it held his Lo»d- 
ship at bay, untii tlie letieaiing division had regained the 
cam)?. Then General Grant advanced into his rear, and 
couspelled his linle band of heroes, to resign theniselvef 
up prisoners of war. 

*18 



3i0 HISTOKY OF U. STATES. 

Flushed with their successes, the enemy ihieatened t© 
carry the can»p af Brooklyn, by storm ; but the j5rudence 
of the commander reslramed the arilor of the troops, 
and he invested the camp in form, on the night of the 
28th of August. 

The Anierican k)ss in this action, in killed, wounded, 
and taken, amounted to about three thou^'^and, including 
General Sullivan and L ird Sterling, taken, and Briga- 
dier General Woodiiall, kdled. 

General Washington passed the day in his cam[) at 
Brooklyn, on the 29ih, and at night, by a most aiasterly 
movement, tiie army with their wliole encampment (ex- 
cept some heavy cannon) crossed over into JNew-York; 
and when the foi'^ cleared off, at 9 in the morning, the 
rear guard was discovered by the enemy ; but they were 
out of the ri-ach of his fire. 

Lord Howe maile a movement with his fleet to enter 
the River, and cut off their retreat ; but was prevented 
entirely, by a contrary wind. 

On the 2d of September, Governor's Islund was evac- 
uated by two regiments of tiie Americans, with all their 
arms, stores, &c. except a i'ew heavy cannon, witiiin a 
quarter of a mile of the enemy's shijjping; with the loss 
ef only one man's arm. 

This was an event fid crisis in the revolution, and the 
CoiTimanuer-in-Cliief saw that the fate of America was 
hazarded upon the issue of a batile with a superior foe, 
and that under the most perilous circumstaiices. Im- 
pressed with the magnitude of the object, he |)assed two 
days and nights without sleep or rest, being the mos^ of 
the time on horseback, and with his watchful eye, super- 
intending every movement; watching every evertt. 

Flushed with th^ successes of Long Island^ Lord Howe 
again renewed his pacific proposals to <'oagre&s; but 
they were again rejected. Congress at the same time, 
delegated a special committee to confer with Lord Howe, 
find learn his powers. They executed their commission 
«ud reported : " That the powers of the commissioners 
amounted to nothing more than a court of inquiry, "&.c. 
and consequently were of no force. 

The defeat upon Long Island, wrought a complete 
Ikhange in the American army ; the fire of Lexmgton 
and Bunker's Hill, was then extinguished, and the mili- 
tia deserted their colours ; abandoned their General^ and 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 211 

fled to their homes, in gucli minibers as to threaten the 
dissolution of the artny; one faurrli of those ihat re- 
mained, were enrolled amoni»i-t the sick. 

The enemy, elaietl with the successes oi' Louii; Island, 
moved wsth a division of the tleet, up tlie Llasr iliver, 
and threatened to cut ofi' the retreat of the American ar- 
my, which led the General to abandon New-Y(»rk, and 
take post under cover of the Forts. But the efst^my 
landed m force from thn fleet intiie River, on the loiliof 
Sej)Leni;)er; and General Washington retired. 

On the lOth.ashirp skirmish commet»ced between de- 
tachments of tiie American anil British arnues, in which 
the Atnericans were decidedly s'lr^es-fal ; this inspired 
them with fresii conra<i:e an I !>\^u!u!it>n. 

On the2ist njore than IIUO houses were destroyed by 
fire, in the city of New- York ; then equal to about one- 
fourth of the oty. 

On the 24; b of Septem!)er, an American oPncer of 
distinction, thus expressed himself, in a letter to his 
friend: " We are now upon the ev of ano'ber dissnhi- 
tion of the army, an ! unless some speedy and <'f'"e' tual 
measures are adopte<l by Confiress,our ( ause wil! be losu" 
Uiuier titese enduirrassing clrrumstanc< s, Getjtral 
Howe attemj)ted to cut off the retreat of General Wash- 
ington, bv landin:; a strong force in his rear. At this 
critical moment, General Lee arrived in the Ansencan 
camj); and a reinforcemeiU of five or six thousnnd Ger- 
mans, arrived in New- York, to strenj^then the enemy. 

On the ITriiof yctober, Genera! Washington called a 
council of war, and it was resolved to ab:jndon York 
Island, and retire to While Plains, leaving a gaiiison in 
Fori Washington. This was effected by opposing a firm 
front to the enemy, whilst the sick, baggage, mihtary 
stores, &c. were conveyed along the rear, and ihus re- 
moved to a plaC'" of saf»;ty. 

On th(^ 22d, General Howe was reinforced by one or 
two divisions of Germans, and on the 25fh, he eommen- 
ced (tperations, and marched towards White Plains, to 
meet the Americans. On the 23th, a «^eneral skiriiiish- 
ing commenced between the .-.tivanced parties; and on 
the 29iii, General Howe muve<' in rolumns in supp(»rt o 
his |)arties, lo biing on a general aeiic^n ; but the Ameri- 
cans held him at bay, until he wa;-a»a;n reinforced on 
the 31st, when General VVashiu^ton retired to the higl^ 



H2 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

21'oiinds, leaving; a strong rear guard to cover White 
Plains. Genera! Howe abandoned the enterprise, and 
drew off his arntj' towards Kinir's bridge, Nov. 8. On 
the 15vh, lie sent in a summons to Colonel Magiaw, the 
commander ot Fort Washington, and on the 16th, he 
carried the Fort bj storm, and put the garrison to the 
sword. 

General Was];it>gion beheld the awful scene, and wept 
witii the i'elUngs ot a com|»assionate father. The siiock 
was felt wi!h the keenest sensibility, tin'ougliout the A- 
mciiean army, and even General Lee wept with indigna- 
tion, at th^ news of the mercdess butchery, and cursed 
the unrelenting foe. 

On liie ISth, Lord Cornwallis moved to the attack of 
Fort Lee; but General Green drew off the garrison, 
abandoned the F<nt, and joined General Washin^iton. 
On the 22c!, Genera! YVashingfon retired to i^^^ewark, 
wlicre he found himself almost abandoned by the army; 
and left to tlie merry of a victorious, pursuing enenjy ; 
with only about 3500 men, to accompany hnn in his 
flight. On the 2>'th, (setieral Vv asl.ingto!i retired to 
Brunswick, and Lord Cornv/alJis entered Newfirk, with 
his victorious army. His Lordship pursued to Brui^s- 
wick, and General Vv'a.-hiiigton retired to Princeton. — 
December 1st. Lord Cornwallis iiaked onewlsole week 
at Brunswick, agre<>ab]e to orders; and in the mean 
liitie, (General Washington sa\v himself abandoned by 
tie. Jersey atul Maryland brigades of militia, whose 
terms of service then expired. 

Ontlic 7lii, his Lordship jntrpucd to Princeton, and 
General W.ishcigton retired to Trenton. The next day 
his Li»rdship entered Trenttm, just at tlie critical mo- 
mcjit tluit General Washingt(>n, vitli his remnant of' an 
army, had cros.^ed tlie Delaware,* and secured the boats 
lo prevent his pussingt — Det endier Sth, 1776. 

General Howe had jointrS Lord Cornwallis at New- 
ark, and now made a stand at Princeton, and issued the 
proclamation of the Ring's Commissioners, proffering 



*(.^( neral Washington could muster only 22C0nienat 
this; time. 

i'i'he same day General Prescot, with a strong Brit- 
ish force, took possession of Newport, (Illiode-island.) 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Slg 

par^lon and peace to all such as should submit in aixty 
days. 

Si!ch were the distresses of the army and the country, 
wJicn they saw tliejr liberties about to expire under the 
pressure of an overwhelming foe, that men of the first 
dis^i^c^ion, in sfreaf numbers in tiiat part of tiie country, 
emliracet! tlie overture and made their submission. 

To add lo the distresses of this most tryinfif scene, 
General Lee, who had iiarrassed the rear of the British 
army, with aboutthrt'e tiiousand men, wns now surpris- 
ed in his quarters, aii(! taken by the enemy. — December 
13. The troops of General r,.ee, now under the com- 
mand of General Sulliv.'n, joined General Washington. 
Pendino- the delay of General Howe at Trenton, Gen- 
eral Washington, with the as if=tance of General IVlifflin, 
ct>llected a body of Pf-iinsylvaida militia, and resolved to 
make a stand, to recover, if possible, the spirits of the 
army and the natiui. 

On the night of the 2"5rh, General Washington, under 
•wVrr of a violent sno:^' si».rii:, '•ros<ed the Dr^I„'vV'r.re; 
commencj-d an attack upon the 'Jritish army, and gained 
a signal victory ; tof»k about 1000 prisoners, including 
an entire regiment of Ge^-inaus, with their whole en- 
campment, anti secured his position at Trenton. 

The enemy soon recovereci ^heir shock by large rein- 
forcements, and General Wasbinjrton letired to Prince- 
ton, by a circuitous march; triumphed over the ^nemy 
again, and pursued them to Brunswick. Lord Cornwal- 
lis collected all his forces at Brunswick, and masie a 
stand. General W^ashington took up Ins positi<»n at 
Morristovvn, and watched tlie motions of the enemy. 

During these operations in New-Jersey, the British 
army had thrown up therein, and ijsvcn full '-cope to the 
brutal passions. This roused the indignation f»f the peo- 
ple and re kindled the fire of Lexington, which sjnead 
like liajhtninir through the country. New-Jersey then 
exhibited a scene which was considered but the minia- 
ture of what the nation would exhibit, shouhl JJritain pre- 
vail. Husbands saw the fate of their wives; parents of 
their daughters : and the nation became most seriously 
alarmed for their safety, and more immediately alive ta 
the interest of the common cause. New Jersey felt the 
wound she harl received, ami roused to the combat, tore-^ 
venge her wrongs upon the brutal foe. 



^14 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

General Washington surprised Lord Cornwallis, al 
Elizabethtown, and he retired So Amboy,, where he was 
closely invested through the winter. In June following, 
General Howe drew oft' this arniy to Staten Island, and 
the Jerseys were cleared. 

In April, General Howe detached Governor Tryon, 
with the comman(^ of a Major- General oi Provincials, 
at the head of about 2000 men, to destroy the Ainencan 
stores at Danbury. The General executed ibis contmis- 
sion, and destroyed 1800 barrels of beef, 2000 bushels 
of wheat. 800 barrels of flour, 1700 tents, 100 ho^r-rbcads 
of rum, &:c. Wiih the loss of about 400 men, killed, 
wounded and taken by the Americans. 

CHAPTER IV. 

ftEVr^LUTION CONTINTJEI?, 

Upon tlie fall ot General M(>nti;<unery, before Quebees 
the command devolved Uj-on ('(>i(»jjel Arnold ; but he 
%vas soon rerrvoved to Monlre-cd, witii the command of a 
brigade, and General Thcinas was sent on to succeed 
him. General 1 homas diefl sofiu after, and was suc- 
ceeded by General Suilivan; and the x^nterican army 
suffered every possible distress iron) ibe small pox and 
other diseases, until they were re laced to the piiiful 
nundjer of 400:, then they raised the siege of Quebec, 
and retired towards Montreal, to escape total destruc- 
tion iVom the enemy, who were reinforced by the arrival 
of a fleet and armaniewt from En;jlai.d. 

The British army in Canada, were now about 13,000 
strong; with this iorce. General Carleton, supported by 
Generals Cu;ir<»yne, Phillips and Reidesel, advancedin 
divisions, in pursuit of General Sullivan. General Fra- 
zer, at the head of the advance guard, had taken post at 
Troies Riviers, and General Sullivan detached General 
Thompson to surprise him in his camp, but failed; and 
the troops retired witb loss, leaving their General a pris- 
oner in the hands of the enemy. General Carleton pur- 
sued with his whole force : but the Americans secured 
their retreat, under the most perilous circumstances, and 
gained the River Sorel, ^vhere they were joined by Geii- 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 215 

eral Arnold from Montreal. Generals Sullivan and Ar- 
iiokl embarked thoir troops, with their cannon and hag- 
gauje, and retired to the Isle Aux-Noix, and from thence 
to Crown Point, where they made a stand. — June 15, 
1776. 

On the 12th of July, General Sullivan retired from the 
command, and carried with lum the affections and grati- 
tude of the army. General Gates succeeded to the com- 
mand of this army, novv diminished more than five thou- 
sand, exclusive of about 300 sick, who were removed to 
Fort George. The distresses of tiiis army, arising from 
the ravages of the small pox, exceed all description. 

Sir Guy Carleton exerted himself through the sum- 
mer, in preparing his fleet to meet the Americans 
on the Lake. Early in October, he embarked hii 
troops, and commenced operations. The two fleets met 
near Valicour Island; a sharp action commenced ; both 
fleets distinguished themselves by their ardent zeal, and 
intrepid valor ; but the Americans were overpowered, 
dispersed, taken or destroyed ; and thus an opening was 
made for the enemy to approach Fort Ticonderoga. — 
October 11, 1776. 

At this critical moment. Sir Guy Carleton abandoned 
all further operations for the season, and retired into 
Canada. 

General Gates discharged the militia, and the cam- 
paign closed. 

The humanity of Sir Guy Carleton, in clothing the 
iiak«d American prisoners in Casada, and dismissing 
them with kindness, as well as with such supplies a» 
were necessary to carry them comfortably to their friends, 
is deserving of perpetual remembrance; and ought t« 
be recorded to his eternal honor. 

In the spring of 1777, General Burgoyne succeeded 
Sir Guy Carleton, in tho coTOruand. He com»nenced 
his operations early in the seia^.oa, at the head of about 
10,000 men, consisting of British f.nd German troops, 
commanded by Generals P!ielps» Frazer, Powel and 
Hamilton; with the German Generfiis, Baron Reidesel 
and Spicht. 

This army might be truly styled a well appointed Brit** 
ish army, fully supplied vfith every requisite for a suc- 
cessful campaign, particularly a powerful train of brass 
field artillery ; and the troops were healthy, and in high 



316 HISTORY OF U. STATES, 

apirits. To this army were attached several tribes of In- 
dians, who were to take the field, upon conditions of hu- 
manity; not til scalp the wounded, nor their prisoners; 
but to receive a bounty for every captive brought in by 
them, and delivered alive. 

On the 21st of .Tune, General Burgoyne arrived at 
Crown Point, and on the 29th, he commenced operations 
against Fort Ticonderoga. 

General Schuyler had succeeded General Gates, in the 
command of the northern army, and put this fortress in 
order to receive the enemy, and given the command to 
General St. Clair. 

On the 2d of July, General Burgoyne approached 
Fort Ticonderoga, with the right wing of the British ar- 
my. Genera! St. Clair abandoned the Fort to save the 
garrison, and retired to Ilubbardston, and from thence 
to Castleton, about thirty miles distance from Ticonde- 
roga, where he made a stand to collect the army from 
Mount Independence, &c. 

General Frar.er, supjjorted by General Reidesel, com- 
menced a pursuit in the morning, with the light troops of 
the British and Germans, and overtook the American 
rear guard, under Colonel Warner, at Castleton, and 
commenced an attack on the 7th, which became sharp 
and bloody. The British were routed at first, with loss; 
but finding; that Colonel Warner was not supported by 
General St. Clair, they rallied to the combat, and with 
the bayonet, charged and dispersed the American rear, 
with the loss of about 300 men ; and Colonel Warner 
retired with the remainder of his troops to Fort Ann. 

General Burj^oyne, with the main body of the British 
army, sailed from Ticonderoga, in pursuit of the Ameri- 
can fleet ; destroyed and dispersed the whole, and land- 
ed at Skeensborough. He there detached Lieutenant- 
Colonel Hill, with a strong party to dislodge the Ameri- 
cans from Fort Ann. The garrison marched out on the 
morning of the 8th, and commenced an attack upon the 
detachment, which was sharply supported by both par- 
ties, for about two hours, with apparent success on the 
part of the Americans; but a party of Indians appear- 
ed and joined Colonel Hill, and the Americans with- 
drew from the field ; abandoned the fortress, and retired 
to For^ Edward. — July 12(h. The whole force at this 
time, at Fort Edward, did not exceed 5000 men. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 21T 

Both armies now commenced serious operations. — 
"General Schuyler obstructed the roads, and destroyed 
the brid|^es, to prevent the approach of General I'ur- 
goyne, and the General cleared out roads, and repaired 
the bridges, that he might advance to Fort Edward. 

General Buro^oyne surmounted all. these embarrass- 
ments, and arrived at Fort Edward, on the 30th ; but 
General Schuyler had abandoned the Fort on the •27th, 
and retired vYith his whole force to Saratoga; and on the 
first of August, he retired to Stillwater, 25 miles above 
Albany. 

The country saw with re^^ret, this shadow of an ar- 
my, flying before a victorious foe, and laying open 
the whole northern frontier, by abandoning those for- 
tresses that had cost the colonies so much blood and 
treasure, in former wars. The spirits of the country 
were as greatly depressed as when General Washington 
crossed the Delaware the last year, and the spirits of 
the enemy were high. 

At this eventful moment. Sir William Howe sailed 
from New-York, with his armament, to commence op- 
erations in Pennsylvania. 

Colonel Barton, on the iOth of July, with 40 volun- 
teers, passed over to Rhode-Island ; surprised General 
Prescott in his quarters, and brought him off, with one 
of his Aids ; which gave some spring to the public feei- 

On the 4th of August, Congress appointed General 
Gates to succeed General Schuyler, in the command of 
the army of the north. 

On the 22d, General Sullivan, with Colonel Ogden, 
crossed over on to Staten Island, in order to dislodge the 
British stationed there ; but by some mismanagement, 
the attempt failed, with the loss of two or three hun- 
dred men, killed, wounded and missing. 

On the 3d of August, Colonel St. Ledg^er, (who had 
been detached from Canada by General Burgoyne, in- 
to the country of the Mohawks, to make a diversion in 
that quarter) commenced his operations against Fort 
Stanwix, General Herkimer marched down at the head 
of about 800 militia, to relieve the Fort ; but he fell into 
an Indian ambush, on the 6th, and was killed in one of 
the sharpest and most desperate Indian battles we have 

19 



218 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

noticed. The garrison of the Fort, rallied out at the crit- 
ical moment; (locided the bloody contest : drove (iff the 
Indians, and relieved the Fort. Tolonel St. Ledo^er sum- 
moned the Fort on the 8th; hut Colonel Gansevort re- 
turned a s;)irilrd answer ; St. Ledger withdrew with pre- 
cipitation, and returned to the Lake. 

Pending these movenients, (ienernl Washington de- 
tached General Lincoln to the northward, to take com- 
mand of such eastern militia as might join the norlheru 
arm}-. General Lincoln arrived at Manchester on the 
2d of August, where he took the command of 600 mili- 
tia, and on the 6lh, he was joined by General Stark, 
with 800 more. 

General Stark was a soldier of merit, and had deserv- 
ed well of his country, by his distinguished services in 
the fanjous battle of Bunker's Hill; but he had felt him- 
self wounded by the neglect of Congress, after the bat- 
tle, and retired from service. He engaged at this time 
in the service of his country, upon the express condition 
that he should not be constrained to serve under a conti- 
nental officer; he acconUngly resisted the pressing soli- 
citations of General Schuyler, to join him in checking 
tlie progress of General Burgoyne. 

Congress interposed in this controversy; and at this 
eventful moment. General Burgoyne detached Colonel 
Baum with 500 Germans and one hundred Indians, to 
sieze on the American stores at Bennington, to enable him 
to pursue his inarch to Albany. General Stark was ap- 
prised of this movement, and sent expresses to collect 
the neighboring n)ilitia, nn<l marched to meet the enemy 
on the 14th; supported by Colonels Warner, Williams 
and Brush. 1 he advance parties of the two armies, 
met and commenced a skirmishing, that continued 
through the day. On the 15th, all operations were sus- 
pended by the excessive rains that fell : but on the 16th, 
General Stark was j(»ined by the Berkshire militia, un- 
der Colonel Symonds, and he detached Colonel Nichols 
to take post in the rear of the enemy, on the left; Colo- 
nel Hendriek to take post in the rear of his right; to 
be supported by Colonels Hubbard and Stickley, still 
further on the right. About 3 o'clock in the afternoon, 
General Stark commenced an attack upon the enemy, 
stroniily inlrenched, and suppoited by two field pieces. 
Hhe attack became genej al, and was valiantly supported 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 219 

o\\ both sides; the Iiuhans fled ; the Germans were over- 
powered ; forced tVoin their eiiireiichmentis, aiui |)ut to 
fli^iht* The militia, fhi>hcd with the suc( etses of the 
day, uhandoned the |jiir-uit. and jiave themselves iij) to 
phnider. At this eventlu! moment, Lient('nant-Coh>uel 
Ureymen joined Coh»nel l»aum with a leinloreement; 
tliey ralhed to tlie charge, an-.l renewed tiie combat. — 
C'dinel Warner U'(l on his re«riment of conliuenlaU:, at 
this critical njomeni, and fsnpported the acti<m nnlil the 
iriihri.i conid recover their otder, and advance to the 
char^ie The action stxMi hecame iieneral, and continu- 
ed rhroujrh the day. Tlse Germans aijain jiave vvay, 
and secured their retreat under cover of thtMii«»ht ; leav- 
in«i^ their artillery, bairjfaffe, &c. with 200 slain, ai>d 700 
pri.-oners; amon^r whom was Colonel Uaum. This was 
nn important action, and proved rmno.is to General IJur- 
goyne. 

The merits of General Stark, were apphuided by a 
special resolve of (y(Miy:ress, and thev honored liim with 
the command of a Brigadier-General in the continental 
armv, — October 4Fh. 

General (Hates arrived at this eventful moment, and 
took the com'iiand of the northern army.' '1 his was the 
fist success that had been obtained in the north ; and it 
gave fresh hopes, and fresh courage to the army, and in- 
spiied the country with new zeal, which was displayed 
in that alacrity with which the militia turned out and 
joined the army. 

General Lincoln, at this time, supported by Colonels 
Brown, Woodl»ridiie and Johnson, threw himself into 
tlie rear of General Burgoyne ; and on the 18th, Colonel 
Brown destroyed the British stores at the landin<j: at 
Lake George, and released the American prisoners. — 
They commenced oper;itions at the same lime with suc- 
cess, against Fort Ticon'erojrji and Skeensborough. 

Pendiuir these movements, General Biirjioyne crossed 
the Hudson and encainjied with is whole army, njion 
tlio plains of Saratoga. He next moved forward upon the 
banks of the Hudson, and took post upon the heights of 
Stillwater, vvitlim three miles of G<'neral Gates. 

On the l^th of September, General Gates detached 
about three ihonsand .nen to .flV-r the enemy battle; but 
he declined the combat. On 'he 19th, the scouting par- 
ties of the two armies commenced a skirmishing that led 



220 HISTORY OF tJ. STATES. 

to a general action, which continued through the day, 
and was supported with great zeal and intrepid bravery. 
Night closed llie scene, and the two Generals drew ofl' 
their armies to protect tiieir camps, and waited with im- 
patience, the returning day. 

The loss of the British in this action, was estimated at 
500 killed, wounded and taken ; and the loss ot the A- 
mericans, at about 800; being about one-eighth of the 
whole number engaged. 

The army of General Gates was at this time, about 
7000 strong, exclusive of the troops under General Lin- 
coln, who were then at Bennington, on their return from 
the Lake. 

The Indians mostly deserted the standard of General 
Burgoyne, after the action ; and four of the Six Nations, 
favoured General Gates, and furnighed him with 150 
warriors, who joined him on the 20th. On the 29th, 
General Lincoln joined General Gate?, with 2000 men. 

From this time to the 7th of October, the two arniies 
were within cannon shot of each other, and witnessed 
frequent skirmishings, both night and day, which harass- 
ed the armies with serious alarms. 

General Burgoyne communicated to Sir Henry Clin- 
ton, at New-York, his true situation, and requested his 
mutual co-operation. General Gates at the same time, 
disclosed to general Washington, the privations of the 
American army, in provisions, ammunition, &c. 

G'^neral Clinton at this time received a reinforcement 
of 2000 men from Europe, and began his operations 
upon the Hudson, to make a diversion in favor of gener- 
al Burgoyne; commenced an attack upon the Highlands 
aad carried the fortress at the point of the bayonet. — 
October 6th. This enabled him to clear the obstruc ions 
in the River, and open a free passajje for his shipping; 
all which was communicated to general Burgoyne, im- 
mediately ; but it was too late. 

On the 7lh of October, general Burgoynejcletached a 
Strong party to open a way for his retreat, and at the 
same time to cover a foraginu party, sent out for the re- 
lief of the army. General Burgoyne made a movement 
in person, at the head of 1500 men, supported bv gen- 
eral Frazer, which led to another action that commenc- 
ed immediately, and was supported with great zeal by 
both parties through the day. The Americans were sue- 



AMERICAN REVOLTJTION. ni 

tt«ssful at all points. General Arnold fought with des* 
peration, and was Wojuided in the conflict. The Brit* 
ish sntfered severely, until ni^ht closed the scene. Gen- 
eral Frazer and Sir James (~)lark. Aid to general Bnr- 
goyne, were mortally woundeu', and the latter taken 
prisoner. General Burj^oyne changed his position in the 
night, and occupied the hiijh o^ronnds, to secure his ar- 
my from immediate destruction; and the Americans were 
sup()hed with ammunition, in the spoils of the British 
camp. 

On the Srh, the British army were under arms through 
the day, expecting; a momentary .ittack ; and at sunset 
the day was closed with the solemnity of a funeral pro- 
cession, that paid the last honors to the remains of the 
brave general Frazer. The Americans, from their 
camp, witnessed the scene, and sympathy in obedience 
to nature, dropt a tear. 

On the 9t}i, genera! Bunroyne saw himself so closely 
invested in his camp, that he resolved to retreat to Sara- 
toga, to save his army; this he effected witliout loss, ex- 
cepting his hospital of sick and wounded, which he was 
constrained to aharidon to the mercy of the Americans. 
General Gates did honor to his character, hy the display 
of benevolence and humanity, which he exhibited upoa 
the o''casion. 

The movements of genera\ Gates shewed to general 
Burgoyne, the next day, tliat all the passes in his rear 
were str<mgly guarded, and that all further retreat was 
impr jcticable. 

Stunsr with chagrin and mortification, at the forlorn 
sitUMtion into which he had precipitated himself, gener- 
al Burgoyne called a council of war, on the 13th. Such 
was the local situation of the two armies, that an 13 
pound shot crossed the tatle where the council were <le- 
liberating, and their result became unanimous, to make 
terms with general Gates General Buriroyne sear out 
a flag to open the treaty, and general Gales s« nt in his 
proposals, which were rejected, and a^neral Burgoyne 
sent out his terms, in his turn, which were accepted on 
the I5th. 

Pending this negotiation, the news of the capture of 
the Highlands, as before noticed, reached general Bur- 
goyne, which caused him to hesitate and defer signing the- 
19* 



222 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

treaty, inliopes of tlie expected succour from SirHcnrT 
Clinton. General Gfiies, ahve to the sen^'e of delay, ot 
this critical moment, pirew up his army in order of bat- 
tle, on the morninitj of the ]7th, and sent in a flag to 
general Biirgoync, dernandinii^ his decision in ten min- 
utes. Buffroyne felt the awftil responsibility, signed the 
treaty in time, and returned it to General Gates. 

The whole British arsny marched out of their lines ; 
deposited their arms, and becanje prisoner? of war. — 
General Gates marched in, under the tune of Yankee 
Doodle, and took quiet possession. General Gates or- 
dered supplies to be issued to the British army, who 
were destitute, and the solemn scene was cKiiscd. 

Such, and so various are the scenes of life, and the 
fates of men : sr.ch, and so fickle is the fortune of war : 
but firm and unshaken is the providence of God; wis- 
dom, and might, and strength are His. 

Sir Henry Clinton detaohed Sir James Wallace and 
General Vaughn, with a flyinij squadron, carrying '5600 
troops, to penetrate, if possible, to the camp of Bur- 
goyne, or make a diversion in his lavor; hut learninjrtho 
situation of General Burgoyne, at Esopus, on the K^th, 
they set fire to the village, and consumed it. Had iliey 
proceeded to xiibany, they might have fiestro}'ed the 
place, with the American stores, and Burgnyne might 
have been relieved. The enquiry has often been made, 
why this unnecessary delay? But no other answer can 
possibly be given, than this: It was the s])ecial provi- 
dence of Gid. 

The army of General Burgoyne was marched directly 
to Bostf>n, where they were detained as prisoners of war. 

General (iate? marched with all pdssil>!e expedition, 
to support General Putnam, at Kingston, and guard the 
country against the ravages of the enemy, who took the 
alarm, and liastened back to New-York. Tranquility 
was restored in the north. 

At the eventful m( ment, when General Burgoyne 
iiad triumphed over the Americans upon Lake Cham- 
plain, and commenced liis operations in the State of 
New- York, General Howe embarked about 16,(K)0 
tro()ps on board his fleet at New-York, (consistinjif of 
260 sail) and on the 23d of July, put to sea upon a se- 
cret expedition, to make a diversion in the south, in fa- 
vor o^ the hero of the north. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 223 

General Washingfon made a movement towards the 
Delaware, to be in readiness tocovrr Fliihidelfjlua ; and 
at the same time expressed his surprise liiat (ieneral 
Howe should thus abandon General Burjroyne. General 
11 owe inariGBJivered upon the coast for several (lays ; but 
when he entered the Chesepeak, General Washinton 
penetrated his desij^ns, and advanced to meet him. Gen- 
eral Howe landed his troops at the Ferry of Elk, and the 
two armies met at Cliad's Furd, on the Brandywine; 
an action was fouo'ht, September II. The British were 
successful, and tlie Americans retired to the high grounds 
to watch t!ie enemy. General Howe made a movement 
and entered Philadelphia. — Sepiend)er 26. 

U|>on the landing of* General Howe, Congress retired 
to Lancaster. 

I^endino- t!te first movements of General Howe from 
New-Yor'A, the Marquis La Faveite arrived in America, 
from France, by tiie way of Eniilatid, and tendered his 
services to C<>n<ire?s, as a volunieer in the American 
cause. Coni^xress accepter! the over use. ajid confened 
upon him the commis>:ion of a Urigadier-General, in the 
armv of the United States. The Marquis joined the 
army, and served at his own expense ; and became not 
only a tuember of tlie tamilv, but the intimate compan- 
ion of the Commander-in-Chief. 

On the llthof Sejjtemher, he mac^e th.e first display 
of his talents as a soldier, at the battle of Cliad's Ford, 
and acquitted hrmself with honor. 

The Count Pulaski, a Polish Nobleman, also distin- 
guished himself in this action, and was honored with the 
comnnssion of a Major General. 

When General Howe ha<l entered Philadelphia, he 
ordered bislleet to move round into the Delaware, and 
thus secured his communication with the sea. 

Pendmu the movewents of the fleet. General Vv^ash- 
inijton attempted to cut off the main body of the British 
army, which was encamped at Germat'.lovvn. This at- 
tack was Wfftl concerted and prom]>tlv executed. The 
British were ctunpletelv sur])rised at break of day, Oc- 
tober 4th ; at sunrise tlie action becanif warm, and the 
Americans were successful at all points, until they at- 
tempted to dislodge a battalion of the Britisli, who in 
their (light ha i rlirown themselves into a stone house; 
this oecasioned a delay broke the pursuit, and gave the 



2^4 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

enemy time to recover from their surprise and rally t# 
the charjoje; the action soon became warm and bloody, 
A thick iog arose, which covered the combattanis an4 
caused some confusion; the enemy took udvanta<i:e of 
thi?, and the Americans retired and abandoned the vic- 
tory they had st» fairly gained. 

The losses of the parties were about equal ; but it 
proved a lesson of caution to general Howe. He col- 
lected his army at Pijiladelj)hia, where he was closely 
invested by general Washington, through the winter; 
which occasioned the remark of Doctor Frankiin: 
*' Philadelphia has taken Hour." 

The privations of the American army were truly dis- 
tressing; without clothes, shoes, stockings, and even 
breeches and blankets ; more than 2000 were marched 
through the snow, imprinting the roads with their blood 
stained steps; yet all this was endured with a firmness 
worthy of those valiant sons of liberty. 

CHAPTER V. 

REVOLUTION COMTINUED — PROCEEDINGS OP CONGRESS. 

President Hancock, by permission, retired fronj the 
cliair, to\isit hih friends and enjoy that repose the slate 
of his healtii required. — Mav, 1777. 

President Hancock took leave of Congress, by a dig- 
nified address, to which Ccmgress replied by the follow- 
ing resolvp : 

" Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be present- 
ed to .l(»hn Hancock, Esq. for the unremitted attention, 
and steady impartiality, which he has manifested in the 
discharge of the various duties as President, since his 
election to the chair, on the 24th of May, 1775. 

Congress elected the Honorable Henry Laurens, of 
South Carolina, as his successor. They alsn appointed 
general Gates, Piesident ot the Board of M &v. 

Congre-s iiext appointed a special committee to pre- 
pare articles of confederation in rlue f<»rm ; and < n the 
12lh of July followins", thi.s committe made their report, 
which was ordered to be printed for the information of 
t?he memberiK 



AM rRICA N REVOLUTION. 225 

The limits of this woik, will not ])^rruit me to insert 
these articles of confefleration, as reported by lliis com- 
mitte. I can only s:iy, they were unanimously adopted 
by Congress; approved hy tlie States, and became the 
sheet anchor of the nation, by which she rode out the 
storm of an eight years' war. This compact formed 
also, the basis of the Federal Constitution, and thus con- 
tinued the palladium of the nation, to perpetuate the 
blessii)gs of liberty and independence, to the latest gen- 
eration. 

Con«:ress resolved that the Commissioners at the courts 
of France and Spain, be directed to exert their utmost 
endeavors to {»htain a loan of two njilhons sterling, on 
the faith of the United States, ('onijress next resolved 
*' that it be recommended to the Lei^islatures of the sev- 
eral States, to appoint persf)ns to sieze such clothing as 
may be necessarry for the army, wherever it may be 
found, within their res|)ective Slates; and when the val- 
ue of the same has been duly estimated, that it be appli- 
ed accordingly." 

Lieutenant-Colonel Barton, who took general Pres- 
cot prisoner at Rhode- Island, as before noticed, was novf 
reeommejided to Congress, upon whii'h they resolved, 
*'that he be promoted to the rank of a Coloiel, in the 
service of the United States, in consideration of his mer- 
its, and that he be recommended to general Washington, 
to be employed in sueh services as he may deem best a- 
dapted to his genius." 

Congress next resolved, " that one month's extra pay 
be given to each officer and soldier, under the immediate 
command of his Excellency, general Washington, in 
testimony of their approbation of their patience, fidelity 
and zeal, in the service of their country." 

Congress next pr<»reeded to resolve, " that the embark- 
ation of general Burgoyne and his army, agreeable to 
the convention of Sar toga, be delayed until the same 
should be pro))erly ratified by the court of Great Brit- 
ain; in consequence of an unguarded expression of the 
general in one of his letters, in which he declared ' tlie 
convention to have been broken on the part of the A- 
mericans.' " 

General Burgoyne met this resolve by explanations, 
together with a proposed renewal of the convention of 



226 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Saratoga, and in such a manner as should be approved 
by < '()nj»iest* ; but. without effect. 

On the ii.st ot December, the ship Alamand arrived 
from FriUice, with 4S pieces of brass artillery, (four 
pounders) with can iaae^-' complete; 19 nine inch mor- 
tars — 2500 nine inch bombs — 2000 S'our posmd balls — a 
quantity of intrenching^ tools — 3000 fnse«.s — 1110 for 
drairoons — 1800 pounds of powder, and 61,000 pounds 
of brimstone, fionithe house of P»eanmarchais, sn Paris. 

On the lOth of December, Mr. Gerard, (French Min- 
ister) fielivcied the picliminaries oi" a treaty, to the \- 
aierican Commissioners, for the two nations. On the 
16th of February, iT'/S, the treaty was siiined, and in 
48 bonis, it was Un«»wn in London, and produced great 
excitement in tiie ciuuicils oi Crilain. 
, On the 21st of ^larch, the An.eiican Commissioners, 
Messrs. Franklin. Dean and Lee, were admitted t(t a 
])ublic audience, at the court of' Versailles, and were pre- 
sented to the King', by M. De Veruenn.s. (French Min- 
ister) ui character of the Ministers Plenipotentiary, of 
the United, Sr-iJes of Aiijerica. 

The French Minister at Londim, announced the sig^n- 
ing of this treaty, to the British Minister, on the 15th, 
anf! returned to France, 

On the I3th of April, the Toulon fleet, consistino: of 
twelve ships of the line, and four fri«J[ates, sailed ior A- 
nierica, under the command of the i'ount De Esraing;; 
bearmu' Mr. Geiard, as Minister of France, to the Unit- 
ed States, accompanied by the American Minister, Mr. 
Dean. 

On the same day, g^eneral Burgoyne arrived in Lon- 
don; not as a conqueror, but in such disj^race as to be 
refused admission into the presence of his Majpst\. 

On the 5th of June, Admiral Byron was despatched 
to America, with a formidable squadron, to take the 
command on that station. 

At tfiss time, the illustrious Earl of Chatham, waa 
borne away in the arms of deatli, no lonjifer to witness 
the tarnished honor of that country, which, under God, 
he had raised to tlie summit of renown. On the 9th, his 
remains wer honorably interred, at the public expense, 
in Westminster iVbbey. 

Well might Old England say, in the bitterness of her 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 227 

soul, " That sun is set : O rise some other such, or all 
is talk of old achievements, and despair of new." 

As soon as the court of Versailles had learnt the des- 
tination of Admiral Byron, the Count De Orvilliers put 
to sea, with a fleet of 32 sliips of the line, and a cloud 
of frig^ates, to enforce the ordinance of the Kin«r, of the 
28jh of March, for making reprisals on the ships of 
Britain. 

Great Britain pursued the same measures, and Admi- 
ral Keppel put to sea, in quest of tlie French fleet. On 
the 23d of .*uly, both fleets appeared to approach each 
other for action ; but a scene of manoeuvering com- 
menced, which displayed the skill of the commanders, in 
naval tactics, for three days. On the 27th, a sharp ac- 
tion commenced, and continued about three hours; both 
fleets suftered severely, and bodi claimed the victory. — 
Both fleets withdrew and returned into port, to repair 
their damages. 

This opened the war between England mnd France. 

On the I4i}i of May, Lieutenant-Colunel Ethan Allen 
was restored to his country, by an exchange, and Con- 
gress honored him with a Colonel's commission, in tlie 
service of the United Scares; as a testiiiiony of their 
respect for his zeal and firmness in the service of his 
country. 

At tliis time an expedition was planned against Rhode 
Island, and general Sullivan was detached by general 
Washington, to take tiie command; but the vigilance of 
general Pigot, defeated the enterprise, by detaching 
Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, with about 500 men, to 
destroy the American gallies destined for the service. — 
Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell executed his commission 
promptly, on the nights of the 24th and 25th, and des- 
troyed all the flat bottomed boats near the town of War- 
ren ; together with the Meeting-House and seven dwell- 
ing houses, and retired to Bristol, where they burnt 22 
houses and the Church ; committed the most licentious 
depredations; carried oflf a state galley, and returned to 
Newport. Shortly after, general Piirot detached anoth- 
er party to burn and destroy the town of Tiverton ; but 
the Americans were in force, and the enterprise failed. 

At this time a French frigate of 50 guns, with a schoo- 
ner, from Rochfort, laden with arms and dry goods, ar- 



^28 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

rived in James River, Virginia, and were joyfully re- 
ceived by the nation. 

General [iowe had wintered snugly in Philadelphia,by 
keeping the neighboring country in a state of perpetual 
alarm with his foraging parties, which often conducted 
with great cruehy; and mnny innocent unresisting in- 
habitants, were butchered by tliem in cold blood, while 
begging for mercy. 

On the 7(h of May, general Howe detached a battal- 
ion of infantry, to destroy the American stores and ship- 
ping, at Bordentown. This expedition was promptly ex- 
ecuted ; on the 8th, four stores were burnt, containing pro- 
visions, tobacco, military stores and camp equipage. On 
the 9th, they destroyed one frigate of o2 guns, one of 
28, nine large ships, three privateers of 16 guns each, 
three of 10 guns, 23 brigs, with several sloops and 
schooners, &.c. and returned to Philadelphia. 

At this eventful moment, Sir Henry (Hinton arrived at 
Philadelphia, to succeed general Howe in the command 
of the British army in America. On the 18th, the Brit- 
ish officers took leave of Sir William Howe, by honor- 
ing him with a most magniiicent entertainment, which 
continued 13 hours, accompanied with a most splendid 
exhibition of fire-works in the evening ; and his Excel- 
lency retired to England. 

General Washington detached the Marquis La Fayette 
from his camp at Valley Forge, with a party of 2.*00 
m.en, to approach the city of Philadelphia, and add to 
this scene of festivity and amusement. The Marquis 
promptly obeyed; crossed the Schuylkill, and took post 
on Bacon Hill, twelve miles in advance of the American 
army. The British soon learned the situation ©f the 
Marquis, and on the night of the 19th, Sir Henry Clin- 
ton detached general Grant, with about 7000 men, with 
field pieces, to surprise and cut oft' the Marquis. Gen- 
eral Grant marched out upon the Frankfort road, and 
from thence crossed over through the old York and 
White-marsh roads, and entered thf road to Bacon Hill, 
about two miles in the rear of the Marquis. Sir Henry 
at the same time, sent out another party to engage the 
Marquis in front. But the Marquis, having learnt the 
movements of the enemy, filed off his detachment so 
adroitly, that he gained the Matron Ford, (distant one 
mile) and crossed over the Schuylkill, before the enemy 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 229 

were prepared to pusli tlieir attack, and thus saved his 
detachment from total ruin. 

On the 4th of June, the Earl of Carlisle, Mr. Eden, 
and Governor Johnston,ar rived in the Trident from Eng- 
land, as Commissioners to restore peace hetween Brit- 
ain and America. On the 9rh, Sir Henry Clinton re- 
quested of f:;eneral Washington, a passj)ort for their sec- 
retary, Doctor Ferguson, to hear their des'patclu's to 
Congress; which heing refused, thoy were forwarded 
in the usual form. On the 13th, they were received; 
on the l6lh they were examined, and on the I7th, the 
President was directed to return the following rejdy: 

"I have received the letter from your Excellencies, of 
the 9th instant, with the inclosures, and laid them before 
Congress. Nothing but the earnest desire to spare the 
further effusion of human blood could have induced 
Congress to read a paper containing expressions so dis- 
respectful to his most Christian Majesty, the good and 
great Ally of these Slates; or to ccmsider propositions 
so derogatory to the honor of an independent Nation. 

"The acts of the British Parliament; the commission 
from your Sovereign, and your letter, sup[)ose the people 
of these States, to be subjects of the crown of Great- 
Britain, and are founded upon the idea of dependence, 
which is utterly inadmissible. I am further directed to 
inform your Excellencies, that Congress are inclined to 
peace, notwithstanding the urgent claims from which 
this war originated, and the savage manner in wiiich it 
has been conducted. They will be therefore ready to 
enter upon the consideration of a treaty of peace and 
eommerce, not inconsistent with the treaties already sub- 
sisting, when the Kmg of Great Britain shall demon- 
strate a siiicere disposition for tliat purpose. The only 
solid proof of this disposition, will be an explicit ac^ 
knowledgement of the independence of these States, or 
the withdrawing his fleets and armies. 

"I have the honor to be your Excellencies' most obe- 
dient, humble servant." 

The movements of France, as before noticed, gave 
alarm in England, and caused tlie Minister to send out 
orders by Mr. Eden, for Sir Henry Clinton to retire from 
Philadelphia to New- York, with the British army as 
;«oon as possible. 

20 



330 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

On the 18th of June, 1778, the whole British army 
evacuHteci Philadelphia, agreeable to previous arransfe- 
ments crossed the Delaware and moved to Iladdonfield. 

General Wa.^hinirton, apprised of this movement, de- 
tached jieneral Maxwell, with his brijfade, to harrassthe 
rear of the enemy, and in)pede his march. The next 
day general Washington, finding by the returns of the 
troops, that his army was about 11,000 strong, fit for du- 
ty, consulted his officers, in written questions, upon the 
plan of operations to be adopted in pursuing the enemy. 

General Lee, who had been exchanged and joined the 
army, whs now present to give his advice in council. — 
General Mifflin was not consulted, because he had been 
long absent, by permission, and thereby avoided the du- 
ties of the winter's campaign. 

The answers to the questions proposed, were almost 
unanimous, "To harras the enemy at all points; but a- 
void the hazard of a general action." 

General Washington crossed the Delaware the next 
day, with his army; moved on in pursuit of the enemy, 
and at the same time, he detached Colonel Morgan with 
600 riflemen, to support general Maxwell. 

The weather was extremely warm, and the armies 
moved slowly. On the 24th, general Washington reach- 
ed Princeton, where he made the following statement 
to the officers of his army: 

" The army of the enemy, is between nine and ten 
thousand, rank and file. The American armv is 10,684, 
rank and file, besides the advance brigade, under gener- 
al Maxwell, (about 1200) and about 1200 militia." 

The general then proposed the following question ; 
"Will it be advisable to hazard a general action?" The 
answer was, " Not advisable. But a detachment of 
1500, to be immediately sent to act as occasion may re- 
quire, on the enemy's left flank and rear, in conjunction 
with the other continental troops and militia, already 
hanging about them, and the main body to preserve a 
situation to act as circumstances may require. Signed, 
Lee, Sterling, Green, Fayette, Steuben, Poor, Patterson, 
Woodward, Scott, Portail, Knox." General Scott was 
detached accordingly. 

General Gates had arrived at Fishkill, with the north- 
ern army, about the middle of May, and was now ready 
to cooperate with general Washington, if required. — 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 231 

fleneral Washington considered the pass through th6 
Highlands, as an object of the first importance, and di- 
rected draughts from the neighboring militia, to be 
marched to thesup|)ort of general Gates, and guard that 
point. General Gates at the same time, moved forward 
his army to White Plains, to give an alarm in New-York, 
and thus make a diversion on that side ; which was high- 
ly approved. 

On the2Ist, general Washington marched to Kings- 
ton, and there learning that Sir Henry Clinton had 
inarched towards Monmouth, he resolved to attack his 
rear, and force him to ah action. Accordingly, his Ex- 
cellency detached Brigadier general Wayne, with 1000 
•hosen troops, to reinforce general Maxwell, and select- 
ed the Marquis de La Fayette, to advance and take the 
command of the whole; general Lee having declined 
the command. 

On the night of the 25th, general Washington moved 
forward his army from Kingston, and arrived at Cran- 
bury, early the next morning, where they were detained 
by storms, through the 26th ; of course tlie Marquis 
was ordered to check his pursuit, and file oft' to the left 
towards Englishtown, which he accomplished on the 
27lh. This movement of the American commander, led 
the British general to anticipate his views, and change 
his order of march, by postinij the grenadiers, light in- 
fantry, and chasseurs, as his rear iruard. At the same 
time, he disposed of his baggage, so as to be covered by 
the advance column, tinder the command of general 
Rniphausen ; this, v/lien collected, formed a procej^sion 
of about 12 miles in extent. This led general Washing- 
ton to augment his advance guard. 

General Lee began to feel the mortification which he 
had brought upon himyelf by refusing the comraaml of 
the advance gufr I, uud now solicited the appointment; 
to which general Washington objected, but detached him 
with two brigades, to join the Marquis, which gave him 
the command of course ; sfeneral VVashin;.'ton moved 
forward at the same time, to support the whole. The 
right of the enemy was Uarrassed by «reneral Morgan'g 
corps, and the left by general Dickinson's .Jersey militia; 
but the main army, under Sir Henry Clinton, wa;? jtr<mg- 
ly posted near Monmouth Meeting-House, on the 27th. 

general Washington saw the favorable moment thrrt 



232 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

now offered to bring Sir Henry to innnediate action, be- 
fore he sliould have gained the heights of Middletown, 
(12 miles in advance) and ordered o^eneral Lee to be in 
readiness to commence the attack, upon the shortest 
notice. 

On the morninjr of the 28th, general Rniphausen, at 
break of day, moved forward the advance column of the 
British army, wiih the banfgaoe, &c. and at 8 o'clock. 
Sir Henry followed with the main body; the flower of 
the army, b);u'«: posted in the rear. 

General Washington wrote to general Lee, at one in 
the morriinLT, with general directions for commencing the 
attack. General Washington put his whole army in mo- 
tion at the same lime ; having learnt from general Dick- 
insi;M that the front csf the enemy had commenced their 
marrh. He sent orders to generp.l liCe, at the same 
time, to advance and commenre ti:ie attack, ''unless them 
should be poicprj id reasons to the contrary ;''"' nnA assured 
him that the army were advancing without their packs, 
to support him. — June 28th, 1778. 

The limits of this work, will not permit me tc give the 
particulars of this memorable action, in (Jetail ; suffice it 
to say, the doubti'ul movements of general Lee, derang- 
ed the plans of the General-in-Chief; caused the failure 
of the action, and defeated the operaiir^ns of the day. — 
They caused also, a (^(uirt-iMartial upon general Lee, 
which deprived him of his command. 

The American troop:* lay on their arms, through the 
night, impatient for the attack the next morning; but 
Sir Henry took the alarm, withdrew his troops in the 
right, and thus made his escape, to the inexpressible dis- 
appointment of fjeneral Washington. 

Sir Henry retired by forced marches, to Sandy-Hook, 
where he was met by Ijord Howe with his fleet, on the 
5tli of Jiily, and from thence embarked hi.s army for 
New York. 

Sir Henry Clinton l(«st in the aft'air at Monmouth, a- 
bout 599 men, killed, wounded and missing, together with 
L!ei)'':-nant-("'olonel Moncton,a brave officer, whose death 
was ({iCHtly liuvented. 

Gf'-seral Washington lost about half that nundier, to- 
geiiier with LieuVenant-Colone! Bonner and Major Dick- 
inson, two brave officers, whose loss was severely felt by 
the American army. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 2;3n 

The extreme heat of the weather, rendered a pursuit 
by forced marches throiigli a deep sandy country, iiriprac- 
ticable ; general Washinj>ton, therefore detached a 
strong party of liglit tro >ps, to watch the motions of the 
enemy; anfl drew off liis main army to the North River. 

On tlie 8th of July, Count De Eslaing entered the 
capes of the Delaware, with the Toulon fleet, alter a 
passage of 87 days; Lord Howe had been iione only 11 
days, and Sir Henry Clinton had evacuated Philadelphia 
only one month before, and was now embarking his ar- 
my at Sandy-IIoolv, for New- York. This special Prov- 
idence, needs no comment. 

The French fleet was about double the force of tlie 
English, both in the number of ships and weight of 
metal. 

Count De Estaing landed Mr. Gerard, French Minis- 
ter to the United States, who was most cordially receiv- 
ed by Congress, and on the 9th, set sail for Sandy-Hook, 
where he arrived on the 11th, and blockaded the English 
squadron in the harbour. 

The Count made all possible efi^Drts to attack the Eng- 
lish fleet in the harbour; but found it imprarticable to 
cross the bar with his heavy ships, and on the 2'2d, agree- 
able to advice from general Washington, he set sad for 
Newport, toco-operate in the destruction of the British 
fleet and army, at Rhode-Island. 

Admiral Byron's squadron arrived at Sandy IFook, a 
few days after the departure of the French fleet, in a 
very broken, sickly, dismasted, distressed situalion.-— 
The provision ships from Cork, arrived also, and en'.er- 
ed the harbour of New York, in safety, to the in(\\pi<''-s- 
ible joy of tlie British army, who were in gieat want of 
supplies. 

Count De Estaing arrived off Point Judith, on the 29lh 
of July, and such was the joy upon tlje occasion, that it 
difi*used the fire and zeal of 1775 and '6, tliroughout 
New-England. Volunteers by thousands, floclied to tlje 
standard of their country, to co-operate with their illus- 
trious Allies, in the reduction of Rhode-Island. 

General Washington had detached the Marquis lia 
Favette, with 2000 men, to join the general enterprise. 
' The Arr erican force was now about JO,COO strong. 
■ Sir Robert Pigot, who eot^manded at Newport, had 

20* 



284 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

been reinforced with five battalions, which rendered his 
force about 6000 strong. Thus balanced, the parties 
commenced their operations. 

The Count De Estains: entered the harbour of New- 
port, on the I8th of Aufjust, without opposition ; n^ener- 
al Pigot having destroyed the English shipping,* on the 
5th, to prevent their failing into the hands of the French. 

On the 9th, at eiglit in the morning, general Sullivan 
be^an to crossover with his army from Tiverton, the 
enemy having abandoned their works at the north end of 
tlse island. At 2 in the afternoon, I ord Howe appeared 
off Point Judith, with a fleet of 25 sail of the line, where 
he anchored for the nigltt. 

On the 10th, Count De Estaing, eager to meet the Brit- 
ish fleet, took advantage of th«! wind and put to sea. — ■ 
The two fleets manoiuvered through the day, without 
coming to action. On the I Ith, a violent gale sprang up 
and continued through the I2th and I3t!i, which i)arted 
the fleets; dismasted the French Admiral's ship; des- 
troyed her rudder, and greatly damaged several others. 

Ontiie 14th, the gale abated, and close and severe ac- 
tions commenced between several single ships of the two 
fleets, but nothingdecisive. The Count, havingcollected 
six of his ships, covered his disabled fleet, and stood in 
for Newport, and came to anchor. 

General Green and tlse Marquis La Fayette, went on 
board the Admiral's ship and pressed him to enter the 
harbour of Newpf»rt, and complete the enterprise ; but 
the fleet was so shattered by th^ storm, and the r)fticers 
were srf^nerally so averse, that the Count concluded to 
sail for Boston. 

The troops under general Sullivan, gained the north 
end of the Island and njarched down upon the enemy's 
lines, ready to co-operate with the French fleet, and com- 
mence the attack; but their sufterings in the storm, were 
so severe, that the troops were in a de})h>rable state. 

On the 14th, they lay exposed to an attack from the 
enemy, which nsust have proved ruinous, had he known 
their true situation. 

On the I5th, the American army had recovered fiom 
their misfortunes and were again prepared for action. — 
In this situation, they continued anxiously awaiting the 

*Four frigates, with several smaller vessely. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 235 

uaovoments of the French fleet, to join m the general at- 
tack; but to their o^rief and a»tonishtnent, they saw them 
weio^h and stand off for Boston, oti the 24th. The mor- 
tification of ojeneral Snilivan, was greater than the j.ride 
of an American sohlier could siistau), ami lie expressed 
himself unguardedly, in his general orders, upon the oc- 
casion. 

On the 28ih, Count Do Estaing wrote to Congress from 
Boston, and explained his movements to the satisfaction 
of that honorable body. 

General Sullivan soon saw himself abandoned by most 
of the volunteers, which had reduced his army to a 
standard below that of the enemy, and he hastened to 
secure his retreat. 

Onthe25tn, general Sullivan sent off his heavy can- 
non, and on the 29th, he retired to the north end of the 
Island. General Pigot pursued with his whole force, to 
intercept his retreat. The advance auard of the enemy 
was soon engaged with the rear guard of the Americans, 
and a severe action ensued, that contiimed ihroujih the 
day. The next day, general Sullivan jearne;! thai Lord 
Howe was again at sea, and that the French fleet was 
not expected to retuiti to Newport, and he hastened to 
evacuate the Island. 

General Lincoln, with the advice and assistance of 
general Greene, con;lucted his retreat in the presence of 
a superior foe, whose sentries were not more thaw 400 
yards distance from the American sentries ; and on the 
morning of the 1st of Sei)tember. 1778, the retreat was 
accomplished, without the loss of a man, or any part of 
the ariillery or baggage. 

The same day, Sir Henry Clinton arrived ofi^ New- 
port, on board of the fleet under Lord Howe, with 4000 
troops, tocut off the American retieat; but learning the 
departure of the French for Boston, anrl the retreat of 
the Americans, he set. sail for Boston, in pursuit of the 
French. On the mormu}!- of the 3d, he discovered the 
French fleet in the ha'hour of Boston, strongly posted, 
and he returned to New-York. On the 5th, Lord Howe 
commenced an attack upon the American siiipp'ng In 
Bedford harbour, and debtrf»yed about 7(^ sail, besides 
small craft, stores, dwelling bouses, and ves.-els on the 
stocks, together with the magazine ; to the amonnt of 
,3^20,000 sterling. 



306 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

His Lordship next commenced an attack upon Mar- 
tha's Vineyard ; destroyed all the vessels, and carried off 
the arms of the militia; the public money; 300 oxen, 
and 10,000 sheep; and returned to New- York. 

The following extract of a letter from general Wash- 
ino;ton, shall close the chapter: 

" It is not a little pleasinjr, nor less wonderful, to con- 
template that after two years mrtnoeuvering, and under- 
going the strangest vicissitudes, that perliaps ever at- 
tended any one contest since the creation, both armies 
are brougljt back to the very point they set out from, and 
the oiTendinff party, in the beginning, is reduced to the 
spade and pick-axe for del'ence. The hand of provi- 
dence has been so conspicuous in all this, that he must 
be worse than an infidel that lacks faith, and more than 
wicked, thai has not gratitude enough to acknowledge 
his obligations." 

CHAPTER VI. 

GENERAL OPERATIONS OF THE DEVOLUTION, CONTINUED. 

Pending these proceedings, George .Tohnston, Esq. 
one of the British Commissioners, attempted to bribe a 
Mr. Reed and others, Members of Congress, to effect a 
negotiation and reconciliation between Britain and A- 
mcrica; to which Mr. Reed replied, "/<7;w twt worth hny- 
ing^ hut such as I am, the King of England is not rich 
enough to do it.'''' 

Mr. Reed disclosed the facts to Congress, and they by 
their resolve, ordered all letters addressed to Members of 
Congress, from British Commissioners or Agents, or 
any subjects of the King of Great-Britain, of a public 
nature, to be laid before Congress. They next proceed- 
ed to interdict all further intercourse with the said George 
Johnston, Esq. as incompatible with the honor of Con- 
gress. This resolve brought out of New- York, a warm 
and spirited rej)!y, from the proscribed Johnston, with a 
to'al disavowal of the facts, on the part of Sir IFenry 
Clinton, Lord Carlisle and Mr. Eden. They at the 
same time tendered to Congress, a ratification of the 
(convention of Saratoga, that the troops of general Bur- 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 237 

goyne mioht be embarked for Engian;! ; b'.it Conjiress 
declined al! ratification, unless by the British govern- 
menr, aud the tro<»ps were withheld. 

The commissioners next directed their appeal to the 
American people, and issued their publications accurd- 
iniily. Contrress favored this appeal, and it had Juil 
scope; the country had good sense enough rightiy to 
appreciate the proceedure, and virtue enough to frown 
upon it with contempt, and it ended in disgrace and mor- 
tification to the Commissioners. 

Stung with chacfrin and indignation at the failure of 
their base and in.-fidious measures, the Commissioners 
next proceeded to dt^nounce the American govern raent, 
in a valedictory matiifesro, and threatened the Arneficarj 
people with vengeance and destruction, if ihey [)erse- 
vered in their rebellion, and adhered to their aiiianee 
with France, 

Congress mft this manifesto, wuh a declaration that 
denounced that savage mode of warfare which the J?rit- 
ish had carried on in America; and particularly tinnr 
barbarity towards the American prisoners, as well n^ ths 
meanness of the Commissiop.erg in attempting' tc- seduce 
the Members of Congress and others, by bribery and 
corruption. They thus concluded: 

"If our enemies presume to execute their threats, or 
persist in their present career of barbarity, wo will take 
such exemplary vengeance as shall deter others from a 
like conduct. We appeal to that God, who Is the search- 
er of hearts, for the rectitude of our intentions, and in 
his holy presence declare, that as we are not iP.oved by 
any liaht or hasty suggestions of anger or revenue, so 
through every possible change of fortune, we vtill ad- 
here to this our determination." 

The Marquis La Fayette felt the indignity offered to 
his nation, by soaie expressicms in the njn.jifesto of the 
Commissioners, and challenged the Earl of Ca; lisle to 
answer for these reflections, at single combat, but his 
challenge was not accepted. 

On th«' 6th of Auinist, the Honorable Sieur Gerard, 
delivered his ciedentials in due form, and had his first 
audience of Cont>ress. 

Doctor Franklin was t.ppojnted at this time, Minist^^r 
Plenipoteiitiary to the court of Versailles, with instruc- 
tions to negotiate for an expedition against Canada, in 



23S HISTORY OF TJ. STATES. 

which France and America were to co-operate, in cob- 
formity with the views of the Marqms La Fa\ette. The 
Doctor was al.so instriicled to hiv hcfore the French cotirt, 
a general view of the finances of v'ne United States, for 
the purpose ot opening the way for such loans as the ex- 
igencies (}f their affairs mi«j:ht. require. 

The Marquis La Fayette, at this time, requested leave 
to return to Fiance; to whi«h Congjress readily consent* 
ed, and directed the President to express to him by let- 
ter, tliC tliunks of Congress, for that disinterested zeal 
that led him to America, as well as those services he had 
rendered the United States, by the exertions of his cour- 
age and a!>ilities, on many signal occasions. They also 
directed Doctor Franklin to cause an elegant sword to be 
made, with proper devices, and presented to the Marquis, 
in the name of the United States. Congress at the 
same time, addressed a letter to the King of France, 
expressive of the hiiih sense they entertained of the tal- 
ents and services of the Marquis. He took his leave of 
Congress, by letter; repaired to Boston, and embarked 
for France. 

Pending these movements, the Indians, in concert- 
with the tories, began their ravages upon the Susquehan- 
jiah ; entered the settlements, in a bpdy <>f about 1600; 
defeated Colonel Butler, at the head q|" about 400 men, 
and cut off his ])arty, with a terrible slaughter. They 
took one small Fort at Kingston, and then carried Fort 
Wilkesbarre; butchered the garrison, and burnt the 
women and children in the barracks. They next pro- 
ceeded to lay waste the settlements with fire and swor^j, 
and destroyed the cattle in the most wanton and barba- 
rous manner; but spared the persons and property of 
the tories. 

The following extract from Mr. Gordon's Revolution- 
ary War, may serve as a specimen of the distresses of 
Wyoming : 

"The following are a few of the more singular cruel- 
ties practised in the attack upon Wyoming. Captain 
Bra(]doc, who had been taken prisoner, had his body 
stuck full of splinters and pine knots, and then a heap of 
pine knots piled round him; the whide was then set on 
fire, and his two companions, Captains Ransom and 
Durgee, thrown into the flames and held down with pitch- 
forks. The tories were the most distinguished foji' 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 239 

their cruelties; in this they resembled the British for- 
ces. One of those Wyomini; tories, whose mother had 
married a second husband, butcheretl with his own hands 
botli his father-in-law, his own sisters and their infant 
children. Another, who during his absence had sent 
home several threats aajainst the life of his father, now 
not only realized them in person, but was with his own 
hands, the exterminator of his family, mother, brothers 
and sisters, and minsjled their blood indiscriminately with 
the ancient husband and father." 

I forbear to pursue that part of the narrative, which 
recounts the distresses of those who fled from the blaze 
of iheir dwellinirs and took slielter in the woods, where 
they roarned at hazard, as clmnce or fear directed, until 
they either perished with famine or the murderous hatch- 
et, or reached some friendly settlements, where tliey 
found christian hospitality. I'hcse are too black to be 
pursued, and are to be ranked amon^ tlie many that oc- 
curred, to evince the total depravity of the human heart. 

Such was the general alarm which these savages occa- 
sioned, and such the spirit of Virginia, that an expedition 
was sent into the Indian country, under Colonel Clark, 
against the French settlements upon the upper Mississip- 
pi, in the country of the Illinois. It had now become 
well understood, that the Governor of these settlements 
had been the instigator of these ravages. 

Colonel Clark traversed the desert with his party, a- 
bout 1200 miles, and reached Kaskaskias, at the hour of 
midnight, in a desperate situation and destitute of pro- 
visions; but being undiscovered, he resolved to strike the 
fatal blow. He entered the town immediately, and se- 
cured the whole, consisting of about 250 houses, with 
the Fort, the Governor and all the inhabitants, without 
even an alarm, and sent the Governor to Virginia, with 
all his written instructions from Quebec, Montreal, De- 
troit and Michilimakinak, for exciting the Indians to war, 
and offering a bounty on scalps. Colonel Clark admin- 
istered the oath of allegiance to this village, and sent de- 
tachments to surprise the other villages ; which was done 
in regular succession, and the oath of allegiance admin- 
istered, until the whole were subdued to the allegiance of 
the United States. 

This expedition tamed the spirits of those sons of the 
forest, and rendered them quiet for the future^ 



5>40 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

A scene of the sasne stamp of that at Wyoming, but 
from a very different quarter, is now before us. 

Lord (^ornwalhs detached 2;eneral Gray, with his Hght 
infantry, to surprise and cut off the American forces on 
Noith River, in conjunction witli a detachment from 
general Kniphausen's corps; but the expedition was de- 
feated by some d»serters, who gave timely notice to gen- 
eral Wayne, and he eluded the attack. General Gray 
however, conducted his movements with such despatch 
as to surprise Colonel Baylor's troop of horse, asleep 
and naked in their quarters, (September 27th,) no quar- 
ter was the order of the day, and the whole were given 
up to indiscriminate butchery, and bayoneted in cold 
blood, wliile begging for nierey.* 

Sir Henry Chnton detached Captain Ferguson, with a- 
bont 300 men, upon an expedition to Little Egg-Harbour, 
under a strong convoy, to destroy the American shippmg 
and privateers; but these being removed. Captain Fer- 
guson proceeded up to Chesnul Neck, where he destroy- 
-ed such vessels as were tliere, together with the whole 
village, and laid waste the adjacent country, and re- 
joined the squadron. — October 5th. 

On the ISth, the convoy a ith the troops, moved round 
to another landing place not far distant, and landed 250 
men, under the command of Captain Ferguson, who ad- 
vanced into the country, in the silence of night, and sur- 
prised Count Pulaski's light infantry ; killed the Baron 
De Base and Lieutenant De la Broderic, with 50 ])ri- 
vates. These were mostly butciiered in cold blood, beg- 
ging for mercy, under the orders of no quarters, as be- 
fore: but Count Pulas'ki cli^sed this horrid scene, by a 
sudden charge of his cavalry, that put to flight the mur- 
derous foe, and thus saved the remnant of his infantry. 
Captain Ferguson made a hasty retreat, embarked hie 
party and returned to New- York. 

Admiral Graves arrived at New-York, on the 16th of 
October, in a most shattered condition, by a violent 
storm, which detained him the remainder of the month 
to repair the fleet. About the first of November, he put 
to sea. and appeared off* the harbour of Boston, on a vis- 
it to the Count De Estaing; but a violent storm here 
overtook him, scattered his ifleet ; destroyed the Somerse? 



'^Gordon's Revolution, page 400. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 241 

of 64 ojnns, on tlie shores of Cape Cod, and forced the 
rest into Rliode Island, for shelter. 

Count De Estainj;^ havintr now repaired and victualed 
his fleet, and returned the numerous civihties he had re- 
ceived frosn the citizens of Boston, took leave of his 
friends, on the 3d, and set sail for the West Indies. 

Lord Howe on the same day, detached C^ommodore 
Hotham, with a part of the ]^ritisli fleet at New- York, 
with transports, carryino' 5000 men, to act against the 
Count intlie West Indies. 

On the 1st of Octoher, Colonel William Butler, at the 
head of a Pennsylvania rei^iment, covered by riflemen, 
commen(;ed an expediton from Schoharie, and carried 
the war afresh into the Susquehannah country: destroy- 
ed the Indian villaii:es and castles, witli the other settle- 
ments, and after enduring incredible fi^tigucs and j)erils, 
returned on the I()th, ii» safety. 

Ctdonel John Butler j)ut himself at the head of a 
stromi; party, and revenged this incursion, by entering 
the State of New- York, and surprising Colonel Alden, 
at Cherry Valley ; an action commenced, which lasted 
three hours, (/olonnl Aiden was killed; the greatest 
cruelties were committed ; fifty or sixty men, women and 
children, besides soldieis, were killed or carried into 
captivity; and even the dead were made the monuments 
of the most savage barbarities. The party withdrew, 
and returned to their homes. 

Sir Henry Clinton abandoned all further designs of 
carrying oa his operations in the north; and turned his 
attention to the south. He concerted u'irh general Pres- 
cot, who conjmanded in East Florida, a plan of opera- 
tions against Georgia. Pending the preparations for 
this enterprise, two parties, consisting of regulars and 
refugees, entered Georgia from Florida ; the one by wa- 
ter, and the other by land. The first advanced to Sun- 
bury and summoned the place; but finding a spirited of- 
ficer in Colonel Mackintosh, who was strongly posted, 
thev abandoned the attempt. 

The other moved on towards Savannah; but being 
strongly opposed by general Sereven and Colonel El- 
bert, they were cotistrained to abandon the enterprise 
and return; after laying waste the country with fire and 
sword, destroying and carr* iug ofi* the negroes, cattle 
31 



24-2 HISTORY OF U. Bl'l'TE^. 

&c. and coinmittini^ tiie most sliockirif^ barbarities.— 
GeneralSfcreven fell in the defence of his country. 

Coh)nel Cam[)bell embarked at Sandy-Hook, (Novem- 
ber 27th, 1778) with the 71st regiment of foot, two bat- 
talicng, four of tories, and a detachment of royal artille- 
ry ; total, about 2500, under convoy of Sir Hyde Par- 
ker's squadron, and arrived off ihe mouth of the Savan- 
nah, December 29th, and in six days, belauded his troops. 

General Robert Howe was posted here with about 800 
regulars and militia; but they were so worn down with 
the fatigues of a fruitless expedition into Florida, that 
they made but a feeble resistance. Although general 
Howe had chosen a judicious position to cover the town 
of SavanM.ah,yet he found himself out-generaled ; was 
surprised in hiscamj), and routed, with the loss of more 
than half of bis army; 48 pieces of cannon, 23 mortars, 
tbe Fort w'uh all its contents; the shipping in the River; 
a large quantity of provisions, together with the capitol 
of Georgia: even the defenceless inhabitants of Savan- 
nah, were bayoneted in the streets, by tbe murderous foe; 
and the remnant of the American Army, fled into South 
Carolina. 

General Prcscot entered the south of Georgia, about 
the time general Campbell sailed from New-York; and 
after enduring incredible hardships and privations, ar- 
rived before Siinbury, and took it about the time of the 
fall of Savannah. General Prescot next marched to 
Savannah, and took c( mmand of the Royal army in 
Georgia; issued his proclamation, inviting the inhabit- 
ants "to lay down their arms, and submit to the Royal 
authority, or with their arms, support the Royal cause." 

Congress, at the request of the southern delegation, 
bad app«unted general Lincoln to the command of the 
army of tbe south, on the25lh of September,but he did not 
arrive at Charleston, before the 4th of December. Gen- 
orals Ashe and Rutherford, joined general Lincoln, at 
, Charleston, with about 2000 North Carolina militia, to 
act with the troops of South Carolina and the regulars, 
in repelliiisr the expected attack from the enemy. 

On finding that Georgia was the object of destination, 
general Lincoln assembled about 950 men, and march- 
ed for Georgia, where he joined the remnant of the ar- 
my of C<jlonel Elbert, and on the 3d of January, estab- 
lished his head quarters at Purysburg. 



AMr RICAN REVOLUTION. Uti 

6^enera] Lincoln liere found himself at the head of 
only 1400 men, instead of a i\vce of 7000 rejitdars, be- 
sides the indilia of SoiUii (V.rolina and Georgia, wliich 
he liad been ).rom!.'*e(l : af»(»l even this .sniali foroe was 
destitute of cannon, arms, tents, camp nteissiis, })(.\v(ier 
and lead, exet^pr m very j-niali tjuanlitie.s. The nultia 
of South (^aro!'n:j were in th<^ habit of gninji and (otn- 
ini! as they pleased vvirh onputiity; hein^ subje<*t by »he 
laws of tlu Sla'e,to nooiher punisbuient than simply a 
fine. OMthH'24fh of ,{;inuaiy. 1779, they Iiad mostly 
returned to their h»mes, and their phiees were supfsied 
bv abuu-: lion \orrh Carolina militia undt r (^^i.-jel 
Ashe; winch auizan-nted tie army of general Linctdn, 
to the num}>er of 240? men. 

A^ this* time, irjueral Prescot moved his whole ar.ny 
into South raroiiu;!. and took p )ssession of Poif lioyal 
Island. Gem^ra :>it>ultrie put him^el^ at t!ie bend of 
the ('har!est<uj m;'itia; comm<mee(l an aitark nprni ihe 
Island; dish)dg:e I the enemy, and drove tlieuj back into 
Georgia, with «reat loss.-^Feluiiary 3d. 

C(5!(mel Campbell took post at Au:iusta, with about 
2000 re^iuiars nn(\ tfu'ies, where he fumemed divi^naig 
an<t insurrections m South (^aiohna, amongst the tories, 
whicli «;reatlv distres>eil thiit State. 

Colonel Pickins assendiled a party from the District 
of !\n)ety-Six; pursued these banditti ; ovt^rtook, en;>iijr- 
ed, killed, routed, and destroyed or dispersed their whole 
party; their leader, Colonel Boyd, was slam, and the 
remnant ihr^'w themselves upon the mercy of the State. 
Seventy of the rebels were tried, convicted and senten- 
ced todeaih: but mercy interposed, an.) onU five ,,{ the 
principals were executed; the r<'maindfr were paidom-d. 

General Lincoln ordered jijenerai VViliiamst-n to take 
a strong position ojjposite to Augusta, ainl watch tiie mo- 
tions of the enemy; and general Ashe was iletached in- 
to the upper country, witii 1500 or 2000 inen, to support 
general VV^illiamson. — February 13. 

Cohuiel (.'aujptiell. upon inteiligence of this junction, 
made a hasty movimenr the same night, and retired 
down tlie River about 14 miles. Tins movement led 
gencial Linindn to order general Ashe to pursue with his 
deiachment, and when he had gained a certain position, 
to leave his troops, and meet him at a certans tu):e and 
place, to concert measures for their future o})erations. — 



Mi HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

General x\slie obeyetl, and ilie coromanderF met accord- 
ingly. At this time, generaLs Brian and Elbert, took a 
strong position upon Brian Creek, and the uext day, gen- 
era! Ashe returned to liis post. On the saniedty, the 
British geikcial rcconnottered hiscan)p very closely, and 
the next day, Li( utenani-Colonel Pievost gained the 
rearofthe Aineiican canip,l>y acireuitous march otahc ut 
50 miles, and con)inei;ce(i a furious^ a4tack. General El- 
bert with his handlui of regulars, advaijced to the charge, 
to check the eneniy until the mihtja cou!d recover their 
surj.rise and (onie into action; hut their surjfrise was 
roused into fear, and fear into flijiht; tlie regulars ijndei* 
genera! Eiltert, were cut to j)icces, ansi general Aslie with 
hi« n.ilitia. fled lo their h.onies, inner ta be recovered. The 
Ameiicans lost !50 killed, U/2 raptured ; the wounded 
were not nunibered, and the rcnjainder, about 450, join- 
ed genertd Lincoln. 

T^his decisive victory, opened the wliole State of Geor- 
gia to the victors, together with a free communication 
with the lories of South Carolina. 

Alarmed for the safety of iheir State, they chose John 
Ruiierige, Esq. tiieir Governor, and delegated to hirn and 
his couLicil, f«di p(iWfis"to do every thing that appeared 
to iiim and them, necessary for ilie p'ubJic good." 'I'hey 
at ( nee a?send)le(' a large body of nnlitia, at Orange- 
burg, nea: •hciceriiie f>f the Stale, to act as occasion 
niiglit u(iniie. I'I.e Cjcvernor next ordered general 
Wiilnunrnii to m-uO i.artu's into Georgia, arid distress 
the enemy, !>y i-iv ug wn^^'p tl-e country and drivirjg off 
or cieslr<_\ ;i!U ;<!; 'ite hor^cS; caitle, provisions, carriages, 
&,c. they could find. 

General Liiii-iMn ^ook the liberty of remarking to tl.e 
Governor. n\ p'. < litv . UiK>n the order, as affect- 

in;- !iii.Ue,ii' ; ViUa the gUilty, the aged and in- 

firra. wonxjii ajid ciuiCiien, and filling the country with 
distres*-'. 

frrueial Lii)C()]n non Icing reinforced at his camp at 
Blac!^->WMmj'. drfe! is.inc'd, by the acivice of a council of 
war, to ;uiViince iiUo Gc 'i/iiia. wi*h all his force, except- 
inir a stidno guard io he left at Furyshurg, under gener- 
al Mou.h/ie: and take seme strong position, that he 
might circumscribe the limits of the enemy, and prevent 
bis con'U'i/iiication with ilie savages of the l-ack ccuntry. 
Genera! Prescot suffered the American General to acl- 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 245 

vaiice 150 nisles into the cuuntry, and then rtvailed nim- 
se!f ot' the favourable moment, and niade a move"^^"^ 
to surprise ijeneral Moultrie, in his canip at B^'^*^^" 
sv.amp. Tlie Genera) eluded ihis atrack, by ha^'"*S 
cban<ied his position three hours belore; aoil beitii; j^''*^" 
ed by Colonel Mackintosh, with his party from Fu'VS- 
burir. hf'^ ' ; : at 'luibfinny bridge, to intercept ^^^^ 
mar .i of the British to Cliarleston. 

Jn the first of May, general Lincoln, having learnt 
ine movements of geiwral Prescot, detached 300 entjti- 
nentals, with orders to make a rapid marcii and suj)port 
general Moultrie ; nt tiip same time, lie moved witli his 
army, into the heart of Georgia. 

Amitlst the.-o movernents and execution of the orders 
of Governor Rutiedge, tiie iuliabitanrs were so distress- 
ed as to throw themselves into the arms of the British, 
for succour and sujiport. Tins led general Lincoln to 
change his operations :ind move by fnced marrhcs, to 
support general Moul'r;e, and cover Charleston. 

Governor Ruiledge uK-k the alarnt at tlie movements 
of general Present, and b^irntal! the houses in the sub- 
urbs, to guard against the appioach of the enemy. He 
next called in the ncjgiihorin^i militia, and general Moul- 
trie joined his troitps m the defence of Chariest»>n. 

Genera! Prescot pnslied his pursuit, and on the lltb, 
crossed over the ferry and appeared before C'harleston. 
On the the same day. Count Pulaski arrived with Ins le- 
gionary corps, and entered with spirit into tiie defence of 
the city. 

General Prescot puslied his oj)eraii(?ns with such vig- 
our, to carry tlie town before i/ciiera! iiineoln could ar- 
rive for its defence, that the civil authority sent out tlie 
following pr(»position : 

" iSouth Ca:(dina vvdl remain in a state of neutrality 
'till the close of the war, an(! then fbllovv the fate of her 
neighbors, on conditn)n, ihe roy^d army will iMtiuhaw." 
To which general Prescot replied: '^ 'iije garrison are 
in arms, and they j«haU surrwndcr prisoners of war." 

General Lincoln appeared with his army, before gen- 
eral Prescot could make any seriou» impression. The 
enemy withdrew to I'.eaufort, and from thence back to 
Georgia, and Charfestcn was relieved. 

General Prescot indulged his array in the most aban- 
21* 



246 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

tloned system of pliin.ler and devnstation, and the suffer- 
iuas of Carolina Mcir .-iicli, a.^ would liave been the rav- 
a<ies of an iiu'ian invasion. More than i>000 slaves 
were carried <jff by the enemy, and sold jienerally in the 
West Incha rnaikets. 

Sir tlerjry <:hnt»)n made a diversion in favor of gen- 
era! Preset, hy sendinjx 2000 men trom New -York, into 
Virjrinia. at this time under Sir Gei^rge Collier and ifeii- 
era! Mai hews, who took possession of Portsmouth and 
the remains of Norfolk, about the lOtli of May, 577D. 

General Matiievvs sent forward a detaehment tlie same 
day, to Suffolk, w here they destroyed a magazine of pro- 
visions, with such vessels and naval stores as were found 
there, and laid the town in ashes, together with ail the 
gentlemen's seats on the plantations, wherever they 
went. Tiie fleei committed the same ravages upon the 
coa^t; and within the space of one fortnight, about loO 
vessels weiecapuired or destr<*yed, together with 3000 
hogsheads of tobacco : and the brave General embark- 
ed his troops with his booty, and returned safe to New- 
York. 

General Mathews joined Sir Henry Clinton, in a suc- 
cessful expedition against Stoaey Point and Verplank, 
and then Sir Henry moved on towards the Highlands. 

Pending these njovements, Lieutenant-Goverm.tr Ham- 
ilton, of Detroit, had concerted a plan f(^r laying waste 
the back settlements of Virginia by bringing into action 
the Chcrokees, Chickasaws, and the Indian tribes ab(jut 
Detroit, Michilimakinak, &c. 

This plan was deeply laid, and the whole interior of 
Kentucky and Tennessee, &lc. doomed to destruction. 
To expedite the plan, Governor Hamilton took up his 
quarters at Vincennes,that he miirht act the more piompt- 
ly an,! effectually. — Drcemher 15' h. 17T?<. 

When the knowledge of tl is expedition reached Vir- 
ginia, Colonel Clark assemlded 130 men, and took the 
desperate resolution of surprising Governor Hamilton, 
V " 'icennes, and by one bold stroke, putting an Mid t» 
.n. Colonel Clark, after enduringincredible hard- 
, traversed the desert 16 days, and reached Vin- 
cennes »»n the 23d of February, 1/79; carried the town 
by asssult, and the next day general Hamilion surren- 
dered the Fort, with a garrison of 7i) men, as prisoners 
©f war. Colonel Clark next detached 60 men to inter- > 



AMERICAN REVOLIITrON. 24T 

cept a oonvov of provisions from D«nioit, to carry on the 
war, which \vn.& all laken, to the amount of ot'10,0(H>, in 
goods, provisions, &c. together with a j^^iiard of -^0 men. 
Thus, by this bold >troke, the expeaition vvj^s (iefeated; 
llamiilon with his condjutors, were safely conveyed in- 
to VirginiH, and committed to close prison, and in irons, 
there to remain ft)r furtlier orders. 

Previous to these operations, Sir Henry Clinton had 
concerted uiea>ures with the toriesand British under liis 
command, to assume a general system of predatory war 
in Ameiica, and submitted his f)lans to the British Min- 
istry, who expressed tliei- apj)rohation. This })!an soon 
reached the American Commissifui at Paris, and was 
communicated to Grivernor Trumhuil, of Connecticut, 
ontheHihof April, I77l>. 

Sir Henry Clinton detached jrcneral Tryon, (late Gov- 
ernor of New Y M k) with 2000 land forces, protected by 
a squadron under Sir George Collier, and supported by 
general Garlh, to begin ilieir depredations in Connecti- 
cut. On the 4th of July, the arnjament moved up the 
Sound, and the commanders issued ti.eir Krc^claiuation 
to the citizens of Connecticut, offering pardon and i»ro- 
tection to all such as would return to their allegiance; 
but threatening ruin and destruction to all who should 
reject this overture. On the morjiing of the 6th, getier- 
al Try* n landed his division at East- Haven ; general 
Garth landed at the same time, at West Haven, and pro- 
ceeded directly to Nevv-Uaven, and gave up the town to 
promiscuous pillage. The militia collected so fast on 
th next day, that the enemy abandfmed the town in 
haste; burnt several stores on long wharf, and embark- 
ed their troops. 

General Tryon proceeded to plunder and lay waste 
the town of East-Haven; destroyingthe cattle, &c. and 
then escaped on board his fleet, and sailed for Fairfield. 
General Try<»n sent a flag to Coloitel Whiting, and sum- 
moned the town to surrender within one hour: to whicli 
the Colonel sent the following repiv : "The flames have 
now preceeded our reply to your flag, and we shall op- 
pose to the utmost, that power that is exerted against in- 
jured innocence." On the same night, the town was 
given !>p to pillage and couflajiration, which exsended 
tcK^reen's Farms ; and on the next »iay, the enemy made 
a hasty retreat on board their fleet, and lelt the town of 



^>4S HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Fairfield, smoking in ruins. Tl.is hero of pillage and 
conflagration, |)rnceeded to Noi walk, and laid that vill- 
aoe in a.^hes; then returned to ^vw 'York, covered with 
disgrace and infamy. 

General Washington at this time, concerted a plan of 
operations against Stoney-Point, which cliecked all fur- 
ther operations of general Tryon, and occasioned his 
hasty recall to New-Vork. 

General Wayne coin.nenced his movements against 
Stoney- Point, on the 15th, at noon; ana after having 
crossed the mountains, tliioiigh dangerous and difficult 
defiles, he apj^roached the Fort, about S of the same 
evening. Having reconnoitered the position of the en- 
emy, tlie General put himself at the head of his brave 
troops, and at 20 minutes past 12, precisely, on the nigh' 
of the i6'h, and entered the Fort with screwed b- o- 
nets, amidst a most tremenduous fire of muske* and 
gra!»e, and carried the lurtress without firing j; gun. — 
Lieutenaut-Coifine] Fieury entered the Vv.vi wi n liis di- 
vision, upon the oppo-ite sale, at the same tmte, and 
bo;h jarties UK t ill t!ie centre; but the i:ar;\<)n was 
sav '^1 and mad:- prisnnf rs <»f war, to the niiuthr • of .543. 
Geiif ia! Wiyne (iisiiian'led the Fort, and bi uiiht off 
the cannon, store.-, A:c. aiireeable lo orders. 

Congress passed a voie of thanks to g ^eral W r.sh- 
ington, general Wayiic, and ihec^fiicers am' soh*ier.? un- 
der tlieir comniaml, for the masterly exp\.)it in .:.o cap- 
ture of Stoney Point. 

About this time, jj^eneral Lincoln, at the head of .5000 
men, m;M-c!ied against tiie Si\- N.tiois, by the way of the 
River Subq'.sel.annah, to chn.- tisc ih( in for their ravages 
and dej)i'edati(Mis ; burnt aiui destidycil their villages, 
c<jrn, (fee. and redu.ed them to tfnms of submission. 

The to!h»w»ng memorable naval combat deserves at- 
tention. About the last of ,)vxU, the American Captain, 
John Paul Jones, sailed from Port L'Urient, in France, 
on a cruise, on board the French ship, the Bon Homme 
Richard, of 40 guns ami 37.5 men; accompanied by 
frigates Alliance, ot o(5 guns, Pallas, 32 guns, and the 
Veu::» anco, an aimed brig, of 12 guns, an<i a cutler. — 
Commodore Jones cruised off" the coast of Scotland, 
Willi his little squadron, until he fell in with the homeward 
hound Baltic fl'.ei, under the convoy of the Serapis, Cap- 
tain Pearson, and Countess of Scarborough, Captain 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 249 

Pearcy. When Captain Pearson discovered Commo- 
dore Jones, he made sail to cover the convoy, and i;ave 
siiiual ut the same time, for the Counters of Scarbo- 
rongli to join him, wliich v.as inimediately done. — fcep- 
lemher 2od. 

Commodore Jones immediately laid his shi[» along 
side of the Serapis, and conanenced an action, which 
soon became desper.jte; hut the Seraois appeared to 
reap advantaae from lier superior management. To ob- 
via-eThis,C(»mn)o«iore Jones laid his ship across (he bow of 
the Serapis, and tiic siiips j^rappled, yard arm and yard- 
arm, and the mjjzz'e of their guns were nearly in con- 
tact. In this position they lay, vomiting forth deaih, 
aiJ>i streu'inir the decks with carnage and destruction, u- 
bout i^^:) hours. H(,th s!;ii>s were frc^quenlly on fiie, but 
the Sern;,»is mtt le:-.- ili;<n ten or twelve times. The Al- 
liance att( ni!)ted to co-(ij)erate in the action, and with 
some g(M)d eflect, until tlie darkness oi the evening jen- 
dered it impossible to distinguish correctly, when she 
kiiled 11 nicn. and w^amded several others, on b*'ard ^he 
I'on Ilomme Richard. At this critical moment, ihe 
Sera|)i* struck, and closed the sanguinary scene. Ihe 
Bon Homme Richard, at the close (»f the action, was so 
much of a wreck, as to liave seven leet of water in her 
hold, whicli rendered it necessary to j emove the crew 
on board the Sersipis, and tlkC wounded on board the 
Pallas. On the 24th, her pumps were closely plied ; but 
on the 25lh, she went down ; fortunately no lives were 
lost. 

The Pallas engagyl and took the Cotintess of Scar- 
bor(Ugh, at the same time, and . onmnxiore Jones sailed 
with his prizes, for the coast of Holland, and anchored 
off the Texel. 

This memorable action gave great eclat to the naval 
prowess of America. 

CHAPTER VII. ^ 

GENERAL OPERATION'S OF THE REVOLUTION, CONTINUED. 

I pass over the expedition of Major Lee, against the 
fortress at Powles's Hook; also the appointment of John 



250 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Jay, Esq. the President of Conj^ress, as Minister Plen- 
ipoTeniiarv to tlio court of Madrid, and thai of ilie Hon- 
ourable Sannsfd Huntington, of Connecticut, as liis suc- 
tX't^^sor in tUe Presidency; also the ai>|>ointn)ent of the 
Honourable ,fohn Adams, as M. ulster Plenipr.tentiary to 
the court of St. James, to neiiotiate a peace, that i may 
continue the sou! hern war. 

Gtiierrd L'.ncohi did not attempt to pursue general 
Pr<'.scot in his flight into Georgia ; but devoted his whole 
strength to render Ciuirleston secure against a!! iuture 
invasic^n frr«m t'je enemy. 

P<-n iing ^]\v!ie v.perations, he learnt the successes of 
tiio French llv^et in the West- Indies, undev the Count 
De Esiainif, and that after the conquest of Grenada, he 
bad retired to Cape Francois. G*n<M-Mor Rutledge, gen- 
er*j! Lincohj and th(! French Coii.^nl .it Chiuleston, wrote 
the Cnunt, jtressinuly, to e(M)ie toiijc eoa^t of U(^>rgia, 
and co-operate with tiie American army, in the rf^duction 
of B.iva'.inab. 

The Co'jsii obejed the invitation, as being agreeable to 
liis instructions; and on the ist of Septcuiber. he arriv- 
ed off Cliarleston, with a fleet «)} 20 sail of the liat-, two 
of 5')i:u:)s. aM<l elf'ven Vigarcs?. A British man "i-var 
of SO guns, and tlirt-e i.jgates, were surprised anc' raken. 

General Ijinco'i!, np(m the arrival of the *. «junt, 
marched with ids whole I'orce, for Savannah; the fleet 
sailed to join him; the Fren h troops were landed in ten 
or twelve day-*, and .■onri' De Estaini; sunnnoned tlse 
town to surrender to the ariiis ol the Rini^of France. — 
Genera! Lincoln remonstrated against this, as the An^er- 
icanswere actijig m concert. The Count persisted, and 
jrenerai Pre.sc<(t demanded a cessation of hostilities tor 
24 hours, to lehberate, which was irranied. Durinii this 
time, seven or eiiiht hundred troops arrived from lieau- 
fort, ant! ieiicral Prescot determined t«» defend the town 
to the ia-.t exir* mity. The Count saw his error, and con- 
sulted jiCiieral Lincoln, and they united their efforts to 
carry tiie town by a reirtdar siege. On the 23d of Sep- 
tend)er, the Allies broke ground, and commenced their 
operations. On th'C 4th of October, they opened their 
bat'erie?; and began to p'av upon the town with nine 
mortars and 54 nieces of cannon, which coarnnn-d four 
or five days without intermission, but without any appar- 
ent effect. On the morning of the Sth, the enemy salli- 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 251 

C(3 out and atteinpted to set fire to the abattis; but ibe 
materials were ^reen and tbe vveatlier moist, and tbe at- 
teinj3t failed. General Prescott next requested that the 
women and children niioht be removed; but this was re- 
fused, and the Allies resolved to carry the town by storm ; 
the m(»rninir of the 9th, Mas the time ao:rped upcm, and 
the assault commenced. The attack was well concerted 
and bravely executed by the Allies; yet the fire of the 
enemy was so destructive, that the troops g-ave way, af- 
ter having planted the French and American standards 
upon the British redoubts. At this eventful moment, the 
brave Count Pulaski fell, nn^rtally wounded, at the head 
of his lei^ion, when chargintf the enemy in their rear, in 
the full career of victory. The Allies stipported this des- 
perate conflict 55 minutes, under a deadly fire from the 
enemy's batteries, and then made good their retreat, with 
the loss of 637 French and 2:54 Continentals, killed and 
wounded. 

General Prescot conducted this defence like an able 
General, and deserved well of bis country. 

Count De Estaing embarked his troops, cannon, bag- 
gage, 6cc. in ten days, and was immediately dispersed 
by a storm. Although seven ships had been ordered to 
the Chesapeak; yet one solitary ship only, gained that 
station ; the others stood off" for the West-Indies. 

Pending these operations, a Colonel John White, of 
the Georgia militia, with six men, including his servant, 
surprised a battallion of Delancey's corps of Royal ref- 
ugees, near the River Ogeechee, consisting of 100 men, 
besides 40 regulars, and by a masterly stratagem, secur- 
ed the whole and conducted them safely through the 
country 25 miles, to an American post.* 

Congress resolved that a monument be erected to the 
memory of Count Pulaski, who died in October, of the 
wound received in the attack on Savannah, on the 9th. 
Thus fell Pulaski, whose services did honor to his na- 
tion, and the American cause. 

On the 25th of October, agreeable to orders, general 
Pigot evacuated Rhode-Island, in great g'>od or(^i«^r, and 
repaired to New- York, to support Sir Henry Qlinion a- 
gainst an expected visit from the French fle^pT 

On the 26th of December, Sir Henry, finding the coast 

^Doctor Ramsay's History, Vol. 11. page 35 — 48. 



252 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

dear, embarked 7500 troop?, and s^ailed for Scnlli Caro- 
lina, undf^r cohvoy of A hniral Arhulhnot. 

Sir Hoiirv appeared off Charleston, about the last of 
January, 1780; but «ijc!i was the condition of the fleet 
and troojjs, that he wa& not prepared to land nnti! the 1 Ith 
of February; be then effected a landinof on the south 
side John's Is!and, distant about 30 miles from Cliarles- 
ton.* 

To meet tliis expected invasion, Con^re^s bad ordered 
on to Charleston, tiuee of the continental friirates; and 
p^eneral Lincoln had despatched a trusty officer, to the 
Havanna, to solicit the assistance of the Spanish Gov- 
ernor, in ships and troops, for the defence of Charleston ; 
promisinjz at the same time, to furnisli a force of two 
thousand men, to co-operate with the Spaniards in the re- 
duction of St. Auj^ustin^j^ 

'- -Genera! Lincoln engao:ed in the defence of Charles- 
ton, with only 1400 reo'ulars and 1000 North Carohna 
militia; yet he hoj)ed io preserve t'le town ag^ainst the 
regular approach of Sir Henry, with an aimy of or 
7(H)0 strong. 

Admiral Arbuthnot entered the harbour with such 
shi|)S as could be floated over the bar, and the American 
frio;ates retired up to the town, landed theircrews, guns, 
&c. and prepaied for the defence. 

On the 10th of April, Sir Henry had so far complet- 
ed his af)proaches that he summoned the town; but the 
garrison, with their brave (jeneral at their head, were 
firu). General Woodf.-rd from Virginia, with a detach- 
ment of 700 regulars, had marched 500 miles in 28 days, 
and reached Charleston about this time; but the garri- 
son were not auirnif nted by this force, for about the same 
number of N< rth Carolina militia, whose term of service 
had expired, nsarc! ed (»ft' for their homes. 

Admiral Arbuthnot passed Fort Moultrie, with a strong 
breeze, under a severe and galling cannonade, and an* 
chored under the balteriesof the town. 

On the 12th, Sir Henry opened his batteries uj)on the 
town ; the fire was firmly received and returned by the 
besieget\, and continued eight days. Onthe lSth,Sir Hen- 



*One ordjpance sliip was wrecked and lost on her pas- 
sage, together with several transports, and others werC 
taken by the American cruisers. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 25B 

j'y received a reinforcement from New-York, of 3000 
men, an;l on the 2,)rli, he liul carried forward his ap- 
prr)aclies to the distance of 300 yards froin the American 
lines. 

General Lincoln now called a council of war, to deter- 
mine on the exigencies of the case, and the result was 
as follows: 

"A retreat would be attended with many distressing 
inconvf niences, if not altogether impracticabie, for the 
undermentioned causes : 

1. The authority is averse to it, and would counter- 
act the measure. 

2. It must be performed in the face of a superior ene- 
my, across a River three miles wide, &.c. 

3. The passes are occujned by the enemy, which must 
be forced. 

4. All these obstacles beinjj overcome, the Santee 
must be crossed without boats, in the face of a pursuing 
enemy, ^c. We therefore advise to make insmediate 
terms wirh the enemy." 

These terms were immediately rejected by one party, 
and strongly asHocated by the other; and on the 2lld, 
Sir Htnry pushed the siege. Tlie garrison resisted by 
their sorties. 

On the 2(Mh, general Lincoln again summoned aiu)th- 
er council of war, and at the eveuiful munf nt, the flag 
of the enemy was seen to wuvc on the walls of Fort 
MouUrie. Sidlivan's Island fell into the hands of the 
enemy, on the Cih of j\Iay- 

Sir Henry Clinton pushed his approaches, and on the 
8rh, he ojjened a correspondHnt^e with genera! Lincoln; 
renewed his summons, and offered terms, &c. and tiireat- 
ened to renew hostilities ai 8 o'cl -ck The eventful 
hour arrived ; an awful, solemn silence ensued ; neitiier 
party fired a gun ; all was anxious suspense for one hour j 
yet neither party moved a jiroposition. At 9, the besieg- 
ed opened a fire upon the enemy, wh> in their turn, 
0|)ened the batteries upon the t(jwiK which threatened tc> 
bury it in ruins. The town was repeaedly on fi.-<', and 
many bouses were burnt; at tlie same time, ^^ir Heniy 
advanced hi- last parallel to the disiaiice of twenty y-nrls, 
I ^nd pH'pared for i g<Mier.il assault, by sea and lauH, 

The critical moinent had now arrived ; the people by 
22 ^ 



254 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

their leaders, called on general Lincoln to renew the 
conference, and make terms with the enemy. The 
Lieutenant-Governor and council enforced the request. 
The militia threw down their arms, and all was feubmis- 
sion. 

General Lincoln renewed the conference with Sir 
Henry, and accepted his terms. Sir Henry complied, 
and the next day the jrarrison, with all such as had borne 
arms, marched out and became prisoners of war. 

The French Consul, and the subjects of France and 
Spain, were, with their houses and effects, to be protect- 
ed ; but they themselves, were to be considered as pris- 
oners of war. 

At this time. Colonel Buford A^as advancing throuoh 
the upper country, with a party of 300 Virginians, to 
the relief of Charleston. When Colonel Tarhon learn- 
ed the position of this party; lie advanced with about 700 
cavalry and mounted infantry, by a forced march of \U5 
miles, in 54 hours, and surprised them at the Waxhaws, 
and summoned the Colonel to surrender. A parley en- 
sued, and pending the conference, Colonel Tarlton sur- 
rounded the party and cut them to pieces, while begging 
for mercy. Thirty -seven only, were made prisoners, 
and the remainder were either killed or wounded in the 
butchery. Lord Cornvvallis highly applauded the act, 
and recommended Colonel Tarhon specially, to the fa- 
vour of his Sovereign. With this blow, the State of 
South Carolina was subdued, and a regular British gov- 
ernment was organised 

General Gates, then in Virginia, was appointed to suc- 
ceed general Lincoln, in th:^ southern command. 

Georgia and South Carolina were now wholly subdued, 
and the enemy saw his v»^ay clear, to advance into North 
Carolina. 

Pending these operations in the south, generals Knip- 
hausen, Robertson, Tryon and Sterling, crossed over 
from Staten-Island into New-Jersey, at the liead of 5000 
regulars, on the Gih of June. On the 7th, they advan- 
ced to Connecticut Farms, distant about five miles, in 
quest, of the Rev. James Caldwell, whose patriotic zeal 
liad rendered him peculiarly obnoxious ; wantonly shot 
his wife in her own house; then burnt the house and 
Meeting-iiouse, with about a dozen other dwelling houses. 
The Royal army next attempted to advance to Spring- 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 255 

field; but were checked by Colonel Dayton, supported 
by iieneral Maxwell, and they fled in disor«ler. 

(General Wa.shin«;ton considered tliis movement ay a 
feint in Sir Heiiry Clinton, to open the way lor an attack 
ii|)o:i West P<nnt; he ac«tordin^ly detached oeneral 
Gn;ene at the head of a strong par'v* to watch the mo- 
tions of tite enemy. General Wa?hiniiton learninjr from 
irencral Greene, tliat S}>rinL'fie!d was their object of des- 
tinatit)n, sent forward a detachment to support general 
Greene. 

The enemy advanced upon Spriniifield, at 5 in the 
morning of the '23d oi .lune. General Greene disputed 
every pass valiantly ; hut obstuuite bravery was con- 
strained to yield to superior numbers; general Greene 
retired to the liinh <»:rounds, and the enemy gained the 
town. Here the ravages of the Farms, were renewed; 
Brirtaniu played the savage again, and S])!ingficld 
sixioked in ruins. 

Fired w.th tlie spirit of revc^nce, at this wanton repeti- 
tion of savage war, the njilitia rallied in i'orce, and iho 
Rova! a. my fled with precipitation, and returned to 
Staleii-Island. 

The operations of general Greene and hi* officers and 
troops, merited and received the tisunksof the Conjnmn- 
der-in-Cl'.ief. 

About this time, the Marquis I^a Fayette returned 
from France, and arrived at HeHu-Quurters. The Mar- 
quis .had ne2;otiated for America at the French court, 
and obtained supplies adapted to her v. ants, and new an- 
nounced to general VVashinglon and to Con:>ress, lh;ir u 
fleet and armament would soon follow him frMm Fiance. 

Congress immediately resolve*!, '* thai bills to the a- 
mount of c£25,C00, be drawn on Doctor Franklin, Minis- 
ter at the court of France, and that bdls to the same a- 
mount, be drawn on Mr. Jay, Minister at the courr of 
Spain, and the money applied to the immediate use of 
the armies." 

Sir Henry Clinton had committed the southern war 
to the charge of Lord Co! nwallis, with 4000 troops, and 
returned witli the remainder of tLo army to New-Ytn-k. 

Paper m^mey liad now become so serious and alarm- 
ing in its effects, arising from depreciulion, that Cow- 
grf ss resolved to call in by taxes, tlie sum of two hundred 
rpillions of dollars, and burn it, and redeem it by a new 



^56 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

emission of one dollar for twenty. This plan succeededv 
ant! rhuiiriancls of the bej^t patriots in the naTioii, were 
ruined by the depreciation of thn? currency, titey had sac- 
rificed their estates to support at par, i. e. equal to gold 
arid silver. 

At this time, Mr. John Adams left the court of Lon- 
don, where he had been sent in 1776, to nejrotiatc a trea- 
ty of peace, and was ordered by Congress, to repair to 
Holland, to bring" to a close, the plans of allianee and 
commerce, which had been two years in agitation. 

On the lOili of July, the fleet and armament from 
France, promised by the Marquis La Fay. tte, arrived at 
INewport. (Rhode-Island) consistini* of two ships of 811 
guns, one of 74, four of 64, two frigates ot 40, a cuiter 
ot' '20, an hospital siiip, [nerced foi 64, one bomb-ship 
and S-2 transports, under the command of the Chevalier 
de ierney. Also four old regimenis of land forces, to- 
gether with the legion of De I awzern, and a baitahoa 
ot artillery; in the whole, about 6000, cinder the com- 
mand ot' Lieutftiiant-Generai Couni De Rochambeau. 

General Meath received the Count at his lamling, and 
put him and ins troops, in possession ot the isiand, 
where they were handsomely acciommodated. 'i he 
General Assembly, tl^en in session at Newport, by their 
special committee, piesented the C(.unt with a compli- 
memary address; to which the Count replied, with as- 
sur incus that a much gi eaier force would soon follow him, 
and that his whole powers should be devoted to the, ser- 
vice of tiie United States. 

" iMie French [roops," added the Count, "are under 
the stiiciest discipline, and actiiiii under the orders of 
geneud Wushinglou, Will live with the Americans as 
bietiiien. i am highly sensible of the mark?! of respect 
shewn me by \he As.-euihly. and beg lejive to assure them 
that as brethren, not only my lile, but the lives ot the 
troops under my comnmnd, ure devoted to their service" 

Tiio Marquis La Fayetlc,a!so iiu I llie French ''flicers, 
and witnessed ihe respectiui attention, as vvcll as the 
general hilarity of the occa^ion. 

Genera! Washington recommended to the officers of 
the Ainei lean ;!rmy, in general ortlers, to wear black 
and white cockades, as a cuinpliment to their illustrious 
allies. 

The arrival of this fleet gave a shock to Admiral Ar* 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. U7 

biithnot, at New- York, vvhuse fleer aniouuted to only 
four ships of the hue; hut he was joined by Admiral 
Graves, on the 20th, with six ships of the Hne, and felt 
hinjself secure. 

With this reinforcement, Sir Henry Clinton meditated 
an attack upon the French at, Newport; embarked im- 
mediately, 8000 trooph, and moved with tiie whole fleet 
to Huntiiisrtim-Bav, on Long- Island. 

Mas«achu>etts and Conne<;ticut, took the alarm, and 
detached a strong body of militia to support iheir illus- 
trious Allies. 

General Washington made a diversion, and moved his 
whole force down to Kingsbridge ; determined to act of- 
fensively against New- York. This changed the views of 
Sir Henry, and he returned hastily, to protect his strong 
hold. — August 1. 

Lord Cornwallis, having settled a system of govern- 
ment in South Carolina, began to penetrate into North 
Carolina. 

General Gates, with his shadow of an army, moved 
across Deep River, on the 27th of July, to watch the 
motions of the enemy. On the 6th of Atigust, he was 
joined by general Caswell, at the head of a fine body of 
Nor'h Carolina mihtia, who were in good .spirits, but un- 
der bad discipline ; and he encamped at the Cross Roads, 
on his way to Camden. On the ISth, he moved forward 
his army to Chrmont, where he was joined by Brigadier- 
General Stevens, with about 700 Virginia militia. An 
express also arrived, informing hin> that Colonel Sump- 
ter wouid join him at Camden, with a detachment of 
South (^arolina militia, and that an escort of clothing, 
ammunition and stores, was on ;ts way from Charleston 
to Camden, for the use of the garrison posted there. 

General Gates immediately detached Lieutenartt-Colo- 
nel Woodford, at the liead of the Maryland line, con- 
sisting of 100 infantry, a company of artillery, with two 
brass field pieces, and about 300 Norib Carolina militia, 
to join Colonel Sumpier; reduce the Fortsaud intercept 
the convoy. General Gates prepared to support Colo- 
nel Sumpter with his whole force; total, abotit 4000, 

Lord Cornwallis, unknown to general Gates, liad en- 
tered Camden the ^^ay before, and me- ?tated an attack 
Upon general Gates, in his camp at Ciermont» Both 
22* 



%5& HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Generals put their armies in motion early in the evening 
of tite loth, and their advance parties met in the woods 
about 2 o'clock in the morning: of the I6th ; a conflict 
ensued, the Americans eave way in some disorder; but 
they soon recovered, and a skirmisliino^ continued throuj>h 
the nswbt. When morning" appeared, both Generals 
made their dispositions to contes^t the field. An action 
commenced; the regular troops were firm, but the mili- 
tia were overpowered by the British bayonets, gave way 
and dispersed as they fled. Tiie victory was complete, 
and the General and his regulars were abandoned to 
their fate. Several parties of' militia who were advan- 
cing to join the army, turned their arms against the fu- 
gitives, and thus completed the overthrow. The pur- 
suit continued for more than twenty miles, and the road 
was strewed with the fragments of this routed army, to- 
gether with the wounded, the dead and the dying. A 
party of horse, supported by 200 infantry, at the dis- 
tance of more than 80 miles from the scene of action, 
upon the first intelligence, abandoned their ground and 
sought safety by flijiht. 

The losses of his Lordship, his want of supplies, and 
the sickly season, all constrained him to abandon the 
pursuit and return to Camden. 

Colonel Tarhon continued to ravage the country ; and 
general Gates at the same time, exerted all his efforts to 
collect an army at Hillsborough ; but was not very suc- 
cessful, and he removed to Charlotte. 

At this eventful moment, general Greene, (who had 
been detached to this service soon after the action of 
Springfield) arrived and took the command, The whole 
tbrce at this time, did not exceed 2^500 men, and these 
were without clothes, magazines or discipline ; subsist- 
ing on daily collections, in the heart of a disaffected coun- 
try, and in the face of a victorious enemy. 

Lord Cornwallis was reinforced with 1500 troops, and 
re-commenced his operatif>ns. 

Colonel Tarhon was detached at the bend of his cav- 
alry, to dislodge general Morgan from his position at the 
Cowpens. He commenced hi^ operations vvith Ins usual 
impeiu(»sity ; traversed the country for several days, lay- 
in !i waste every thin I in bis course, until be arrived at 
]Vi(»rgan*s position; an action commenced with the same 
impetuosity; the Americans were dislodged with some 



AMERICAN REVOLUTIOJM. S5§ 

disorder ; but they rallied to the charge, and were victo- 
rious in their turn. Tarlton was defeated ; his ui my 
routed ; his artillery and bajijga<^e taken, and he with the 
mounted fugitives, fled to Lord Cornwallis. — January 
7, 1781.. 

This defeat roused his Lordship ; he commenced a 
pursuit, and the Americans retired. General Greene 
had the address to harass his Lordship, and yet avoid a 
general action, until he arrived at Guilford, near the con- 
fines of Virjrinia, where he made a stand, and «;ave him 
battle. General Greene, with his little army, had hoj)es of 
success against his Lorrlshijvs pursuing forces, iho' great- 
ly superior. The movements were well concerted and 
as well executed, and the conflict was sharp and bloody; 
but the militia gave wav, the regulars were overpower- 
ed, and general Greene drew off his troo[)s in good or* 
der, and took a strong position. 

The severity of the action occasioned his Lordship to 
make aretrogade movement to recover his losses. 

At this time. Sir Henry Clinton detached a fleet from 
New- York, with 1500 tr(»op3 on board, to make a diver- 
sii)n in Virginia, and prepare to co-operate with Lord 
Cornwallis. This fleet entered the Chesapeak-Bay ; 
landed the troops, and commenced the most serious and 
alarming depredations. Several efforts were made to 
dislodge them, but to no effect. 

At this critical moment, general Greene made a 
movement to return to North Carolina, and carry the 
war into what had now become the enemy's country. — 
He boldly advanced towards Camden, and jrave battle to 
Lord Ravvdon, then stationed in that vicinity. — April, 
1781. A desperate conflict ensued; victory for a long 
time held a doubtful balance ; both parties withdrew 
from the combat, and left the field covered with their 
dead. Lord Ravvdon retired to Camden, and took post 
as a permanent position. 

General Greene advanced and carried the war into 
South Carolina, and by a desperate asj^ault, was on the 
point of carrying the strong fortress of Nineiy-Six, the 
reduction of which would have recovered all South Car- 
olina, except Charleston. 

At this critical moment. Lord Rawdon retired in per- 
son to Charleston; put himself at the head of 1700 fresh 
troops, iheu arrived from Ireland, and by forced marcii- 



mo HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

es, advanced to the relief of Ninety-Six. The approach 
of his Lordship, compelled general Greene to abandon 
the assault, when engaged hand to hand, with ihe ene- 
my, and when victory was ready to decide in his favour. 
The Genera! drew off his army towards Camden in good 
order, and his Lordship pursued; but general Greene 
eluded his Lordship, by fibng off towards Charleston 
and taking a stronsf position upon the high hills of San- 
tee. Lord Rawdon retired to Charleston. 

The war, during these operations in the south, raged 
in Virginia, under the cifiiHimnd of general Philips, 
through the month of April, and the ravages of the ene- 
my exceeded al! d(scri{»iK)n. At Petersburg they des- 
troyed all the shipj)inij and about 400 hogsheads of to- 
bacco. At Osboru's iMills, they took two ships and ten 
smaller vessels, laden with cordage, flour, &.c. Four 
ships avid a number of smaller vessels weie burnt or 
sunk, besides many others, desiroyed by the Americans, 
to prevent their tailing into the hands of llie enemy ; to- 
gether with about oOOO hugrvheads of tobacco, April 27. 
On the 80th, they penetrated to Manchester, and des- 
troyed 1*200 hogsheads more, froTi thence they proceed- 
ed to Warwick, and laid waste the shipping, both in the 
River and on tlie stocks, also extensive rf»pe-waiks, tan- 
neries, warehouses and magazim s of flour, mills, <fcc. 
in one genernl conflagration, and then embarked on 
board their shipjiing. 

The Baron Steuben was op[)osed to this party of ma- 
rauders; but he could not collect a force sufficient to 
check their career. 

Gf-neral Washington detaehed the Marquis La Fay- 
ette, with a body of troops to join the Baron; but when 
he arrived at Baltimore, such was the state of his troops, 
his militviry chest, and the public credit, that he was con- 
strained to borrow 2000 guineas^ upon the strength of 
his own credit, April 17th, to enable him to proceed. — 
U|>on ibe strength of this, he advanced to Riclimond, 
(200 miles) where he was joined by the Bartui Steuben, 
on the29ih with the Virginia militia ; and they covered 
the city (f Rtehnwmd. 

The Mnrqnis La Fayette watched the movements of 
the enemv- with great zeal and activity; but his force 
wag not sufficient to check all their operations ; and gen- 



AMERICAN l^EVOLUTION. 261 

eral Philips entered Peleisl)urjr on the 9lh of May; 
tvh'^' e lie died, on the MUU 

Geuejal Greene, in his lerter to the Marquis La Fay- 
ette. d?iied May Int, thus expressed hiniseli : 

" Y<»ii mayde|)end uj)on it, tlmt iiuthinu' can equal the 
suff<M*ings of our linle ai my, hut their merits. Let not 
the love of fame o<^t the herter of youi prudence, and 
plun^^e you into a mif^foitune, in too eaiier a pursuit af- 
ter ohjry. This is the voice of a friend, not of a "en- 
eral." 

Pendinjjf these movements, Lord Cornwallis advanced 
from Giiiltord to Wilniiniiton, and left |L»enerjd (irefne 
to pursue his sonrhern ex])ediiion. From VVilmii!i:(on 
he advanced on tht- '25tii, hy forced nm!ches,to join gen- 
eral Philijss. and arrived ai l^etershurii', on the liO'h. — 
Pnilips was dead ; i>uf his Lordslnp found a forre of 
180U renuiars, whit-h was airached to his cctniinand. 

'I'hu.s reinforced. Ins Loidship advanced towards Rich- 
mond, to dislodge ihe ^'iarcpds La Fayette, vvIk was 
now (iesfined with jdxiul ^VOi) inen in\\\, to enter the lists 
With the renowned hero ot fhe South. 

F!us;»ed with his triumphs, his Lo/dship in his letter 
to Sir Henry Clinton, tlui- exprcsscfl himself: " Tin boy 
cannot escape we." l'li< Marquis tdinJed the nKJvenient 
of his Lordship, and evacuated FJichinond, on the 27th. 

Lord Co•nwai!^^• made a movement ;o prtViiit the 
junction of general Waviic wiih ilie Marcjuis ; but the 
general joined the Marquis with 800 Pennsylvania mill-" 
tia, oil the 7th of June. 

Lord Ci;ruwallis comrncnced a system of predatory 
war, aim de.--troyed ivore iliati ^ViOi) hooshiads of tobac- 
co, &c. in his march from Rudimond to Wiiliamshuri!. — 
Oil the 4th of July, he retired to.vards Portsmouth. 

General Wayne, supposing the main British army to 
have crossed Jatn(NS River, '"onimenced a suoden attack 
with his 800 militia, upon what he supposed to he their 
rearsjuard; but to his surprise, ho discovered his Lord- 
ship at the head of the main army, ready to receive him. 
General Wayne saw but one alternative; he advanced 
to the ch:;rgeat the head of his column, cimsistin;^ of a- 
bont 800 men, and : he conflict was sharp; he then avail- 
ed himself of tliis first impression, and hastily withdrew, 
leaviii" his L<*rdship in as mm h surprise; as he found 
him. No pursuit followed, from a cautious fear, lest this 



2G-2 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

feint (as was supposed,) niiglit draw him into an ambus- 
cade. 

His Lordship retired in the ni<rht, and effected his 
march to Portsmouth, and left the Marquis to indulge in 
a few days repose. 



CHAPTER Yin. 

REVOLUTION CONTINUED. 

Immediately after the departure of Sir Henry Clinton 
from New York, the hard winter of 1771) or '80, mere -is- 
ed in its severities. The North and East Rivers were 
frozen so hard as to have permitted an army, with its 
heavy canncjn, to pass and re-pass; hut ihe piivan<!>s 
and distresses of the A-.-.erican army, luxlt'r the imniedi- 
ate comiiiandof a'-aeT'd vVashiuiiton, were so severe as 
to prevent him iVom avuiiinj^ iwmself of tins uuexpecled 
event. 

imUiediately after the fall of Charleston, in May, vSir 
IlrMiV Clinton returned to INew-York, to commence the 
operations of the sea>on. 

AbsMit the inidf!Ic:of September, 1780, general Wash- 
injjr.on retired frum Head Quarters, (near New-Y(^rk) 
with iiis suit, general linox aiid the Vlarquis La Fayette, 
to uTeet AiJmirai Terney and Count Roc'lsambeau, at 
Hariibrd, (Connecticut) aji^reeahle to ap[>ointmeu( ; and 
ahuist the 2lat, the parties met accordiniily. The avow- 
ed oltje. t of tliis conterence was to concert measures for 
the rcwMs' tion of New- York. 

in Use Uiidst of this conference, an express arrived 
from Vf est Point, on the Hudson, announcin.'r the trait- 
orous designs of general Arnohl. Tlie council was im- 
mediately closed ; the parties retired, and 2eneral VVa-h- 
iniiton ficw to the relief of West Point. On his arrival 
he found the fortress dismantled, the cannon dism:>unt- 
ed, and that Arnold had fled and taken refuse on board 
the British sloop of war. Vulture, then layinsj in the 
River. 

Whilst his Excellency was emjiloyed in repairing the 
fortress, a prisoner was announced, who jj'oved to be 
the unfortunate Major Andre, who had volunteered his 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. mS 

services to Sir Henry Clinton, to nrg'otiate the trraclier- 
ous design. His clmracter was that of a spy; his fate 
was dearh ! Let us pass over this distressing scene. — 
The righteous sacrifice greatlv interested the feelings, 
and touched the sympathy of every American breast.* 

The feelings of general Washington upon this event- 
ful occasion, may be seen in the following extract from 
his private correspondence, of October 13th: 

'' In no instance since the commencement of the war, 
lias the interposition of Divine Providence, appeared 
more remarkably conspicuous, than in the rescue of the 
Fort and garrison at West Point. Andre has met his 
fate, and with that fortitude that was to have been expect- 
ed from an accomphshed man and a gallant officer; 
hut I am mistaken if Arnold is not undergoing at this time, 
the torments of a menial HcUy 

On the 8d of November, Congress, highly impressed 
with a sense of the merits of the three distinuuished pat- 
riots who arrested Major x\ndre, on his return to New- 
York, and delivered him a captive at West Point, passed 
cd the following resolve: # 

"Resolved, That Congress have a hiiih sense of the 
virtuous and patriotic conduct of John Paulding, David 
Williams and Isaac Van Vert ; in testimony whereof, 
ordered that each of then) receive annually, two hundred 
dollars in specie, or an equivalent in the current money 
of these States, during life; and that the Board of War 
be directed to procure for each of them, a silver medal, 
on one side of which shall be a shield, with this inscrip- 
tion, " Fidelity'^'''' and on the other, the following motto: 
"Vincit amor patriae," and forward them to the Com- 
mander-in-Chief, who is requested to present the same, 
with a copy of this resolution, and the thanks of Con- 
gress, for their fidelity, and the eminent service they have 
rendered their country." 

On the I8th of December, died at Newport, (Rhode- 
Island) his Excellency, Charles Louis de Terney, Knjght 
of St. John of Jerusalem, late Governor of the Isles of 



*The whole transaction between Arnold and Andre, 
was found in Andre's boot, in the hand writing of Arnold. 
This contained a plan of the works at West Point, and 
the manner of delivery, &,c. Andre was executed on 
the 2d of October, 17c0. 



^4 HISTORY OF V. STATED 

France and Bonrhon, and Cl-if^f Commander of the 
French squadron in the Ameiicnn seas. He was inter- 
ed in Trinity cliurch-yard, the next day, with mihtary 
honors. 

Ail further mihtary operations, were suspended for the 
seasoii, fin<I the war raned in the Wrst-Indies, l)etween 
the Britislj and the «M)mbined Frenfthand 8|)anish fleets; 
but the limits of this w(»rk will i3ot permit me to enter 
into the details of foreign war. 

SirHenrv Clintoji {Ifvached ^reneral Arnold m a ma>- 
raudinjf expedition, into Vir«inia, with about 1600 men, 
and a number of armed vessels; he laid vvaste the coun- 
trj upon JatJies R ver, in several predatoiy excursi(>ns, 
until his proines** Avas arrested by the appearance of the 
French squadrcn from Newport. This fleet put an end 
to the ravages of Arnold, by capturing and destroying a 
very considerable part of his fleet; and would have o- 
pened the way for the destruction of the traitor, had not 
a British fleet appeared from IS'ew-YorU, for the relief 
of Arnold, and by a na\al enoagement off* the capes of 
Virginia, wilh ihe French fleet, opened the way for his 
escape to New-York. 

The frequent chanjres in the army, owin^ to short 
enlistments; the want of discipline amongst the raw 
troops; the want of pay, cloihmsr, provisions, &c. had 
repeatedly distressed the army, and weie at last accom- 
panied with the revolt of the whole Pennsylvania line, 
excepting' three regiments. In defiance to all the eflorts 
of general Wayne and all the other ofiicers, they siezed 
on six field-pieces, and took up their march for Prince- 
ton. 

Sir Henry Clinton, upon the first intelligence, made 
some important movements from Staten-Island, and sent 
spies at the same time, to coumenance and encourage 
the revolters. A committJ e from Congress, visited tli€ 
ir.utineers at Princet(»n, with liberal as.vurances, to per- 
suade them to return to Vheir daty ; bni general Washing- 
ton sent a strong force and coi()|;el!ed ihem to return. — 
A general arrangement was soon made to supply the ar- 
mies, both vvitli foreign and domestic aid and resi)urces. 

Ab<»ut the 1st of ^h^y, 1781, Mr. Rjvington, (printer 
in New- York) puhli.shed an intercepted correspondence 
between iieneral \V ashington and Governor Hanc-ck, m 
which the General represents the unparalleled sufl:eringe 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 265 

and distresses of the American army and its dependen- 
cies, am! thus c«»nciurJe&: 

" Distressed beyond expression, at the present situa- 
iioa and future prospects of the army, with resfard to 
])rovisions, «fec. Froiu the posts at Saratoji'a to that of 
Dohh's ferry, inclusive, I hehtive there is not, (by the re- 
turns I have received) at this monnent on hand, one day's 
aiipply of meat for the army." 

On the 14th of May, general Washington received the 
painful tidin«:.s tijat Colonel Greene, with his whole de- 
tachment, had bfen cut <»fF near Croton River, by a par- 
ty of Delancey's corps, consistini? of about 300 infantry 
and dragoons. Colonel Greene was wounded ano taken 
prisoner, and afterwards murdered in cold blood. Ma- 
j*)r Vla-^g WHS kilifd in his quarters. 

On the 6th of Vlav, '^lousieur de Barras arrived at 
]>oston, in the Concord frigate, to succeed the Chevalier 
de Terney, in tlu^ command of the French squadron at 
Newport. 

When the Count de Rochambeau had announced to 
i general V\ asliinoton the despatches he had received 
from France, t!»e General with his suit, ii:enerals Kfiox 
and Du Portail, repaired immedia'^ely to Werhersfield, 
(Connecticut) where they were met by the French offi- 
cers, the Count de Rochambeau and the Chevalier Chas^ 
I tellux, on the 21st. The ostensible object of this inter- 
view, was to concert measures for the reduction of Nevr*- 
York. 

This conference continued about one we('k, with the 
{greatest harmony and cordiality, when the illustrious 
characters returned to thfir posts. General Wasliing- 
ton next communicated by letter, the follnwirii; rci^ula- 
tions to the Governors of the several northern States: 

"On the calculations 1 have been able to form, in con- 
!, eert with the most experienced French and American 
officers, the operations in view, will require, in addition 
to the French army, all the Continental battalions from 
New-Hampshire to New-Jersey, to be completed." He 
afterwards added, "As we cannot count upon their be- 
in*; full, and as a body of militia will also be necessary, 
! 1 have called upon the several States to hold certain 
numbers m readiness, to move within one week of the 
i time I may require them." 

23 



566 HISTORY OF IT. STATES. 

These despatches of sfenernl Washinirton, amongst 
others, were intercepted by one James Moody, who was 
em|)h>ye({ hy the Bntisli Adjiitaril-Geiieral, and <'onvey- 
ed to New- York. The«e ^ave the alarm to Sir Henry 
Chnton, and he renewed his exertions to prepare for his 
defence. 

At this eventful moment, a reinforcement of 1500 . 
French troops arrived in Boston. Tliese, together with 
the French troops at Newport, moved on to join gener- 
al Washington, before New-York. On the 14th of June, 
the junction was formed complete. 

On tlie 21st, general Wasliington wrote to the French 
Admiral at Newport, as follows: "I hoj)e there will be 
no occasion for a movement to ihe southward, for the want 
of force to act against New-York, as I flattered myself 
that the glory of destroying the British squadron at New- 
York, is reserved for the Ring's fleet under your com- 
mand, and that of the land forces at the same place, for 
the Allied armies." 

On the evening of the ISth, precisely at 8 o'clock, the 
Allied armies commenced a grand movement, and 
marched from their encamj)ments, down to New-Yoikj 
and at 4 the next morning, they were drawn up in order 
of battle, whilst general Washington and Count Roch- 
ambcau. with all the General officers and Engineers, re- 
connoitered the enemy's works throughout their whole 
line. The next day they renewed their reconnoitering, 
and in the afternoon, drew off their troops and returned 
to their encampments. 

These movements, together with the removal of the 
heavy cannon and mortars, left at Boston in 1776, across 
the country to North River and down to the army be- 
fore New- York; as well as the intercepted correspond- 
ence, confirmed Sii Henry Clinton in his fears, and led 
him to withdraw a very considerable force from Lord 
Corn wal lis, for the defence of New- York. 

At this eventful moment, Count De Grasse announced 
his arrival in the Chesapeak Bay, with a fleet of 24 ships 
of the line, frigates, &c. The Allied Commanders 
forwarded assurances that they would put their troops in 
immediate motion, to co-operate with him. 

Count de Grasse landed 3,300 troops, under the com- 
mand of the Marquis de St. Simon, to reinforce the Mar- 
quis La Fayette. 



AMERICAN DEVOLUTION. 267 

xMonsieiir de Barras, at the same time, sailed from 
Newport with the French squadron, to join Count De 
Grasse. 

General Washir.t^ton committed the comman<l of the 
forces hefo re New- York, to general Heath, and put him- 
self at the head of the Allied armies, and by a rapid 
movement, marched to Phihidelphia ; and from thence 
to the head of the River Elk. 

Sir Henry Clinton, in the mean time, despatched Ad- 
miral Graves in quest of Count De Grasse. On the 5th 
of September, he discovered the French fleet in Lynnha- 
ven-bay. At sight of the English fleet, Count De Grasse 
slipped his cables and put to sea, and at 4 o'clock an ac- 
tion commenced. The French were victorious, and re- 
i^aincd the Bay ; but the English retired to New-York, 
to repair. 

At this eventful moment, De Barras entered the Bay 
I and joined De Grasse, who sent up his transports to con- 
vey the Allied armies down the Bay. The Allied Com- 
manders, at the same time, held an interview with the 
Count De Grasse, on board the Ville de Paris, to settle the 
plan of operations. 

On the 25th, the whole of the Allied armies, joined 
the Marquis La Fayette, at Williamsburg; amounting to 
12,000 men. 

Pending these movements, Lord Cornwallis had re- 
moved to York-Town, and proceeded to fortify his po- 
sition. 

General Nelson called into service, the militia of Vir- 
I ginia, and tor)k the field in person. 

On the 27th, the Allied army moved forward to the dis- 
j tanceof two miles only, from York- Town, and encamp- 
; §d a'>out sunset and lay on their arms through the night. 

On the 30th, the Count De Grasse moved his whole 
fleet up to the moiith of York River, and Lord Cornwal- 
lis vas completely invested in York-Town. 

On the Oth of October, the Allies opened their trench- 
^ esupon his Lordship, at the distance of 600 yards. On 
J the 9th, a cannonade commenced from the American 
lines, which continued through the night. On the lOth, 
the French openeil a cannonade from their hues, for a- 
bout eight hours; and on the night of the 10th, a tie- 
mendou.s fire was kept up from the whtde line, which 
continued through the night. The horrors of this scene 



:M^ HISTORY OF TJ. STATES, 

were s^veally heijjhteiied by the conflagration of two 
Britigh ships, which were set on fire by the shells, md 
consumed in the night. 

On th*^ morninjy of the Hth, the Allies opened thjir 
second parallel, at the distance of 200 yards from the 
enemy's lines; annoyed by an incessant fire from ihe 
redoubts of the enemy. These redoubts were carried by 
the Allies, at the point of the bayonet; but the captives 
were spared. The conflict now became desperate, ai d 
his Lordship attempted to draw off" bis troops to Gl i- 
cester Point, and if possible, efliict his escape; but a vi~ 
oieiH storm srattered his boats and defeated rhe [jlan. 

On the i7th, the Allies opened their new batteries and 
prepared fur a general assault; but his Lordship request- 
ed a [jarley, for 24 hours; General Washington coiiserl- 
ed. On the 18th, commissioners were appointed, and , 
terms of capitulation drawn up and sent in to his Lord- i 
ship. On the 19ib, the articles were signed by bis Lord- ' 
ship; and the whole British army marched out, irrisoncs 
of war. The ships were the conquest of France. Tl<; 
same terms were presciit>ed by the commissioners to 
Lord Cornwallis, that had been prescribed to general 
Lincoln at Charleston, just 18 months before; he was 
refused the honors of war, and general Lincoln was de- 
puted to receive the sword of his Lonlsinp. 

Lord Cornwallis pressed hard for permission to em- 
bark the British and German troo|)s to Euroj)e, untler 
suitable engagements not to serve during the war; also 
that the tories might be protected; but both were refus- 
ed. His LordsLip was, however, indulged with the pei- 
mission that the i5oneita su)op of war, miuht i)ast un- 
searched; and many of the most obnoxious tories es- 
caped from the rage of their injured and insulted coun- 
trymen. 

S«ven thousand troops under the command of Eail 
Cotnwallis, tugeiher with 1500 stamen, were the sub- 
jects of tliis conv. ntion ; together with one frigaie of 
24 iiuns, besides transjjorts, (20 of which had be<n sunk 
or otliei uise destroyed) 75 brass, anr 69 iron, ordnance, 
howitzers and mortars. Also a nnlitary chest contain- 
ing ci2ir3 Gs. sterling, which, trifling as it was, could 
not fail to be acceptable to the arnsy. 

Five (lays after the surrender of his Lordship, Admi- 
ral Graves again arrived off the Capes of Virginia, witli 



AMFRICAN REVOLUTION. 26^ 

about 7000 troops from New- York, for the relief of 
Lord Cornwallis; but it was too late, the Allies were 
triumphant ; and the armament returned to New-York. 
His Excellency, General Washington, closed this glo- 
rious scene at York-Town, by publishing lo the army, 
both officers and soldiers, in j^eneral orders, the grateful 
effusions of his heart, and ordered the whole to be as*- 
senibled in divisions and brigades, to attend to divine 
service, and render thanks tothnt God who had given them 
the victory. 

Congress received the letter of genera) Washinjjjton, 
on the 24th, announcing ihe capture of the British army, 
with the most cordial satisfaction, and immediately re- 
solved to mf)ve in procession, at 2 o'clock, to the Luther- 
an Church, and return public thanks to Almighty God, 
for crowning with success, the Alhed arms of America 
and France. Congress next resolved that a proclama- 
tion be issued for the religious observance of the 18ihof 
December, then next, as a day of public thanksgiving 
and prayer, throughout the United States. 

Thus joy, gratitude and praise to God, were united, 
j$nd became universal, and swelled with transports, ev- 
ery patriotic breast throughout United America. 

Cotiifress resolved, on the 29th, "That thanks be pre- 
sented to General Washington, Count de Rochambeau, 
Count De Grasse, and the officers of the different corps, 
and the men under their command, for their services in 
the reduction of Lord Cornwallis." 

They next.resolved, " That a marble column be erect- 
ed at York -Town, adorned with emblems commemora- 
tive of the alliance betv^een the United States and his 
Most Christian JMajesty; and inscribed with a succinct 
account of the surrendry of the British army." 

Congress next resolved, that two siauds of colours be 
presented to general Washington, and two pieces of ord- 
nance be by him presented to Count Rorhambeau, as 
trophies of their illustrious victory ; and that the Cheva- 
lier de Le Luzerne, be requested to inform his Most 
Christain Majesty, that it was the wish of ("ongress, that 
Count De Grasse mijrht be permitted to accept the same 
testimonials, with the Couns; de Rochambeau. 

The troops under the command of the Marquis de St. 
Simon, were embarked for the West-Indies, and the A- 
23* 



270 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

merican troops returned to their former stations, except- 
ing such cavahy and infantry as were necessary to the 
service ol general Greene; tliese were sent forward in 
November, under the command of general St. Clair, to 
co-operate in the southern war. 

The French fleet, under the Count De Grasse, sailed 
at the same time, for the West-Indies, and the opera- 
tions of (he season were generally closed. 

His Excellency, General Washington, retired to Phil- 
adelphia, to give repose to his mind, as well as to confer 
with Co gress upon the future exigencies of the nation. 

One universal expression of gratitude and applause, 
burst ibrlh from jdl parts of the country, to the allied 
heroes who fought under Washington, and triuinpJjed fi- 
ver Britain. Ministers at the altar, of ail denominations, 
caught tiie sacred flame, and the temples of Almi2:hty 
God, resounded with gratitude and praise to His great 
name, throughout United America. 

CHAPTER IX, 

REVOLUTION CONTINUED. 

I passed over the operations of the southern war in 
their chronolojiical order, that the great and interesting 
subject of the last chapter, might be continued unbroken. 
Also the operations of the traitor Arnold, at New-Lon- 
don, &c. because I would not foul such splendid events 
with so infamous a name, nor tarnish the glorious a- 
chievenuMits of the Allies, with such infamous deeds. — 
We will now notice ihe base exploits of Arnold, and then 
carry forward the southern war. 

In the month of Sejitember, Sir Henry Clinton detach- 
ed general Arnold with a strong party, to renew the ma- 
rauding system, in Connecticut. Arnold proceeded to 
New-Londun, landed his troops; carried Forts Griswold 
and Trumbull, after a brave resistance, and pjit many of 
the garrison to the sword, after their surrendry ; reduced 
the town to ashes, nnd returned to New- York, as black 
as he iccnt. 

The officer who entered Fort Griswold, peremptorily 
demanded, " Who commands this Fort ?" To which 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 271 

Colonel Ledyard replied, *' I did, but you do now ;" and 
presented him his sw< rd ; this he took and plunged it in- 
to the Colonel's breast. A scene of Lutcliery ensued, 
too cruel to be related. 

We noticed in a tbrniRr chapter, the strong- position 
general Greene had taken among the hijih hills of San- 
tee. We wUl now notice a few extracts of letters from 
general Greene to his friends, which will disclose clear- 
ly, the ch.ii acter of the southern war. 

While before Ninety Six, general Greene wrote thus 
to Colonel Davies, May '^Ud ; — "The animosity between 
the whigsand tories of this State, renders their situation 
truly dej-'lorable. There is not a day.jliat passes, but 
there arc more or less that tall a sacrifice to this savage 
disposition. The wliigs seein determined to extirpate the 
tories, and the tories the whigs. Some thousands have 
fallen in this way, in this quarter; and the evil rages with 
more violence than ever. If a stop cannot be put to 
these massa<',res, the country will be dep;.ipulated, as nei- 
ther whig nor tory can live." 

General Greene wrote to Colonel Perkins, on the 5th 
of June: — '^The inhabitants iiear Parker's Ford, on t!ie 
Saluda, are in great distresses from the savage cotuiuct 
of a party of men belonging to Colonel [lammontrs 
regiment ; this party pi niders without mercy, and mur- 
ders the defenceless j)e(>ple, just as pique, {>rivate pieju- 
dice, or personal res(^»itment dictate. Pnncifdes of hu- 
manity, as well as policy, require that proj.r measures 
be taken to restrain these ai>uses, heal differences, and 
unite the [people as much as possible." 

In June, a general exchange of prisoners, took place 
in the south, and the Ameri(;an prisoners vvete s« nt into 
Virginia and Pennsylvania. Soon after, the families of 
all sucli prisoners as resided at Charleston, were ordered 
to remove out of the province, by Colonel Balfour, the 
British commander at Charleston. 

Near the close of the month, Governor Rutledge re- 
sumed the government of South Carolina, and retaliated 
the conduct of Colonel Baifour, upon the Royalists, by 
driving them and their families also, within the IJritish 
line, at Charleston. 

On the 7th of Septembfr, general Greene made a sud- 
den movement, and attarkei' Colonel Stfwart, at the 
Butaw Springs, 60 miles south of Charleston. Botk 



372 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

armies were about 2000 strong; the conflict was sharp 
and bloody, until general Greene ordered Colonel Will- 
iams to advance to the charge with trailed arms. The 
order was promptly obeyed, amidst a most terrible can- 
nona<;e and shower of musketry, and they carried all 
betoe them; the enemy were routed and put to flight, 
and the victory was complete. More than 500 prison- 
ers, with 70 wounded, t«»gether with about 1000 stand of 
arms, fell into the liands of the victors. 

General Greene lost more than one third of his whole 
force, in this desperate conflict ; yet the enemy abandon- 
ed their strong hold ; betook themselves to the defence of 
Charleston, and carried on a system of predatory war. 

Congress voted their thanks to general Greene, and 
the difi'erent corps under his command, with their com- 
manders, on the 24th ; and directed that he be present- 
ed wi*h a British standard and a gold modal. 

A mutiny, serious and alarming, broke out at this time, 
in the army of general Greene, which he quelled by 
bringing his troops into inmiediate action, by a sudden 
movement upon a British pf)st at Dorchester. So sharp 
was this rencounter, and such the disposition of general 
Greene after the action, that the enemy abandoned their 
post and retired to the quarter house, on Charlej^ton- 
JXeck, and the State was cleared of the enemy, except 
Charleston. 

On the 14th of December, general Greene disclosecf 
to the Secretary at VVt r, that he was destitute of ammu- 
nition, camp utensilt^, <fec. and that he could not com- 
mand one single quire of paper. 

On the 4fh of January, 17^1, he was joined by gener- 
al St. Clair, with the troops detached from the conquest 
of Yoik-^rovvn; and general Greene advanced and took 
his position near to Charleston. 

In this position, general Greene thus expressed him- 
self to the Secretary at Wnr: — " I have been seven months 
in the Jicld^ivithout taking off my clothes. Our difficul- 
'ties are numerous, and our wants so pressing, that 1 have 
not a moment's relief from the most painful anxieties." 

March 1 1th, — "A great part of our troops are in a 
dejtIojrtMe situation for want of clorhmg; we have 300 
men without arms, and more than 1000 are so naked 
that they can 4»n)y be put on duty, in cases of a desper- 
ate Mature. I feel much for this department ; ijo partoF 



AMERfCAN REVOLUTrON. 27S 

Saxony, durin^^ the last war, I i>clieve, ever felt the rar- 
aj>iP2^ liand ( f war with greater severity, than it has 
btfii felt here."* 

April 22d, — "Discontent is daily increa.-^ino-, and the 
spirit of mutiny very prevalent. 1 have been ahle to 
prove llie fact upon bin one man., and he a «er<jeant of 
the Pennsylvania line, whom 1 ordered to be shot this 
day. I hope this example will deter «>thers from exe- 
Cutin^i tlie con> piracy of betray inji; the army intc) the 
hands of the enenjy, which we have dreaded every 
nioht." 

On the 18th of .Tanuary, 1782, Governor Rutlednje 
convened the Assembly of South Caiohna, at Jacky«)iis- 
bouroa-j^ii, and they confiscated the estates of all the 
refni»:ees. 

General Greene detached Colonel Posey, with 300 
men, to join general Wayne in Georgia. The British 
commantier at Savannah, laid waste the country, by 
burnino;and destroyino* all the crops and provisions, ex- 
tensively upon the borders of the River. 

Al this time, the state of ihe army under general Wash- 
ingtfm. may he seen by the follovvin^i letter of the r'ar'>'i 
De Sieuben, dated Fi.-hkill, May 28, 1782 :—" Yester- 
day was the third day our army has been without pro- 
visions. Every dej)arinu'nt is wiilu<nt money and credit. 
The army could not make a march of one day, for the 
want of the necessary supplies. Officers and s<ddiers 
are exceedingly discontcMited, You doubtless have heard 
of the premeditated revolt of the Connecticut line, hap- 
pily discovered the day previous to that on which it was 
to have been put in execution. The ringleader was pun- 
ishedwirli death. Wiierever I go 1 hear complaints 
which make me dread the most fatal consequences. The 
distresses of our army, have arrived to the greatest pos- 
sible height. Stfaiben." 

Quotations of similar pnrport, might be multiplied to 
a jijeat exient ; but these may suffice to shew the wretch- 
ed state of the armies, as well as the deranged state of 
the finances. Who that views with attention these facts, 
can fad to see and ackn-jwledire the si)ecial agency of 
Divine Providence, in crowning with success, the Amer- 



*Fourteen hundred widows were made in the single 



district of INinety-Six. 



274 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

ican arm?, and thus opening the way for peace at thig 
everitiul cii«is, when the resources of the country were 
exiiausred, and the hearts of the soldiers ready to sink 
under the accuiniihued vveijjht of their sufferings. Let 
those of us wiu) witnessed these eventful scenes, eye the 
hand of that God who ruled the destinies of America, 
and adore that wisdom, power and goodness, that rescu- 
ed her from the ali-devouring grasp of her enemies, and 
opened the way for her national happiness and glory. 

On tlie4ih of March, the House of Commons resolv- 
ed, " That the House will consider as enemies to his Maj- 
esty and the country, all those who shall advise, or at- 
tempt the further prosecution of the war in North A- 
merica.'* 

On the 2d of August, Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral 
Digby, announced by letter to general Washingron, that 
negotiations for a geiieral peace, were opened at Paris, 
and that transports liad been prepared in England, to 
convey the American prisoners in England, to America, 
to be exchanged. 

Two shij)s soon after ariived, with 583 American pris- 
oners, at Marblehead. 

On the 11th of .Tune, the town of Savannah was evac- 
uated by the British, in good order and harmony. 

Congress pursued the plan of loans from France and 
Holland; and througli their Ministers, liberal supplies 
were obtained. All further operations in South Caroli- 
na ceased, and Charh^ston was evacuated on tiie l4th of 
Decem!)er, 1782, in tiie most perfect order, and in two 
days, the regular police of the city and government of 
the State, were restored. 

The French troops, rendered so illustrious at the siege 
of York-Town, now commenced their march for Boston, 
and embarked for France. 

The subject of peace now became general in Europe 
and America. Negotiations had been opened at Paris, 
as early as June, under Doctor Franklin, Mr. Jay and 
Mr. Adams, on the part of America; the Count de Ver- 
gennes, on the part of France ; with Mr. Fitzherbert and 
Mr. Oswald, on tiie part of Great-Britain ; and the 
Count de x\randa,on the part of Spain. 

Many points labcured ; the negotiation spun ou . — 
The British Ministers could not be prevailed on to take 
the starting point, and acknowledge the independence of 



AME^I^AN REVOLUTION. 275 

America, until tliey had received positive instruciions 
from their court. 

The fisheries next laboured with England ; and France 
did not favour the views of America, upon that point. — 
During^ this .^truogle in this C(»uncil, Mr. Adams left {Jol- 
]and,atlhe request of Mr. Jay, and lepaired to Pari?.—*' 
Upon cotasultation, they a<rreed tf» nejit-Miate separately 
with tiie British Ministers, if tlie Count de Verffennes 
did not yield the claims of the United Slates, on the fish- 
eries, &LC. This movement succeeded, and hrought the 
negotiations to a close. 

Pending these negotiations, a new scene opened upon 
the Comnjander-in-Chief of the An^erican armies. The 
troops before New- York, became infected with a general 
mutiny, founded upon a demand for arrearages of pay, 
with sufficient guarantee before they should be disbanded. 
His Excellency, General Washington, by his masterly 
address, quelled this mutiny. He then laid the whole 
affair before Congress, by letter, in which he urged big 
desires in the strongest terms, that the army might be 
gratified. Congress met tlie wishes of tbe General and 
his brave companions in arms, promptly, and voted "that 
the officers should receive to the amount of five years 
full pay, in money or securities, at six per cent interest, 
per annum, instead of half pay for life." This was sat^ 
isfactory. 

On the 24th of March, it was announced in Congress, 
by a letter from the Marquis La Fayette, bearing date 
February 5th, "That the preliminaries of a general 
peace, had been signed at Paris, on the 24th of Februa- 
ry."_17S3. 

On the 4th of April, 1783, a confirmation of the sign- 
ing of the treaty on the 20th of February, arrived at Sa^ 
lein, in the ship Astria, Captain John Derby,* in 22 days 
from Nantz. Also that the two Sovereigns of France 
and England, had ratified, and their Ministers exchan<j^ed 
the same, on the 3d of February; from which day, all 
hostilities were to cease. 

On the 10th of April, the treaty was j)ublished in the 
United States. On the 19th, his Excellency, General 
Washington, proclaimed it in general orders, to the A- 



*The same Captain that carried out to Europe, the 
news of the Lexington battle.— 1775» 



276 HrSTORY OF U. STATES. 

merican army. This day completed ilie eighth year of 
the Revolutionary War. 

On or about the middle of June, the Notes of tlie Fi- 
nancier wore receJvf^d, a r eahle to a resolve of Con- 
gress, and a general seitiement so far effected with the 
army, thar they were honorably discharged, and return- 
ed quiCtly to their several homes. 

On the 18th, his Excellency, General Washini^ton, 
addressed a circular letter t ) the Governors and Presi- 
dents of the several States, in which he impressively urg- 
ed the necessity of the following: important points: 

1. An indissoluble union of all the States, uoder one 
Federal head. 

2. A sacred regard to public justice. 

3. The adoption of a proper peace establisment. 

4. The prevalence of that pacific and friendly inter- 
course among the people of the United States, which 
will induce them to forger their local prejudices and poli- 
tics; to make those mutual concessions which are requi- 
site to the genera! prosperity ; and in some instances to 
sacrifice their individual advantages, to the interest of 
the community. These are the pillars on which the glo- 
rious fabric of our independence and national charac- 
ter, must be supported. It remains then, to be my final 
and only request, that your Excellency will communi- 
cate these sentiments to your Legislature, at their next 
meeting; and that they may be considered as the legacy 
of one who has ardently wished, upon all occasions, to 
be useful to his country, and who, even in the shades of 
retirement, will not fail to implore tiie Divine benediction 
upon it. 

The Honorable Peter John Van Berekel, Minister 
Plenipotentiary, from their High Mightinesses, the 
States-General of the United Netherlands, was admitted 
to an audience by Conijress. — October 31. 

On the 2d of November, his Excellency, General 
Washington, issued.his farewell orders to the armies of 
the United States, in the following style: 

" It only remains for the Commander-in-nhief to ad- 
dress himself once more, and that for the last time, to 
the armies of the United States, (however widely dis- 
persed the individuals who composed them mriy be,) and 
to bid them an affectionate — a long farewell," &.c. 

Sir Guy Carleton was entrusted with the command of 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 277 

the Roynl army in North Am«^rica, in May. In August, 
he reeesved the final orders of the Britisli court, to evac- 
uate ihe city of IVew-York ; and on the 25th of Novem- 
ber, hi>! onh'rs wjtc ohej'ed, and the city evacuated. 

Ills Excellency. General Wa:<hin^ron, with his prin- 
cipal officers, tlie Governor of the Srate of New- York, 
&c. moved in processi-n, attended by a vast concourse 
of citizens. The ceremony whs conducted with great 
solemnity, and div! h^juor to ihe occasion. 

When the festivity and hilarity of this interesting 
scene were close I, his Excellency, General Washing- 
ton, took an affertionate leave of the officers who had 
been his brave companions inarms; tlien calling for a 
glass of wine, he thus adn ssed them: 

" Win) a heart fdl of love and gratitude, I now take 
leave of you; I most devoutly wish that your latter days 
may be as prosperoas ajjd happy, as your former ones 
have heen gloruais and h;»norable." He then stretched 
forth his hand, and ear-h <Aue iu succession, approached 
him and bade a silent adieu. His Ex<eilency withdrew 
and retired to Piniadelphia, and exhibited Ids accounts 
to t!ie Complroiler, in his own hand writing. He next 
retired to Annapolis, where Conifress were then sitting, 
by adjourn nent, and on the 20th (d' December, 178-3, 
resirneJ his commission of Connnatider-in-Chief. 

Agreeable to apjjointment, and by notice from the 
President, hiS Excellency rose from his sear, in themi*lsl of 
a numerous and isrilliant assembly, and with the dio^nity 
of hsmsflf, a*ldressed th«" House in an ap})ropnate speech. 

The P.esident rose from his seat and addressed his 
Excellency, in an affectionate and dignified reply. His* 
Excellency withdrew. 

Languaire can n ) m;)re exoress the emotion* of his 
r soub than it can paint ihe true worth and grea:ness of 
his character. The affixations of Congress and cd' the 
au<henr»e, did honinjJie to his virtues, by their tears of 
gratitude, whioh fl;)wed spontaneously, u{)on this solemn, 
this interesting^, this momentous occasion. 

Thus closed the greatest Rpvohition that had ever 
1 been attempted, accompanied with the greatest displays 
i of wisdom, patience, fortitude, disinterested patriotism, 
and feats of arms, eyer|)efoi<' recorded ; and with a gen- 
24 



278 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

era! suecess, uncontemplated by the most sanguine sons 
of liberty. 

The liberties of America, were now sealed by the re- 
signation of that illustrious Chief, who had been the in- 
strument, under God, of obtaining and feecurinjr all her 
blessing*!, and on whose sword, hung the destinies of 
America. 

The Father of his country, retired to his seat in Vir* 
gini^; there to enjoy in the bosom of repose, the pray- 
ers and benedictions of a i'ree and grateful people. 

The definitive treaty between Great-Britain and the 
United Stares, (accompanied with the joint letter of the 
American Commissioners, bearing date, Passy, Septem- 
ber 10th) was laid before Conjjress, on the 13th of De- 
cember, and referred to a special committee, who made 
their report <>n the 14th of January, to the acceptance of 
the nine States then present. Thus the treaty was rati- 
fied, and became the law of the land. 

On the I3th of May, 17§3, the officers of the Ameri- 
can army, formed themselves iuto a Society, and enter- 
ed into the following comj.act : 

"The f»fficers of the army, do hereby in the most sol- 
emn manner, associate, constitute and combine them- 
selves into a Society of fiiends, fo endure so long as they 
shall endure, or any of their eldest male posterity ; and in 
failure thereof^ the collateral branches, who may he judged 
worthy of becoming its supporters and members^ This 
Society, thus formed, was denominated the Society of 
Cincinnati; in honor of that illustrious Roman Chief, 
Quintus Cincinnatus, whose virtuous valour, saved his 
Country. 



% 



CHAP i KR I. 

CAUSES THAT LED TO A CHANGE IN THE GOVERNMENT OP THE 
UNITED STATES 

At the close of the American Revohition, the flood- 
gates of connntrce were thrown <>j»eii to the w«»rld. — 
Great Bntain, France aiiH HoSlanH, throiioh their own 
Ajjents, croivded their niandfactores into the Ainfrican 
market, wfuch nor only inlVinge<i upon the riji'htj* of the 
American merchants, hut broujiht (Hi colhssious! between 
the merchants and the jrovernmeiit. To «'liviaic the 
evik; and j»rom<»ie the jyuhhc revenue, Coni>r«'>s attempt- 
ed to lay a national impost, which failer!. This opened 
the eyes of the American people, to the necessity oi' a 
more effi'ient government. 

Cotjoiess, in the year IT84, passed resolutions recom- 
mend.ng it to the several States, "to vest the United 
States*, in t 'ongiess assembled, tor the term of fifteen 
years, with powers to prevent any goods, wares or mer- 
chan<iise, from beitiii imported into, «r exported from, 
the United Slates, in vessels belonging to, or 'iavigaied 
by, the subjects of any f)OWer wilii whom the Umled 
States shall not have formed treaties of commerce," ik^c. 
In February, 1785, Congress ajjpointed .lolin Adams, 
FiSq. as Minister Plenipotentiary, to the court of G -eat 
Britain, for the express purpose of negotiating a com- 
mercial treaty. The mission failed, uj)on the ground 
thai Congress possessed no powers to enforce the 
dne obit,ervance of such treaty. The c(mtempt which 
Grefit Britain thus expiessed towards the powers of 
Congress, opened the eyes of the j)eoph\ and led tliem 
again to see the necessity of a more efficient govern- 
ment. A spirit of discontent biirsr forth in Boston, and 
filled their Gazettes with warm resolutions, winch re- 
suited m an address to their Legislature ; a petition to 
Congress, and a circular letter tf) the merchants of all 
the trading towns iij)on the sea coast, in the United States. 
This memorial was backe<l by another of similar, pur- 
port, from the merchants ol Philadelphia. The sub- 
jecT was felt throughout the nation, and the alarm be- 
came general. 



380 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Conofess met these petitiony by originating several 
resolutions, recommcjulintj it to the several States to vest 
in Congress, sufficient powers, under certain restrictions, 
to rei»ulale commerce. &c. But such was the jealousy 
of the States, that these resolutions were not adopted, 
and the discontent of ihe people became more serious 
and alarming. 

Mr. Adams also presented a memorial to the British 
Minister, complaining of the infi action of the 7th arti- 
cle of the treaty of peace, on the part of Gilpat Britain, 
in withholding the military posts on the western fron- 
tier. 

Lord Carmarthen met the memorial with an explicit 
acknowledgement of the fact; alledging at the same 
time, that America had given just cause for this, by vio- 
laiing the 4th article of the treaty, in withholding the 
payment of such b«ina fide debts as were embraced in 
thai article, and added, "whenever this embarrassment 
shall be removed, ihe 7th article shall be fulfilled, and 
the posts delivered up," &:c. 

This declaration openetl the eyes of Congress to a 
true sense of their situation, and shewed the government 
to be n</ihing more tlian a rope of sand. In this state of 
things, the evidences of public debt, were undergoing a 
rapid depreciation, under the corruptest system i)f spec- 
ulation, until the) were run down to the pitiful sum of 
two shillings and sixpence on the pound. 

Alarmed for the safety and honor of the nation, tlie 
Legislature of Virginia, in January, 178(3, adopted a 
resolution for the appoiittment ot Commissioners, to 
convene at Annapolis, with such as miaht be appointed 
by the other States, to take into C(>nsi(leration the com- 
mercial state of the nation; establish a uniform system, 
and ref.ort to the States, for their ranficaiion. Five 
Stales only, were represented in this council, and the 
Con>missioners rose and abandoned the object; but in 
their report, tiny rect nmended that Coniniissioi.ers be 
appointed by all the States, to meet at Philadelphia, in 
May next, for ilie express purpose of revising the arti- 
cles of confederation, and erdarging the powers of Con- 
gress. 

On the 21st of February, 1787, Congress met the re- 
commendation of the Commissioners at Annapolis, by 
the follovvinu: resolve: 



GOVERNMENT OF U. STATES. 281 

"Resolved, Thai in the opifuon of Conj^^ress, it is ex- 
pedient that, on the 2d of May uexi, a convention of del- 
egates he convened ar Phi!adelj)hia, vv'lio shall Ijave been 
appointed by tlie several States, for the express pur])ose 
of revisitij^ the articles of confederation, and reporting 
to Congress and the several Legislatures, such altera- 
tions and provisions therein, as sliall, when agreed to in 
Congress, and confirmed by the States, render the fed- 
eral Constitution adequate to the exigencies of govern- 
ment, and the preservation of the Uiuon." 

On the 19lh of May, 1787, this Convention met at 
Philadelphia, agreeable to ap(»ointment ; twelve States 
were represented ; hut Rhode- Island declined. 

His Excellency, General Washington, was unanimous- 
ly chosen President ; Charles Thompson, Esq. was cho- 
sen Secretary ; and the Convention jiroceeded, with 
closed doors, to the momentous subject L'efore them. 

When the Convention had accomplished the object of 
their labors, and agreed upon a form of government, 
they resolved, " That it should be laid before the United 
States, in Congress assembled, and from thence be sub- 
mitted to a Convention of delegates, chosen in each 
State by the people thereof, under the recommendation 
of its Legislature, for their assent and ratification. — 
That as soon as nine States shall have so ratified the 
constitution, it shall be carried into operation by the 
United States, in Congress assembled." 

The President was then dir:>ctet!, by the unanimous 
resolve of the Convention, to transmit the same to Con- 
gress ; which was accordingly done under his signature, 
September 17th, with the following remarks: 

" The Convention have resolved that this constitution 
be transmitted to Congress, as the result of a spirit of 
amity, and of that mutual deference and concession 
I which the peculiarity of their political situation, render- 
ed indispensible. 

"That it will meet the full and entire approbation of 
j. every State, (adds t»ie PresiiJent) is not to be expected; 
but each will doubtless consider, that had her interests 
been alone consulted, the consequj-nces mi.uht have been 
particularly disaijreeable or injurious to others. Thatit< 
is liable to as Cew exceptions as could reasonably have 
been expected, we hope and believe. That it may pro- 
I- 24* 



282 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

riK^to the lasting welfare of our country, so dear to us 
al! and secure her freedom and happiness, is our ardent 
wisli." 

Previous to the meeting of this convention, an alarm- 
inii" insurrection had broken out in the Slate of Massa- 
chusetrs, under Captain Daniel Slsuys, which thn alened 
the subversion of the gnverntnent, and filled the country 
witi>. alarm. This doubtless, Isad its influence in nniling 
the Convention, and the nation in a general system of 
government. 

Fending the State deliberations upon the merits of 
the new constitution, in their several State Conventions, 
a series of numbers appearei' in the JNew-York papers, 
under the signature of the ^ edcralist, which displayed a 
strength of character and talents, that bore down all op- 
position, and evinced to the people of the United States, 
that under G(td, the Federal Constitution was destined to 
become the j)alladiam of United America. 

Eleven Stales assented to, and adoj,ted the Constitu- 
tion in their several Conventions, promptly ; and the ne- 
cessary preparations as pron;pt!y made, to cairy it into 
eftect. 

Electors were chosen by the several States, agreeable 
(othendes p!e^cril!ed by tlie C(>nsntiilion. who met in 
December, and nave an unanimous suffrage for (uMtrge 
Washin4!ton, as Psesident, and a majority for J(din Ad- 
ams, as Vice-President. A new Congress was chosen, 
which was convened in the city of New- York, in March 
fo!!<(wing, On the 6rh of April, a quorum of both Hous- 
es was formed. On the 14th, President \^ ashin^iton 
was officially notified of his appointment. OniheSOth, 
he was indueted into office, in the presence of the most 
numerous, brilliant and dignified assembly, and upon the 
m(»st inicresting and eventful occasifiu that United Amer- 
ica had evci witnessed. A scene wherein it was difficult 
to say which of Use rwova.>-mosr ndnuYt^dy the greatness 
©f the hero^ or ilm goGciness of the juan. 



CHAPTER I. 

ORGANIZATION OF THK FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ORIotN 

OF PARTY. 

When the President had been regularly inducted in- 
to office, he retired to the Hall of the Senate, vvliere he 
convened the House of Representativeij, and addressed 
both Houses in a most dignified and appropriate speech, 
in winch were conspicuously displayed, the modest i/ of the 
! man; the wisdom of the statrsman, and the ajfectionate so- 
licitude of the Chief Magistrate. 

The Sen;jte and House of Representatives, returned, 
each, a most respectful and affectionate reply; highly 
expressive of that mutual harmony that glowed in their 
breasts. 

A permanent revenue for the support of government 
and tlie public faith, becanie one of the first objects of 
Ie^i^lation. To effect this, Mr. Madison, of Virginia, 
introduced a bill for tlie purpose of raising a revenue by 
the way of impost and tonnage duties, which was reg- 
ularly adopted. 

Mr. Madison next brought forward a proposition that 
several new articles b(( added to the constiiution, by way 
of amendment, and submitted to the several States for 
their approbation. Twelve new articles were according- 
ly agreed upon and submitted to the several States, and 
by a majority of three-fourths of them, approved and 
added to the (/onstitution. The obj(!Ct of these amend- 
ments, Wits to promote a more general harmony in the 
public mind. 

The officers of the Cabinet, next claimed the atten- 
tion of Congress, or rather < f th*3 President, whose ciuty 
it was to make the nominatifms, Thomas Jefi^irson was 
accordingly nominated to the office of Secretary of State. 
Colonel Hamilton was nominated Secretary of the 
Treasury; General Knox, Secretary at War, and Ed- 
mund Randtdph, Esq. Attorney- General. 

The Presitlent next proceeded to nominate the Judi- 
ciary Department, at the head of which he placed the 
Honorable John Jay, Esq. With Mr. Jay were associT 



284 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

ated the Honorable John Rutledge, James Wilson, Will- 
iam Gushing, Robert Harrison, and John Blair, Esqs. 
All which weie approved and regularly inducted into 
their several offices. 

The same anxious solicitude attended the President, 
in selecting the officers of the District Courts ; and thus 
through the wisdom and integrity of the Chief Magis- 
trate, the departments of government were tilled with 
tlie first weight of talents and respectability, as well as 
responsibility, in the nation. 

\^ ho that surveys the weight of character that filled 
the offices of President, Vice-President, and all the a- 
bove departments, can fail to ack now led jjre that such an 
assemblage of virtue and dignified worth, has rarely, if 
ever, been attached to any government on tiarth. 

Congress next passed the followin^^^ resolutions: 

1. " That the House consider an adequate provision 
for the support of the public credit, as a matter of high 
importance to the national honor. 

2. "That the Secretary of the Treasury, be directed 
to prepare a plan for that purpose, and report the same 
to the House, at their next meeting." 

Congress then adjourned on the 29th of September, to 
meet on the 1st of January. 

What wisdom, what firmness, what integrity, what 
zeal for the public good, and yet what concord and una- 
nimity between the several departments of government ! 
Ail, all consf»ired to shev/ that the power of G^d, the 
wisdom of God, and the goodness of God, had all been 
conspicuously displayed in laying the foundation of the 
govcrnmeiit of Fciicial Anjerica. 

On I he |.5lh oi October, the President commenced his 
tour through the J^Jo^tljern States, accompanied by Ma- 
jor Jacks* i< and Mr. Lear, his private Secretary. He 
exten(!ed hi,- route as far as Portsufou-h ; visited the 
theatre of the first cr.mpaign, and returned to New- 
York on the 13th of ISovemher. 

To shew the numerous expressions of affection and 
respect which. fi(nved i'rnnt the constituted authorities, 
coi porate biddies' and literary institutions, particular 
tradcfc and occuj/ations, the militia, t((gelher with every 
cla^^ of citi/.ci.s, who vied with each other, in their res- 
pei'iiul and aft'eciiimate addrej^^es to the father of his 
country, accompanied with illuminations, military par-- 



GOVERNMEiNT OF U. STATES. 285» 

tides, triumphal arches, &c. would exceed the powers of 
m_) pen. 

The affectionate warmth and s nrerity with which 
President Washina^toii rvciprorated tiie addie-ses of his 
fellf)W-citizens, may be seen in tije following reply to the 
address ot' the citizens of the town of Bost(»n. 

" I rejoice with yon, tny fell«>w-citizens, in every cir- 
cumstance tiiat declares your prosperity; 1 dt) so the 
most cordiahy, because you have well deserved to be 
haj.'py. 

'* Your love of liberty; your respect for the laws; 
your habits of industry, and your practice of the moral 
and reli<rionsoblljiations, are the strongest claims to na- 
tional and individual happiness. And the> will 1 trust, 
be firmly and lasfinijly fsfabli^iied." 

The president pMsspii by Khode-Island, because she 
had not yet joined tlic }'ederai Union. 

In the montli of Novenil»t.'r, North Carolina, by her 
State Convention, f^doptcd the Constitution, making the 
12th pillar in the National Covei nment. 

On the 8th of Jnniuiry, 1790, the President opened 
the second session ot the fi; frt Conorcss, by a dijir;ified 
address to both Houses. In this speech, the President 
called up the attention nf Congress to the necessity of 
pr<tvidino- for the public defence, by a well regulated mi- 
litia together wjtli a serious a'tentiou to suvh manufac- 
tories ,;s miixht be essential to their military d-^fence. — 
The sentiments of the President upon the subject of lit- 
erature, were thus ex[)re-ss(^d : 

"Nor am 1 less persuaded that you will ao^ree with me 
in opinion, that there is nothing that better deserves your 
patronasje, than the promotion of science and literature. 
Knowledge is in every country, the surest basis of pub- 
lic happiness," 6lc. 

J Tliis speech was received in both Houses, with the 
most affectionate zeal and concord. 

The report of the Secretary of the Treasury, in obe- 
dience to the resolution of Congress, of the 21>t of 
September, claimed the next attention of Congress. 

"Good faith," says the Secretary in his report, "is 
recommended, not only by the strongest inducements of 
I political expediency, but is enforced by considerations 
of still greater authority," &c. 

*'Thedebt of the United States, is the price of liberty. 



^85 HISTORY OF U. STiTFS. 

Tlje faith of the nation has been frequently plerJajed for 
it, vvirli sfdemnities thai gave peculiar force to the oblifra- 
tion," Slc. 

On tlie 28ih, this report came rejiularly before the 
Ho^J^e tor discus>i(»M : but it was jostpoiied until iht- 8th 
of February, to give time for consideration and reflec- 
tioij. 

On theSth of February, Coiijitetis resumed this inter- 
estijiu and iniporturil .^ulject.. whcl opened a field of 
debate that shook tl e ^rAnin » n Ktitsf: touncUitu-n. 

Pri^vision was niaiie lor the foreiori debt, cordially and 
unanimously, hut the provision for she (ioniestic «jebi. ex- 
cited oreat warmth of feelinji- and may fairly be said to 
be t!ie on^m of a|l that division of jsentiment, which for 
alonii time, agitated the national coiinods. 

The evidences of the domestic debt, were then cur- 
rent in market at 2.^. 6d. on the p(»uiid, and this it waa 
conit Hded, was ail that the bobbers of the debt had a 
righi to claim. To thus it was objected, that the orig- 
ina- holders oujjhi n(^t to be deiriiuded of their just 
right?, because 1^ naves and tools Itad parted with theirs 
for a less sum tlum its nominal value. 

Mr. Madison then aitempted to introduce a resolution 
that wculd do justice to both parties, by jrrai-tiisy to the 
oriamal holder, the full value c-f the lace ot his debts, 
and to the sjtculator, the iulS vuli?e ol what he honestly 
paid in ihii marker. 1 his oj^nei^ a toirent of debate, 
with such warmth and z» al. as shook the ofrvf inn en» to 
its centre. The resolution was lost, aid ilie report of 
the Secretary, that the Jull Limnnt of oU the evidences of 
the national debt, should be religiovdy yaid^ was finady 
carried. 

The next question that claimed the attention of Con- 
gresG, was the assumption of the State debts, in connec- J 
lion with the nati(*nal debt, stileri the fundinff system, || 
wliich was also jec« nmiended by tlie Secretary of the 
Treasury. Thisopenfd anothei wa:n- and animated 
field of debate, and at tliis time was rejected; bui a bill 
havino jmssed soon aftei, for vcn-* \inij the ^evernnient 
from JNew-York to Pliilar^eljhia, f(»rten years, and trom 
thence to the banks of the Potonmc. as a jiermanent es- 
tabh^hment ; the subject was lesi^nco. am^ the bill to 
.^ttablish the funding s^stcn., was finrdl} ac'opted. 

It was next proposed that cerlain deductions should 



GOVERNMENT OF U. ST VTES. 287 

be made voluntarily, by the public ere Utors, and that the 
debt become irredeemai)le, otherwise than bv the con- 
sent of the creditor, except in certain specific propor- 
tions. 

This r:^sokuion opened aifain a torrent of debates ; 
but was finally carried in the affir (native. 

The proceeds of the sales of the pnblic lands, lying 
in the western territory, to gether with the surplus reve- 
nue, and a loan of two millions of dollars, which the 
President was authorised to borrow at 5 per cent, were 
to be applied as a sinking fund, for the redemptjt>n of 
the [)ub!ic debt. 

This measure laid the foundation of public credit, up- 
on a basis that raised the depreciated debt from •2^. 6. im- 
mediately up to 20s. on the pound ; and in a short time 
after, to a handsome per centaoe above par. The 
strength thus given to pul)lic credit, realized immediate 
fortunes to the extensive holders of {)ublic securities, 
and gave a general spring to the affairs of rhe nation. — 
New efforts and new energies sprang up thr()Ui»h<)ut the 
nation. Public confidence, public and private credit, a 
spirit of agriculture, commerce, and enterprise, univer- 
sally prevailed. A foundation was laid for all that un- 
rivalled prosperity America has enjoyed, and all that 
greatness she is destined to enjoy. 

On the I2i;h of August, Congress adjourned, to meet 
at Philadelphia, on the first Monday of December fol- 
lowing. 

During these proceedings of Congress, a general !ios» 
tile disposition appeared amongst the western and south- 
ern Indians, which threatened the peace of the western 
frontiers. To obviate this calamity. Colonel Willett was 
despatched on an embassy to the Creek Nation, with 
overtures of peace, which so far succeeded as to cause 
M'Giliivry to repair to New- York, with several of his 
Chiefs, and there settle a peace, on tlie 7th of August, 
1790. 

Spain not only attempted to defeat this treaty, at New- 
York, by her agents; but convini-ed to embarras the 
western section of the United St Ues, by her restrictions 
upon the navigation of the Mississippi River. 

Great Britain also continued to hold the western posts 
find through their influence, to excite the savas^es in 
'their vicinity to acts of hostility with the United States^ 



ms HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Upon the return of Mr. Adams from the court of Lon- 
don, the Presidrnt had ein[)ov7ered Mr. G.jverneiir Mor- 
ris, (then m Enrope) to effect a ifeneia! iiegotiition with 
the British Oahinet, upon the poitus in controvert^y ; hut 
it attain faded, and the savajies up!)!i the vvesiern fron- 
tiers, continued their murders and depredations. 

The Pies'dentini[>r()ved this recess of Conp^re^;s, to 
visit his heloved seat at Mount Vernon, and give perma- 
nence to hiii health, by relaxing his mind from the cares 
of puhlic \\fe. 

Rhode-Island still stood ahiof from the Federal Un- 
ion. To concihate the passion? and feelinjjs of this 
State, tlie President niade an excursion into Rhode-Isl- 
and, previous to his departure for his seat in Virainia; 
where he was received with all those expressions of grate- 
ful affection and respect, which had heen shewed Iiim 
in his tour through the other New-England States. 

On the first Monday of December, the President met 
Congress, at Philadelphia, agreeahle to their adjourn- 
ment, by a customary si)eech. He noticed particularly, 
the pleasure he derived from the flattering prospects of 
public credit, and a productive revenue, &c. as being 
not only a " pledge of the fertility of the national re- 
sources, but an honorable testimony of the |)ntriotic in- 
tegrity of rhe mercantile part of the community." 

Triis address was echoed from both Houses of Con- 
gress, with all that fflow of muuial confidence audaflec- 
tion which had marked the replies of former sessions. 

The Secretary of the 'JVeasury, then followed witli 
sundry reports, recommending such further measures as 
werr judged necessary to complete the establishment of 
puhlic credit. 

The first object recommended in the report, was a du- 
ty on win( s, spirits, teas, coffee, &.c. and domestic dis- 
tilled spirits. The bill introduced upon this report, o- 
pened the flood-gates «»f the passions, and produced a 
torrent of debate; in which reason, good sense, and e- 
ven common sense and common decency, were cairied 
away in the storm. A general increase of the duties on 
imported articles was proposed, as a subsl t le for the du- 
ty on domestic spirits ; also an amendment to the hill 
was proposed, by striking out the duty on domestic spir^ 
its, and lost, 36 to 16. The original bill was carried, 36 
to 31; 



GOVEI^NMENT OF U. STATES. 2S9 

The Senate originated a bill, agreeable to the report 
©f the Secretary of the Treasury, for the establishment 
of a national bank* This opened again the field of 
wordy war, and the whole artillery of the south, was 
played off against the bill, as being unconstitutional, as 
well as inexpedient. These arguments were met by the 
firmness of the north; and these two great sections of 
the Union, now appeared for the first time, arrayed a- 
gainst each other. 

To allay the storm, the President called upon the 
heads of departments, to examine the subject, and give 
their opinions in writing. 

The Secretary, in this council, supported his report, 
against the opinions of the Secretary of State and the 
Attorney-General ; and when the bill was passed, it re- 
ceived the signature of the President; but the parties 
were still at issue in feeling, and never became reconciled. 

These great questions involved also, the question of a 
due balance of power, between the Federal and Stat€ 
governments. 

One party claimed and maintained, that the whole 
strength of the nation, depended upon a preponderance 
of power in the Federal government. The other con- 
sidered that the safety of the nation, depended on main- 
taining such a balance between the Federal and State 
governments, that an equilibrium should be preserved, 
and each remain independent, agreeable to the true sense 
of the Constitution. 

This division of sentiment, became involved in every 
great national question, for many years ; but is now 
most happlily, wholly done away. 

Thus balanced, the parties continued to act until the 
3d of March, 1791, when, after passing an act to aug- 
ment the military establishment of the United States, 
Congress adjourned. 

The feelings of the parties in Congress, were now 
generally diffused through the nation, and the people be- 
gan to be engaged in the controversy, with. zeal and bit- 
terness. 

25 



290 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 
CHAPTER H. 

INDIAN WAR AFFAIRS OF GOVERNMENT, &C. 

Pendinsr this strife of party, and the collisions of tliis 
wordy war in Conirress, an Indian war broke out npon 
the nor'h western frontier, which became serious and a- 
larmiiii2^ in its operalians and effects. The President 
had exhausted the whole fiehl of pacific arrangements, 
to avert tins slorm, but without effect; and he saw no 
otJjer alternritive, but the sword. A military force was 
accor(liu<»lv sent against the Indian settlements upon 
the Scioiaand Wabash Rivers, under the command of 
that old revolutionary veteran. General Harmar. About 
the 15rh of October, he commenced his operations, at 
the head of 1500 men, and laid waste the villages of the 
enemy, upon the Sciota, without much opposition, and 
commenced a retrogade movement, to re-gain his posi- 
tion at Fort Washington. Near the village of Chillico- 
the, a detachment of 300 men under Colonel Harden, 
supported by Majors Wyllys, McMillan and Fontain, fell 
into an Indian ambush. Majors Wyllys and Fontain, 
fell early in the conflict, and Colonel Harden effected his 
retreat, with the loss of more than two-thirds of his par- 
ty. General Harmar made good his retreat, and re- 
turned to Fort Washington. 

The President nvailed himself of an act of Congress, 
and caused a body of levies to be raised, for six months, 
and appointed Major-General Arthur St. Clair to the com- 
mand, as successor to General Harmar ; with full pow- 
ers to treat with the savages and settle a peace. 

Things being thus arranged for the north-western ex- 
pedition, the President commenced his southern tour, 
to pay a visit to that section of the Union, as he had 
done to the northern or eastern, before. Here he was 
highly g^atified to find in (?very state, the same cordial 
exi)ressions of the most affectionate regard and respect, 
that had so much delighted him in his northern tour. — 
In his letter to Governeur Morris, of the 2Sth of July, he 
thus expressed himself: 

" In my late tour through the southern States, I ex- 
perienced jrreat satisfaction in seeing the good effects of 
the general go\eniment, in that part of the Union, &c. 
Industry has there taken place of idleness, and econ'? 



INDIAN WAR. ^91 

<omy of dissipation. The establishnoent of public crtd 
il, is an imnieijse point j^uined, jn our national concerns. 
A late instance hab been given, of the confidefice repos- 
ed in our measures, by tlie rapidity with which ihe sub- 
scriptn)as to the national bank were filU^d. In two hours 
after the books were oprr.ed, the whole number of shares 
were taken up, and four thousand more applied for, 
th.\n were allowed by the institution," &c. 

The recruitinj^ service progressed so slowly, that th« 
President availed himself of that part of the act of 
Cono:ress, that authorised him to call a force, to any ex- 
tent, of mounted militia, in defence of the western fron- 
tier. He accordingly sent forward two expeditions, in 
the sprinjr of 1791, atjainst the Indian settlements on the 
Wabash River ; which laid waste their villages and corn- 
fields; destroyed many of their warriors, and brought 
off their old men, women and children. 

The object of this predatory warfare, was to compel 
the enemy to settle a just and equitable peace. The 
©bject failed; the enemy were exasperated, but not hum- 
bled. Their renewed murders and ravages, called up 
the attention of the nation, to the causes that excited and 
promfUed these savai£e depredations. This was traced 
to the influence of the British, at the western military 
posts. The President remonstrated against this proce- 
dure to Lord Dorchester, Governor-General of Canada. 

At this eventful moment, the second C/ongress conven- 
ed at Philadelphia, October 24th, 1791, agreeable to ad- 
journment. 

The President, in his speech at the opening of the 
session, congratulated Congress upon the prosperous 
state of the nation, &,c. and thus concluded : 

" It is dvjsirable upon all occasions, to unite with a 
firm and steady adherence to constitutional and neces- 
sary acts of government, the fullest evidence of a dis- 
position, as far as may be practicable, to consult the 
wishes of every part of the community, and to lay the 
foundations of the public administration in the affections 
of the people." 

This speech was cordially received, and as cordially 
echoed by both Houses of Congress. 

Congress next proceeded to take into consideration, a 
bill " for apportioning tlie Representatives of the sever- 
al States, according to tbe first enumeration." This bil 



i292 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

embraced the number of one for every thirty thousand. 
A motion was made to amend the bill, by strikinop out the 
word thirty, which excited some wyrmth of feeiinjr and 
expression, but was finally lost. Several other amend- 
ments were introduced, viz. thirty-five, tliirty-four, and 
thirty-three thousand; but they were all lost, and the 
House passed the original bill. 

The Senate amencJed the bill, by fixing the ratio at 
thirty-three thousand, and returned it to the Bouse; but 
they adhered to their former vote, and the bill was lost. 

The House originated another bill, very similar to the 
first, which passed with but few remarks. This b?il the 
Senate amended, by enlarging the nuwiber of Represent- 
atives by an indiscriminate apportionment upon the 
States collectively, not inf'iviolually, which at first was 
rejected by the House, and afterwards agree^i to, upfsn a 
conference. This bill was rejected by the Executive, as 
unconst tutional, and returned to the House, with his 
reasons. 

The House then introduced a third bill, apportioning 
the Representatives to every thirty-three tliousand, wliich 
passed both Houses, au'! was approvefl by the President* 

Congress next proceederl to pass a bill for the estab- 
lishment of a unifoim miiitia system, throughotu the 
Union, ajireeable to the recommendation of the Presi- 
dent, in 1789. 

On the ;W of Novcnjber, General St. Clair assembled 
an army of about 2000 men, in the vicinity of the Mi- 
ami villages, and fortified his position. 

I'hus posted, the General contemplated to commence 
the work of destruction, the next morning. But the 
enemy, alive to their safety, surprised the party of mili- 
tia that formed the advance iruard, at break of day; put 
them to flight, and drove them back in great disorder, up- 
on the main body. General ISt. (^lair beat to arms, and 
rallied his whole force to the charge, to sujport the mdi- 
tia ; but all in vain; the enemy surrcuiu'er his camp, and 
poured in a deadly fire from the thicket, that strewed the 
field with death. 

The contest n(>w became desperate The savages 
rushed to the combat, regaidless of danger and fi'arless 
of death, and i)enetrated even to the mouths of the 
cannon; the Artillerists were slain; the guns were ta- 
het\j and the savages penetrated the camp. General 



INDIAN WAR. 293 

Butler fell, mortally wounded. General St. Clair order- 
ed the charge of the bayonet to be renewed; the order 
was promptly obeyed; the enemy were repulsed; the 
camp was cleared, and ihe cannon recovered. 

General St. Clair ordered Major Clarke to charjre the 
enemy in front, and clear the road, that the army might 
be recovered from ruin, by a retreat. The order was 
promptly obeyed; the road was cleared, and the army 
commenced a flioht, which was closely pursued by the 
savages, about four mde?. The savages then returned 
to share the spoils of the camp; ^nd Geneial Si. Clair 
couTiimed his flight to Fort Jetfyrsow, (about JiO unles.) 
From thence he retired to Fort Washington. 

The severity of this s loody action, may be seen by 
the following statement of the losses of the American 
army : 

Thirty-eight commissioned officers killed in the ac- 
tion. Five hundred and ninety-three non-c«)mniissioned 
officers and privates, killed and missing. 

Twenty-two commissioned officers wounded, (several 
died of their wounds.) Two hundred and forty-two 
non-comrnissioned officers and privates, also wounded. 
The whole American camp and Artillery, fell into the 
hands of the enemy. 

Seldom has it fallen to the lot of the historian, to re- 
cord a more signal overthrow, than this sustained by the 
army under the command of General St. (^lair. 

Such was the uneasiness of the public mind, that the 
General requested a Court Mariial to investigate hjs con- 
duci ; but there were not lelt in the army, officers of 
rank sufficient to constitute a Court. 

(\>ngress gratified the witches of the-Geueral, bv ap- 
pointing a special committee, to hold a Court oj Inquiry, 
who exculpated him m explicit terms, and the puuiic 
mind became quiet. 

Congress tork the alarm, and attempted to arrest the 
depredations that were expected to resuli from this signal 
defeat, by auirinentrng the army. A bill was according- 
ly introduced, whicli met with an opposition more waim 
and pointed, than any tnat had hitherto agitated that 
House; but tlito bill tras carried, and the Secietary of 
the I reasury was directed to devise wa\ s a!<ii means for 
the support of tliis army, amj report to the House. Tb$ 



294 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Secretary reported accordingly. The report, after a 
warm debate, was accepted. 

Cons;ress adjourned on the Stli of May, to the 5th of 
November. 

Thus terminated the conflictinaj passions of (Congress ; 
but they earned the seeds of them inio their retirement, 
where ihey were sown amongst their constituents, and 
became general throughout the nation. 

Thus we have traced the origin of party; the causes 
that produced it, and some sliglit effects that have result- 
ed from those causes. 1 shall avoid all remarks, and 
proceed to disclose their efFecis with all the impartiality, 
the nature^ importance and delicacy of the subject de- 
mand ; as far as my pen can be controuled by the prin- 
ciples of candour and of truth. 

The bold measures devised and pursued by the Sec- 
retary of the Treasury, gave an early alarm to the Sec- 
retary of State, which grew and acquired strength, as 
the Administration progressed, until it issued m open and 
irreconcilable variance and opposition. 

The fundamental principles of this variance, were a 
jealousy that the one was the advocate for too great an 
accession of power to the Administration, or rather l>o 
the Constitution, through the Executive; and that the 
other was disposed to place more deper.dance on the 
State governments, than was consistent with the safety 
of the General government and the nation. Here they 
were at issue. 

The wisdom, virtue, integrity, as well as high popular- 
ity of the Executive, held a balance between the parties, 
that preserved the government, and kept the nation 
steady. To effect this, he addressed a letter to the Sec- 
retary of State, bearing date, August 23d, 1792. 

After remaking upon the foreign relations of ilie gov- 
ernment, the President tlius proceeds: 

" How unfortunate, and how much is it to be regretted 
then, that while we are encompa.^sed upon all sides with 
avowed enemies and insidious friends, internal dissen- ' 
tions should be harrowing and tearing our vitals. The 
last, to me is the most serious, the most alarming, and 
the most affecting of the two,*' &c. *'ln this way, the 
government must inevitably te torn asunder, and in my 
•pinion, the fairest prospect of happiness and prosperity 



INDIAN WAR. 295 

that ever presented itself to man, will be lost, forev- 
er,'* ^c. 

*'I do not mean to apply this advice or these observa- 
tions, to any particular person or character. 1 have giv- 
en them in the same general terms, to other officers of 
the arovernment,* because the disaoreenients vv^hich have 
arisen from the diflerence of opinions, and the attacks 
which have been made upon almost all the measures of 
government and most of its Executive officers,! have for 
a h)ng time filled me with painful sensations, and cannot 
fail, ! think, of producing unhappy consequences, at 
home and abroad." 

This friendly, yet Jientle admonition, not producing 
the desired effect, the President addressed the toliov^'ing 
to the Secretary of tlui Treasury, in answer to his reply 
to a former address, upon the same subject: 

" 1 regret, deeply regret, the difference of opinion 
thrt has divided you and another principal officer of the 
government ; and wisli devoutly, there C(»idd be a«j ac- 
commodation of them, by mutual yiehiings. For I will 
frankly and solemnly declare, that ) believe the views of 
both to be pure and well meant, and thai experience on- 
ly will decide, with respect to the salubrity of the meas- 
ures which are the objects ot dispute. 

" Why then, when some of the best citizens of the 
United States, men of discernment, uniform and tried 
patriots, wht) have no sinister views to prom<ite, but are 
chaste in their ways of thinking and acting, are to be 
found, some on one side and some on the other, of the 
questions which have caused these agitation?; why 
should you be so tenacious of your opinions, as to make 
no allowance for the other," &c. 

" I have a great and sincere regard for you both, and 
ardently wish that some line could be marked out, by 
which both of you could walk." 

Thus far for the origin of party, in the United Slates, 
which at this time began to become seriously involved in 

*rhe Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney^ 
General. 

tin the Gazette of the United States, on the part of 
the Treasury, and the National Gazette, on tho part of 
^e Department of c>cate. 



me HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

the politics of Europe ; but more immediately, in that 
wonderful phenomenon, the Freiu h Revolution. 

The opposition to the excise law, had been serious in 
the back counties of Pennsylvania, west of the Moun- 
tains, and now became alarming. 

In September, 1791, (soon after the excise act was 
passed) the malcontent counties held a meeting at Pitts- 
burg, and passed a set of resolutions, in confirmation of 
tho.^e which had been f)assed in their county meetings; 
proscribing all sucli persons as should attempt to execute 
the excise laws, as enemies to ihe country, and unworthy 
of public confiiienie. Th^'se measures ook such effect 
that ihe President recommended a revision of the excise 
law, in October, which was finally passed in May foliow- 
inji, with the special intent to remove all such parts of 
sai<! law, as could be reasonably; objected to. This pro- 
d«ced no effect; the opjiosition continued, and the 
e* unties held another meeting at Pittsburg, and appoint- 
ed a cr mmittee of correspondence, to call forth the op- 
p(!?iT!i>n of the nation. 

The President issued his proclamation, exhorting and 
adm(<nishing all pers< ns to desist from all combinations 
or proceedings, tending to obstruct ihe executicai of the 
laws, and calling on the civil magistrates to do their du- 
ty, and keep the peace. Prosecutions were directed to 
be instituted against all offenders, according to due 
course of law. 

This proclamation produced no effect. Both magis- 
trates and people were alike involved in rhe opposition, 
and the laws became silent, in the midst of a whiskey 
mob. 

On the 5th of INovember, agreeable to adjournment, 
Congress again convened. The President opened the 
iessi(jn with a s]>eech, as usual, in which he touched up- 
on the Indian war, whiskey insurrection, &c. and thu« 
concluded : 

"I entertain a strong hope that the state of the Na- 
tional Finances, is now sufficient to enable you to enter 
upon a systematic and effectual arrangement for the reg- 
ular redemption and discharge of the public debt, ac- 
coidinjifo the right which has been reserved to the gov- 
ernment." 

This speech was kindly received, and cordially an- 
swered by both HougeS' 



INDIAN WAR. 297 

The subject of the Natittnal Debt, engrossed more of 
tlie attt^ntioii of Congress, than the limits oi this work 
will permit me to notice. The Secretary of tin- Treas- 
urv proposed aijiiiiioual taxes on ph'asnre horses, car- 
nages, &c. in order to enable the revenue to ujeet the 
exigences of government. This was niet by a motion 
for postponement, and another to reduce the mditai v es- 
tahhshment, which agirared the feelings and passions of 
Congress, until the 4lh of J.-jnuary, when it was i eject- 
ed. 'I'he pinn for redeeming the public debt, failed al- 
so, at this time. 

The President availed himself of a law passed in Au- 
gust, !790, for borrowing twelve millions of dollars, to 
be applied to the |>ayment of the foreign debt, and em- 
powered the Secretary of the Treasury to open loans for 
that purpose, to mem such sums of the foreign debt, as 
miglu become due at the end of the year 1791. T hese 
loans were ojjcned accordingly. 

instructions were given t<» the Agcint of the United 
StatCvS, in Europe, in May, 1791, to apply the proceeu.s of 
future loans, in payn-ents to France, except such suma 
as should be otherwise speciticaily approjir-ated. Cer- 
tain plans of ihe Naiiona! Assembly of Franee, for con- 
verting tl'.ese payments into supplies for St. Donjingo, 
were intimated by the French Minister of Marine, winch 
idiveried their application for a Jime. At the same lime, 
the Secretary of the Treasury drew into the United 
States, such parts of these loans, as were designed to 
aj)j)Iy to the sinking fund. 

At this eventful moment, an insurrection broke out in 
St. Donsingo, August, 1791, that involved the white [X'p- 
ulalion in one general and indiscriminate butchery. In 
this state of confusion, the Secretary of the Treasury 
suffered a portion of the instalments, actually due to 
France, to remain unpaid. 

On the 23d of January, Mr. Giles, of Virginia, intro^ 
duced several resolntionss requiring information i'ram the 
Treasury, upon the whole subject. These resolutions 
were adopted. 

The Secretary of the Treasury met these resolutions 
with such a full and ample staement, as was highly sat- 
isfactory to the House. Mr. Giles, however, was not sat- 
isfied but introduced sundry other resolutions, upon 
the same subject* tending pointedly to criminate the 



298 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Secretary of the Treasury, with a special clause, direct- 
ins^ "ili&t Ji copy of them be transmitted to the ft^resi- 
dent." 

These resolutions, after a torrent of debate, were re- 
jected by an overvvhelmiiiof majority. On the 4th of 
March, 1793, Ccuigress adjourned to the 1st of Decem- 
ber iierA. 

Parties in the United States were now distinctly form- 
ed, and distinguished by the names of Federalist and 
Democrat. 

Sucn had become the warmth and bitterness of party '. 
feeliuiT, that these resolutions were desij^ned to crimin- 
ate, not only the Secretary of the Treasury, as an ambi- 
tious man, aiminji at tyranny and usurpation, but the 
F.xecutive also, as the abettor of his measures and an ac- 
complice in the plan. The reputatjon of the Secretary 
was not altogether invulnerable ; but the popularity of 
the President, stood high above the reach of party cal- 
tiiuny, and enabled him to hold the balances with a steady 
hand. 

At this eventful period, the French Revolution had so 
far proijressed, as that the National Convention had suc- 
ceeded the National Assembly ; broujrht the Kins^ to the 
guillotine, and j^iven full scope to the rei«fn of terror, «n- 
der the mask of liberty and equality, in France. 

The President of the United States, clearly foresaw 
that without an efficient government, the people of A- 
merica would become entangled in the vortex of the 
French Revolution, and the new Federal Constitution, 
be swallowed up in the general wreck of discord, anar- 
chy and confusion. 

Pending these convulsions, the Electors of United A- 
meriea, were called upon again, to fill the offices of the 
two Chief Magistrates of the nation. Warm and vio- 
lent was the strife of party ; but the Electors were true 
to their country, and gave a unanimous suffrage for 
George Washington, as President, and a majority for 
John Adams, as Vice-President; and the President was 
prevailed upon, by the solicitations of his friends, once 
more to take the Chair. 

Great efforts had been and still continued to be made, 
to settle a peace with the hostile Indians, on the north- 
western frontier, and ap[)earances had now become wore 
favourable ; but a general peace Jhad pot yet been com* 



INDIAN WAR. 299 

eluded. The President pursued his preparations to 
prosecute the war. 

The alarmiuiJr state of thinofs in Europe, arisinoj out 
of the French Revohitirm, now engrossed the attention 
of the President of the United States. Early in April, 
news arrived that France had declared war"a«rainst Eng- 
land and Holland. On the 17th, the President repaired 
to the Seat of Government, and on the IStli, addressed 
to the Heads of Departments, (^/«s Cabinet Council) sev- 
eral i|j^portani queries, relating to the conduct of the 
United States towards France; and requested their at- 
tendance at his house, to decide upon the momentous 
subject. 

The Council met accordingly, and after mature vlelib- 
eration, were unanimous in their opinion, "that a proc- 
lamation ought to be issued, announcing the neutrality 
of the United States, towards all belligerent powers, "&c. 

They were also unanimous, that a Minister ought to 
be received from France; but they were divided in sen- 
timent, as to the terms upon which such Minister ought 
to be received. 

Upon the question, " whether it was advisable to con- 
vene Congress," the Council were unanimous in the neg- 
ative. 

The President next requested the Council to express 
their opinions, in writing, upon the subjects on which 
they were divided, with their reasons and authorities at 
large ; andvat the same time, directed the Attorney-Gen- 
eral to prepare a proclamation ; which was done accord- 
ingly, and approved by the Council; signed by the Pres- 
ident, on the 22d, and ordered to be published. 

The publication of this proclamation of neutrality, 
opened afield for the display of those passions, upon 
the great theatre of the nation, which we have hereto- 
fore witnessed in the national councils. All the bitter- 
ness of party, burst forth, in loud acclamations against 
the measure. The partizans of France, elaimed, that 
in gratitude, the United States were bound to make com- 
mon cause with France. Base, avaricious and unprin- 
cipled men, denounced the proelamation as an abridge- 
ment (»f that commerce, which they had calculated t@ 
turn to their advantage, in the traffic of articles, contra- 
band of war ; and they joined in the party clamours» 
In this state of things, the government of France, recall- 



^00 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

» 

edfrom the United States, the Minister of the crown; 
and sent out Mr. Genet, a subtle, artful, vif)Ient jacobin. 

Mr. Genet arrived at Charleston, (South Carolina) on 
the 8th of April, 1793, where lie was received by the 
Governor of the State, and her best citizens, with all that 
enthusiasm which the American people had cherished 
for his nation, since the days of York-Town. 

All this might have b;3en innocent in itself, but when 
Mr. Gentt presumed upon the strength of this, to in- 
sult the government of the United States, by assuming 
the power of commissioning privateers, to cruise against 
nations then at peace with America, and sell their pri-^ 
zes in the ports of thr United States, under the authori- 
ty of the Consuls of France, even befoie he hid been 
accredited by the government, involved in it consequen- 
ces serious and alarming. 

On the ISth, Mr. Genet arrived at Philadelphia, where 
lie was received by the citizens, with the same acclama- 
tions of joy, which he had witnessed at Charleston. — 
When presented to the government, he was received by 
the President, with expressions of sincere and cordial 
regard for the French people ; but the President was si- 
lent upon the subject of the French Republic. Mr. Ge- 
net approved the proclamation of neutrality, as being 
highly favorable to the interests of France. 

Mr. Hammond, the British Minister, had laid before 
the President, a statement of the captures of British 
vessels, which had been made by the authorised priva- 
teers of Mr. Genet, and he called a Cabinet Council, to 
advise upon the mode of procedure, lawful and expedi- 
ent, to be pursued. Here again, the Cabinet were divid- 
ed, as upon tie question of the new Minister from France. 
The Secretary of State and the Attorney-General, were 
of the opinion that the Courts of law were the proper 
tribunals to decide the question, and were disposed to 
favour the piocedure. The Secretaries of the Treasury 
and of War, were -f opinion that all governments ought 
to be so far respected, as to direct and controul all events 
relating to peace or war, under their jurisdiction, and 
that the proceedings of Mr. Genet, were an outrage up- 
on the sovereignty as well as neutrality of the United 
States, and therefore the government ought to cause 
restitution to be made 

The President took time to deliberate, and addressed 



PARTY MEASURES. 301 

circular letters to the Chief Maojistrates of the several 
States, calhngon them to enforce the laws within tlieir 
several jurisdictions, and compel a due obedience, by 
force, if necessary. 

Mr. Genet resented this procedure, and remonstrated 
to the President, by letter, with an indecorous warmth. 
Upon which, the President signified to Mr. Gen^^t, that 
it was expected that the armed vessels which had given 
the offence, would immediately withdraw from the ports 
of the United States. Prosecutions, at the same time, 
were ordered and actually commenced against such citi- 
zens of the United States, as hail been engaged in this 
privateering business. 

Mr. Genet again expressed his resentment, and appeal- 
ed from the government to the people of the United States, 
in a style loo indecorous to be named. 

Mr. Genet next remonstrated to the Secretary of State, 
against the decisions of the Executive, and demanded 
the release of those persons under arrest by order of 
government, "as acting under the authority of France, 
and defending the glorious cause of liberty, in common 
with lier children." 

The ap[)eal of Mr. Genet to the American people, 
through the channels of the public prints, threw the na- 
tion into two gieat parties; the one adhered to the gov- 
ernment, and the other rallied round the Minister. 

At this time, certain societies sprang up in America, 
bearing the political stamp of the Jacobin societies in 
France, and assumed a dictatorial style, in the affairs of 
the nation, (^ivic feasts, and other public assemblages 
of the people, became general; especially at the south, 
and in all the large towns; at which, the ensigns of 
France and the United States, were displayed in un- 
ion; and the red cap of liberty and fraternity, tri- 
umphantly circulated from head to head, accompanied 
with toasts, expressive of the identity of the French and 
American Republics; crowned with their favoite toast, 
"Principles not mui;''^ in allusion to the popular influ- 
ence of the President, and as a reflection upon his meas- 
ures ; particularly the suppression of p ivateering and 
the proclimation of neutrality ; often styled the " Royal 
Edict." 

Thus were the Executive, the Government and the 
36 



302 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Nation, outrag;ed by this enthusiastic zealot of the 
French Republic. 

Pause reader and reflect ; what would have become 
the fate of America under the old confederation, or even 
under the new, with a weak Executive? and acknowl- 
edj^e the hand of God, in thus preserving the vine which 
he had plant( d. 

To detail the overt acts of outrage against the Exec- 
utive, as well as the government, by this diplomatic dis- 
ciple of liberty and equality, and shew how he meditat- 
ed war against Florida and Louisiana, by raising troops 
in Georgia and Kentucky, without the knowledge and 
consent of the United States, and in defiance to the gov- 
ernment, as well as existing treaties, would exceed the 
limits of this work ; suffice it to say, that when the dig- 
nified patience of the Executive had become exhausted, 
he demanded «f the French government, that Mr. Genet 
should be recalled, and he was recalled. 

Mr. Genet was succeeded by Mr. Fauchet ; and at the 
same time, Mr. Monroe was sent out to France, to suc- 
ceed Mr. Morris, recalled. 

On the 1st of December, Congress convened at Phil- 
adelphia, agreeable to adjournment; notwithstanding 
the yellow fever had not wholly subsided.* On the 4th, 
the President delivered his speech, which displayed the 
political state of the nation; was cordially received and 
as cordially echoed by both Houses. 

Early in the session, the Secretary of State (agreea- 
ble to a resolution of the House, passed in February, 
1791) presented a report uptin the commercial slate of 
the nation, with his views and advice thereon, &C; 

On the 30th, the Secretary presented an additional 
report, which was occasioned by certain regulations of 
a commercial nature, on the part of France, with regard 
to the West-India trade, &c. Both of which were high- 
ly acceptable, and did honor to the department. 

With this official act, and agreeable to previous notice, 
the Secretary resigned, and was succeeded by Edmund 
Randolph, Esq. January, 1794. 

The limits of this work will not permit me notice par- 
ticularly, the resolutions brought forward by Mr. Madi- 



*This malignant disease had raged like the plague, 
through the autumn. 



PARTY MEASURES. 30^ 

son, upon this report; the objects of which were the hu- 
miliation of Great-Britain, and iheexaltation of F'rance; 
nor the warm and animated debates that ensued. The 
subject of the resolutions was postponed until March. 

In the midst of this comtnercia! strife, the State of 
Alo^iers commenced depredations upon the commerce of 
the United Slates, and captured eleven sad of her mer- 
chainineii. This, when communicated to Congress, by 
the Executive, led to the followiuiy resolution: 

"Resolved, That a naval force, adequate to the pro- 
tection of the commerce of tlie United States, against 
the Algeriae corsairs, (»Ui»ht to be provitled." 

This res dve opened a tornmt of debaM', and let loose 
all the violence of party jealousy and parly s'rii'e, in 
the sharp conflict of wordy war. riie bill fioHii^' pass- 
ed by a majority of eleve.i only, authoi ssiuii tb.e !uild- 
ino" of six fnj^atcs; four of 44, an two of 32 guns, e .ch, 
and received the assent of the President. 

At this time, the de{)redat5ons of France and Great- 
Britain, became so serious upon American {-onimeice, 
under sanction of their commercial decrees, tha; Con- 
gress authorised tlip President to lay an emb.-i-^o; 
strengthen the military posts; fortify the sea|>orrs; 
raise a corps of engineers and artillerists, and organize 
the militia, &c. 

The President met the resolves of Congress prompt- 
ly, and at the same time held out the oiive brandi, bj 
nominating the Honorable John Jay, as Envoy Extraor- 
dinary, to the court of Great-Britain, to negotiate a roni- 
mercial treaty, April 16th. The reconanendarion was 
finally approved, and Mr. Jay proceeded on his mission 
accordingly. At the same lime a bill passed the Siouse, 
to sus[)end all further commercial mtercoure with Great- 
Britain ; btit It was negatived in the Senate, by the cast- 
ing vote of the Vice-President. 

'To meet the jsressinff exigencies of government, the 
Secretary of the Treasury recom mended that taxes be 
levied, upon licences to retailers of wmesand other spir- 
itous liquors, also on pleasure carnages, sniiff, and re- 
fined sugar. 

During the negotiation of Mr. Jay, an attempt was 
made to adjust the differences with the h istile tnhch of 
Indians, by a treaty, wiiich was spun out through the 
summer, and so far into autumn, as to prevent Gener- 



304 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

al Wayne from attemptinor any serious operations.— 
The General advanced to Greenville ; erected a Fort up- 
on the ground where the Americans were defeated in 
1791 ; called it Fort Recovery, and took up his w inter 
quarters. 

At the same time, a detachment from the jrarrison of 
Detroit, erected a Fort upon the Miami of ihe Lake, .50 
miles within the limits of the United States, which liuve 
great excitement, and occasioned sharp remonstrances 
from the American government. 

General Wayne pushed his preparations to commence 
the campaign early ; hut such were the unavoidable de- 
lays in furnishing the necessary supplies, that he could 
not take the field before mid-summer. 

About the first of August, 1794, General Wayne ad- 
vanced upon the banks of the Vliami of the Lake, to the 
distance of thirty miles from the British Fort, where he 
was joined by General Scott, at the head of eleven 
hundred Kentucky militia. The General made one 
more effort to settle a peace with the Indians, by invit- 
ing them to meet hitn in Council, by a deputation for that ^ 
purpose ; but without effect. ™ 

On the 15th, he advanced down the Miami, until he 
reached the Rapids, where his advanct guard, under Ma- 
jor Price, fell into an Indian ambuscade. Major Price 
advanced upon the enemy with trailed arms, and at the 
point of the bayonet, rouir^ed him from his covert. Gen- 
eral Wayne supported his advance guard, and the 
en<:my were driven from the field, and pursued under 
the guns of the Britisk Fort. 

General Wayne lost in this action, 107 killed, wound- 
ed and missing. The loss of the enemy was sup})osed 
to be much greater. The General returned to his for- 
mer station, by easy marches, and laid waste the Indian 
villaijes and corn fields, &c. to the extent of SO^miles on 
eacti side of the River, and erected Forts, to secure the 
conquests, and keep the Indianh quiet. 

At this time, the whiskey boys in the back [)art of 
Pennsylvania, resisted the excise law by force of arms, 
and a general insurrec tion took place. 

When these proceedings reached the Executive, he 
called on the Judge of the District to certify " that the 
laws of the United States had been opposed by combina- 
tions too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary 



INSURRECTION, &c. 305 

course of judicial piooeedings, or by the powers vested 
in the Marshals;" wiiich certificate authorise',! the Pres- 
ident to call out the Miihtia, to quell the irit^urrectnm. — 
This reofular prehnunary being settled, the President 
consulted his cabinet council, together with the Govern- 
pr of Pennsylvania, and then issued hiji; proclamation; 
commanding the insurgents to r^^tire peaceably to their 
several ab<Kles, on or before the first day of September 
next. At the same time the Piesident called on the 
States of New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Vir- 
ginia, for their several quotas of militia, to raise an ar- 
my of twelve thousand men, to be ready at a moment's 
warning, to march into the back counties of Pennsylva- 
nia, and quell the insurrection. 

luthe mean time, the President despatched the Attor- 
ney-General, Judge Yates and a Mr. Ross, Senator from 
Pennsylvania, on an embassy to receive the submission 
of the insurgents, and grant amnesty to all such as 
should lay down their arms and submit to the laws. 

Governor Mifflin also issued a proclamation, atid sent 
Commissioners to co-operate with those of the govern- 
ment ; but all to no effVct ; the insurrection went for- 
ward, determined to oppose the excise law to the last 
extremity. 

Upon the failure of this embassy, the President issu- 
ed another proclamation, calling upon the several quotas 
of troops held in requisition, to as^er^ble, and ren<lez- 
vous at Bedford and Cumberland. And he gave the com- 
mand to Governor Lee, of Virginia. 

The President reviewed this army by divisions, and 
being |)leased with its appearance, he left the Secrerary 
of the Treasury, to accompany ihe Commander-iti Chief, 
and returned to Philadelphia, to attend the a[)proacliing 
session of Ctmgress. 

The insurrection was quelled without opposition ; the 
people returned to their duty; but several of their prin- 
cipal leaders fled and made their esca[)e. 

The General stationed General Morjran, with a small 
force, in the heart of the disafl'cUed country, and dis- 
banded the remainder of the army. 

The aWrcity and zeal with which all classes of citi- 
zens turned out 1,0 support the laws, was hi^lily honor- 
able to our country, and gratifying t® the government^ 
26* 



306 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

but more particularlj so, when General Officers were 
seen at lite head of coinparijes, and others in the ranks, 
with liiiapsacks upontlieir hacks, as common soldiers. — 
Even young Quakers of the tirsl famiUes, enrolled them- 
selve.^ m the service of their country, and marched to 
quell tlio insurgents. 

On the 3d vi' JNovember, ascreeable to adjournment. 
Congress assenihleri, and on the 18th, a quorum was 
formed to receive the speech of tike President. He ap- 
phiuded the zeal and alacrity of the officers and troops, 
in queiiinti the insurrection, and justly animadverted up- 
on tlwise ''' Sf If 'treated societies, which had. been instru- 
mental in exciting and pronu ting it,''^ &c. 

On 'lie 1st of December following, the Secretary of 
the Treasury, Colonel Hamilton, resigned his office, and 
was succeeded by Ohver Wolcott. Esq. of Connecticut. 
The talents, integrity and experience of Mr. Wolcott, 
all combined to render him highly qualified for this ele- 
vated station. 

On the '281 h the Secretary at War, announced to the 
President, by letter, his resolution to retire from office on 
the first of January. The President accepted his resig- 
nation, and appointed Timothy Pickering, Esq. as his 
successor. 

Mr. Jay, agreeable to his appointment, arrived in 
London, .lune 15th, 1794; where he negotiated a treaty 
of amity, commerce and na\ igation, with Great-Britain ; 
which was signed by Mr. Jay and Lord Grenvilie, on 
the lUth of November, and transmitted to America, 
where it arrived on the 7th of March, 1795. 

On the 8th of June, the Senate were convened by the 
President, for the express purpose of discussing the mer- 
its of the treaty. On the 24th, after a minute and close 
investigati(»n, that honorable body, barely by a constitu- 
tional majority, approved of the treaty, and advised to 
its ratification. 

The President took the advice of the Senate into con- 
sideration, ah hough he strongly balanced in favor of 
signing the treaty. 

At this time, the English prints announced that the 
order of the 8th of June, 1793, for the seizure of pro- 
visions bound to France, was renewed. This led the 
President to pause and reflect, to learn it.« hearings upon 
the American commerce, as well as upon the public mind. 



TREATIES, &c. 307 

During this state of suspense and deliberation, the 
Pretrident set out for Mount Vernon; but his attention 
was arrested at Bahiniore, with a warm and spirited ad- 
dress from the citizens of Boston, against the ratifica- 
tion of the treaty. This was soon followed by others of 
the same stamp, from the large towns, whieh occasion- 
ed him to hasten back to Philadelphia, and consult his 
cabinet council. 

On the 12th of August, the President gave his final 
decision upon the treaty, by affixing his signature, with 
an accompanying remonstrance against the order of the 
8th of June, 1793. The ratifications were exchanged, 
and the order revoked. 

Although this treaty had given as high excitement to 
the public mind, as any one evt'nt since the adoption of 
the constitution, yet the ratification proved very popu- 
lar, and the commerce of the nation became remarkably 
prosperous. The western posts were given up, agreea- 
ble to the treaty of 1783; and a general peace was es- 
tablished with the hostile tribes of Indians. 

Ac this time the Secretary of State, (Mr. Randolph) 
resigned, and was succeeded by Mr. M'Henry. 

On the 5th of September, a treaty of amity was con- 
cluded with the Dey of Algiers; the American captives 
were set free, and the commerce of the Mediterranean 
restored. 

On the 20th of October, a treaty was concluded with 
Spain, that settled all the contested points that regarded 
a free navigation of the River Mississippi. 

Congress convened on the 1st of December, agreeable 
to adjournment, and the President met tiiem with the fol- 
lowing remarks, in his speech : 

*'I trust I do not deceive myself, while I indulge the 
persuasion that I never have met y >u at a period, when, 
more than at the present, the situation of our public af- 
fairs, has uftorded just cause for mutual conj^ratulation, 
and for inviting you to join with me in profound gratitude 
to the Author of all good, for the numerous and extraor- 
dinary blessings we enjoy." 

Mr. Adet, (French Minister) had succeeded Mr. Fau- 
chet,in the summer, and in December, he announced his 
diplomatic mission to the Executive. On the 1st of Jan- 
uary, he presented to the Executive, the colours of 
France, accompanied with a letter, highly expressive of 



30S HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

national fraternity, which was laid before Congress, and 
the colours deposited in the hall of the House of Rep- 
resentatives, accompanied with an eiegant address to 
Congress. 

I pass over those violent conflicts of party in the 
House, upon the resolutions to provide means for carry- 
ing the British treaty into effect. The opposition was 
silenced ; means were finally provided ; the treaty was 
carried into effect, and the nation flourished under it, 
beyond all former example. 

The President, having thus surmounted all opposition, 
and laid the foundation of the American Republic upon 
the broad basis of peace on earth and good icill to men, 
next turned his attention to the benevolent act of nego- 
tiating with the King of England and the Emperor of 
Germany, for the liberation of his beloved friend, the 
Marquis La Fayet'.e, from the prison of Olmutz; which 
was accomplishetl by General Bonaparte, at the peace of 
Campo Formio, the next year. 

Tiie Pje.-ident, having learned that France meditated 
hostilities against th«^ i'liited States, by way of depre- 
dations upon their West-India commerce, recalled Mr. 
Monroe from the court of Versailles, and sent Mr. Pinck- 
ney in his place. He next announced his resolution to 
reiiie from public life, at the close of his term, and pub- 
lished to the Amerirjin people, his Valedictory Adoress. 
1 reujet extremelv, thaJ the limits of this work will not 
permit me to insert this address, not only on account of 
its own intrinsii- worth, but on acc(junt of the extensive 
good It IS calculated to do to every true American, who 
reads it with candid attention. 

1 pass over the gross intiiours that accompanied the 
eleehon of a sui-cesj-tir to President Washington, by ob- 
serving that ihe Elect(trs gave a majority for John Adams, 
a^ President, and for Thomas Jeffsirson, as Vice-Presi- 
dent; and the Father of his country, retired to Mount 
Vern<»n, under the benedictions of the nation ; there to 
enjoy, once more, the sweets of private as well as do- 
mestic life. 

High raised on the summit of immortal fame, W^ash- 
ington looked down with calmness and composure, up- 
on the strife of coriflifttna" party, and as tlie guardian 
angel of America, offereti to He;-.ven, his fervent suppli- 
cations for his distracted country. 



TATLT VII- 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF PRESIDENT ADAMS — PRESIDENT JEF- 
FERSON PRESIDENT MADISON, AND PRESIDENT MONROE. 

CHAPTER I. 

ADAMs' ADMINISTRATION, &C. 

The Administration of Mr. Adams, was met at the 
threshold, hy open indignity on the part of France, itt 
her refusing to accept Mr. Pinckney in exchanije for 
Mr. Monroe. This refusal roused the sensibilities of 
Mr. Adams, and he immediately nominated two others, 
Mr. Marshall and Mr. Gerry, who were sent our to 
France, to co-operate with Mr. Pinckney, if possible, 
to settle an accommodation with the Directory. 

When those Envoys arrived in Paris, instead of being 
accredited by the Government, they were kept aloof by 
certain indirect propositions from the Directory, under 
the signatures of X, Y and Z, for large sums of money, 
by way of loan from the United States to France, as 
concUtional to their acceptance. These propositions 
were promptly refused. They were then urged and de- 
manded as a sine qua non. This was considered by the 
Envoys as a demand for tribute, and indignantly repell- 
ed. The informal agents of the I directory, then assum- 
ed an imperious style, and threatened the Envoys, by as- 
suring them "that Austria was hunibled. that Great- 
Britain would soon follow; that all Europe would soon 
be prostrate before the all-conquering arms of France, 
and that America would then stand alone ; that the Di- 
rectory had the means of rendering the Envoys, as well 
as their governmetit, contemptible in America." 

Firm to their trusts, the Envoys repelled these threats 
with firmness, and communicated the whole correspond- 
ence to their government. This was soon diftused 
through the nation by the public prints, which roused 
the public feeling. 

Two of the Envoys returned to America, and left Mr. 

Gerry in France, with some flattering assurances on the 

part of the Directory, that he might possibly effect 

something; these assurances failed, and he returned. 

Fresident Adams publicly declared that he would 



310 HISTORY OF TJ. STATES. 

make no further overtures to France, until assured that 
his Envoys would be rec« ived in character suited to the 
dignity of a ^reat and intiepenuent nation. 

I'his insult oftered to the American fjovernnient, was 
folh)Vved by outrage anci depredations upon her com- 
merce, by the citizen!^ of France; all wliicli roused the 
indi^rnation of the American people, and tliey expressed 
their feeimijs by this memorable sentiment : ^'Millions 
for defence ; hut not o cent for tribute.^'' 

Under the impression «»f thi^ senriment, the American 
government proceeded to raise and equip a j)rovi?^ional 
army of 12,0(10 men, and the late Presnient Washini£ion, 
ai^rceable to appointment, accepted the command. — 
179^. 

A revolution at this lime in France, place»< General 
I>otiaparte at tl»e head of the Consular sjovernment — 
This, t -gether vvjth the firmness of the American f»ov- 
ernment, and iheir succe.-sfuJ war upon the French com- 
merce, mchiced the Freiudi iiovernmeni to express to the 
American tjovernment, through Mr. Vans Murray, Min- 
ister at the league, Mhat the differences between the 
two nations, m;i»ht be accommodated." — I7i)9 

President Alams mer tius overture promptly, and sent 
Mr. Davn* and Mr. EiLsworth,f to join Mr. Murray at 
Paris, and neifotiate a treaty. Their mission proved 
successful. 

On the night of the 13th of December, General Wash- 
ington was seized «udden]y and violently, with an inflam- 
mtitory affectjon of the lungs, occasioned by an exposure 
to a slight rain, the preceding day, wliich j)ut a period 
to his valuable life, on the 14th. His remains were de- 
posited in the family vault, on Wednesday, the I8th, with 
military h(mors. 

The death of the Father of his country, spread a 
gloom over the nation. Congress felt the shock, and 
immediately upon the intelligence, adjourned. The next 
day they convened, and resolved, "" that it be recom- 
mended to the Members of that body and the nation at 
large, to wear crape on the left arm, for thirty days, and 
that the President express by letter to M rs. W'ashington, 
the condolance of Congress, and request that the re- 



*Governor of North Carolina. 
tChief Justice of the United States. 



ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION. 311 

mains of her departed husband mi^ht be removed to 
the City of Washington, for interment." 

A committee specially appointed by Consjress, recom- 
mended that a marble Monument be erected for the pur- 
pose, at the expense of the ^'overnment ; and that a fu- 
neral Oration, be delivered on the occasi«m, before both 
Houses of Congress, at the German Lutheran Clmrch. 

All these resolutions passed unanimously, and Gener- 
al Henry Lee deliven'd a solemn, eloquent and dignified 
Oration, accordingly. 

The nation folhiwed the government, and gave vent to 
their leelings, by their numerous funeral processions and 
eulogies. 

The Monument, however, has never been erected. — 
'* That the great events of the political as well as milita- 
ry life of General Washington, should be commemorat- 
ed, could not be pleasing to those who had condemned 
and continued to condemn, the whole course of his Ad- 
ministration." — MarsliaWs Life of Washington. 

On Wednesday, May 24th, 1800, Congress adjourned 
to meet at the City of Washington, agreeable to a law 
providing for the same. 

This year the electioneering field, to fill the offices of 
the two Chief Magistrates in the government, was open- 
ed with uncomiiion zeal and warmth, by the parties. — 
Mr. Jeffers«m, Mr. Burr, and Mr. Clinton, were the Re- 
publican or Democratic candidates, and Mr. Adams and 
Mr. Pinckney, the Federal. The Consritution, at this 
time, provided that the candidare who received the great- 
est number of votes, should be President, and that the 
next highest number, should be Vice President. 

Mr. Jefterson and Mr. Burr, not only received the 
highest number, but their votes were equal, (73 each) 
and the choice of President, from the two, devolved up- 
on the House of Representatives, agreeable to the Con- 
stitution, to vote by Stales. This opened a new scene; 
the House became divided ; the FedfM*a! i)arty for Mr. 
Burr, and the Democratic party for Mr. Jefferson. The 
ballotting conliiiued for several days and nijjrhts in suc- 
cession, with great warmth and bitterness of feeling.* 
The whole nation took part in the event, and were anx- 



*The Members carried their night-caps into the Hall, 
and slept on their seats, whilst the ballots were counting. 



$n HISTORY OF IT. STATES. 

iou^ly alive to the subject. Mr. Jefferscm prevailed, and 
was elected President, and Mr. Burr became Vice-Pres- 
ident, of ctiurse. 

Tlie new Judiciary system, tiitfether with the alien and 
sedition laws, which had b« en recently passed, were sup- 
po.ved to have defeated the re-election of Mr. Adams. 

On the 4th of March, 1801, Mr. Jefferson was rej^u- 
lariy inducted into the office of President. By his in- 
augural speech, lie unfolded to view, the whole field of 
his political creed, and unmasked the j)lan of his x\dmin- 
istraton. Allhoutrh this was very intclliofibie to-his j)ar- 
ty, yet to all such as had n;tt been initiated into the mys- 
teries, it resembled the responses of the oracle of Del- 
phos ; it meawt any thinw, every thinj^ and nothing; but 
as his Administration projnjressed, it fully unveiled the 
mystery. 

Mr. Jefferson, not only by hisinauo"ural speech, but at 
the commencement of his Administration, took a bold 
stand, and introduced a system of measures, hostile to 
the general system of Washington's Administration, and 
directly calculated to subvert it in all its fundamental 
principles. Liberty and economy, (instead of equality) 
became the order of the day. To effect this, he made a 
general change in the offcersof the jrovernment ; par- 
ticularly those that were the most lucrative, in the sev- 
eral Departments, Commenced and carried on a regu- 
lar attack upon the Army, the Navy, the Judiciary sys- 
tem, the Bank, and the Internal Revenue; which intro- 
duced a new order of things. 

The parties in this Congress, had become regularly 
and decidedly formed, in the election contest for Presi- 
dent, and now entered the field of legislation, in solid col- 
umns, determined to carry all before them. All this o- 
pened a field of discussion, that convulsed, not only the 
government, but the nation. The new Judiciary system 
was repealed ; the internal taxes were removed, &c. 
and the plans of Mr. Jefferson, were generally carried 
into effect, — 1801 and '2. 

In 1808, fresh collisions sprang up between Spain and 
the United States, with regard to the navigation of the 
River Mississippi. By a former treaty with Spain, the 
port of I\evv-()rleans became a place nf deposit, for the 
merchandize of the citizens of the United States, in 
passing up and down that River ; but the Spanish liiten* 



JEFFEKSOxN'S ADMINISTRATION. 318 

dent of that port., violated the treaty at this time, by de- 
nying to the citizens u( the Unitei] States, the riohi of 
deposit, "i'his incensed the American government, arid 
kindled a fire in Con/i:,e«H. Tlie Senate originated a 
bil! auihoriisini^ the Pre.si.h nl to raiss a strong military 
force, and sieze on x\evv-Or!eans, tooethcr witis Louisia- 
na, and hold it by the rijiht of conquest; but this was 
overrnh^d, after a h)ng and animated discussion, and tiie 
President, throuirh tl»e interposition of France, [)ur'. bus- 
ed the w'iole coiintrv of Sj)anish Lniisiana, for 15,000,- 
001), of dollars.* 

Dui n<j the jjeriod of this political strife, sharp and 
frequent collisions had arisen between the Re«ency of 
Tripoli and the commercial citizens of the United 
States; several American vessels had been taken, and 
their crews carried into slavery. Tiie American ii'vern- 
ment, indignant at his outrage, sent a small naval force 
up the Mf'iiterranean. to cljcck these deprebaions. — 
^^i'liam Eaton, Consul at rripo!i, repaired to Egypt, 
in qu'^st of the Ex-Baj^haw of T'ipob, who had been 
driven from his government by the reigning usurper, and 
had taken refuiTc in that coantry. 

Gf'nera! Eaton found the object of his pursuit; engag- 
ed him in his interest ; assembled in Egypt, a small mil- 
itary force of the country; put himself at tlieir head, 
and traversed the desert of Barca, \n the autumn and 
winter of 1804. In the spring of 1805, he arrived ou 
the confines of the dominions of Tripob. with his httle 
army. The reigninii- Bashaw hastened to oppose hiin ; 
they met near the city of Derne; a sharp action ensu- 
ed; Eaton was victorious; the Basliaw fled, and return- 
ed to Tripoli. Eaton ])repared to fallow up his victory, 
and attack the Bashaw in his Capital, and close the war 
by a general conquest. The American fl<?et prepared 
to co-operate in the enterprise. 

In the mean tinie, the Bashaw sued for peace, and 



*Spain ceded this country to France, and France to 
the United States, for 15,000,000 of dollars. Eleven 
millions of the purchase money, were to be a()p]ied to the 
demands of the citizens of the United States, by way of 
indemnification for the spoliations of France upon A- 
merican commerce. 

%7 



314 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Mr. Lear, the ArneriCfin Coris-i.il at Tripoli, aifreeable t© 
powerH ves'.ed in him, concluded a peace, which made 
suitable indemnsficaliori to the American gcvernrnent, for 
all spoliiilion>, and set the captives free. 

Gpueral Eaton disbanded his arrny and returned to 
America. 

Oil the ] I th of June, 1804, Vice-President Burr, called 
Colonel Hamilton into the field, and killed him in a duel. 

In Decemi>er, 1804, Mr. Jefterson was re-elected Pres- 
ident, and Genrge Clinton, Vice-President ; and in 
March, 1805, their terms of office commenced. 

In February, 1805, an impeachment was instituted in 
the House of Representatives, ao-ainst Sanmel Chase, a 
Jud<2;e of the Supreme Court of the United States. A 
lon:.> and interesting' trial commenced before the Senate, 
agreeable to tlie Constitution ; but the Judge was hon- 
orably a(;quitted. 

During the first period of Mr. Jefferson's Presidential 
term, the French Consul was triumphing over the pow- 
ers in the south of Europe, and now continued his tri- 
umphs, as Emjieror of France and King of Italy, and 
threatened England with an j-larming invasion. 

The distressed, the wretched state of Europe, dis- 
tracted the commerce of America, and involved the gov- 
ernment in a labyrinth of difficulties ; all which inflamed 
the feelings and passions of party, in America, and dis- 
tracted the government and the nation. 

To crown this mad career .of politics. Colonel Burr 
commenced a system of intrigue in the western States, 
with high ambitious vievs ; and actually assembled a 
small military force upon the waters of the River Ohio,* 
for the purpose of carrying on an expedition against 
New-Orleans, and thus severing the Union, as was then 
supposed. 

In 1806, Colonel Burr descended the Ohio and the 
Mississippi, with his party ; but by the vigilance of the 
gov( rnment, he was arrested in his career, m the Missis- 
sippi Territory, and conveyed to Richmond, in Virginia, 
and committed to jjrison. 

In 1807, he was indicted for high treason, before the 
Circuit Court, at Richmond, where he was tried in due 
form, and acquitted.— See Burr's trial, in 3 vols. 8 vo. 

*At Blannarhasset's Island, 



JEFFERSON'S ADMimSTRATFON. 815 

About the sufiie time, the Captain of the British siiip 
Leopard, fell in with the American frigate Che.^apeak, 
off the Capes of V.rurinia, and demanded of Commodore 
Barron, sundry British seamen, (desfrters) supposed to 
be on board ; but upon the demand being refused, the 
Leo|iard fiied two broadsides into the Chesapeak, which 
killed five men, and wounded tweniy. The Chesapeak 
struck her colours. Four deserters were taken from the 
Chesa(.»eak, and the ship whs released. 

This cjutraiie gave hijih excitement to the public mird, 
and called aliuid for war ; but the President issued his 
proclamatioii, ordering- all British armed vessels to quit 
the waters of the United States; interdicting at the 
same time, all intercourse between them and the Amer- 
ican citizens. 

The British government at once disavowed the act of 
the Leopard, as unaufhorised, and sent an Envoy Ex- 
traordinary to the United Srates, to adjust tl e affair. — 
But the depredations commiited by the British upon the 
American commerce, precluded all possibility of accom- 
modation, and Congress proceeded to interdict the im- 
portation of sundry articles of British goods into the 
United States. 

During this strife of the parties, the French Empe- 
ror had humbled the Ring of Prussia; issued his Berlin 
decree of November, 1806, and dictated the peace of 
Tilsit. This decree called forth the noted orders in 
conned, in Rng)and,*by way of retaliation. America 
now saw her commerce exposed to the rapacity of the bel- 
ligerents ; and on the22dof December, 1807, Congress 
entered into the continental system, and laid an indefi- 
nite embargo. 

To retaliate upon Great-Britain for her oiders in 
council, the French Emperor issued his Milan decree, 
declaring " all vessels denationalized, which shall have 
submitted to a search from a British ship, and e\ery 
vessel a good prize, which shall sail to or from Great- 
Britain, <»r any of her colonies or countries occupied by 
British troups." 



*'JMiese orders in council, decreed France and all pow- 
ers dependent upon her, to be in a state of blockad ;. — 
'ibis included the whole sea-coast of Eur(jpe, except 
i^ussia, Sweden and Portugal, 



316 HISTORY OF V. STATES. 

Thus balanccH, America be^an to feel more immedi- 
ately, tlie convulsions of Europe, and to find herself in- 
volved in the contest. One grand sys-item of intrigue 
now pervaded all Christendom, and jjaved the way for the 
Gaianiities that followed. 

Mr. Jeffersoi' declined are-election, this year, and the 
Electors gave their suffrages in December, for James 
Madison, President, and George Clinton, again, Vice- 
President. 

At this eventfid era, the Empire of France had sub- 
verted ahnost every throne in Christendom, and then 
shook to its centre, the Re[niblic of America. The in- 
sults and injuries the American flag was then suffering, 
from the decrees of France and orders in council, of 
England, had kindled a spirit of indiirnaiion m Congress, 
that brealhed a spint of war against those powers which 
distracted the Adminis! ration 

On the first of March, 1S09, Congress repealed the 
embargo law, and passed a law in its place, interdicting 
all commercial intercourse with (ireat- Britain and 
France, until they should revoke their edicts, or either 
of them; then the President was authorised to renew 
the intercourse with the revoking power. 

Mr. Erskine, the British Minister, met this overture 
by such an arrangement with she American government, 
as was satisfactory, and the President declared by proc- 
lamation, Thar comniei cial intercourse would be renewed 
accifrdingiy, with Great-Britain, on the lOth of June. — 
But the British L'^i^vernment disavowed this act of their 
Minister, as unauthorised, and things remained as they 
were. 

Mr. Erskine was re-called, and his successor, Mr. 
Jackson, arrived in America, in September; but his 
haughty, imperious style, soon rendeied him so obnox- 
ious to t\'v Executive, as to preclude ail further diplomat- 
ic intetcrurse, and he was re-called. 

The same system of intrigue, continued into the year 
1811. The Emperor ot Fifince issued his decree of 
Ri'mboudlet, declaring allAniencmi vesbtls, wit!) their 
cargoes, good priz«\s, if tonnd in anv of the i)orts of 
France, or of countries occui)ied bv French troops. — 
March, 1810. 

This decree excited great warmth of feeling in /\mer- 
ica, and the nation was ripe for war ; but the Emperor 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 317 

Napoleon, palliiUed this blow, by causing his Minister to 
dechireto the American Minister, at Paris, "'that the 
Berlin and Milan decrees were revoked, and w«)uld cease 
to operate on the I> t of November next," upon certain 
conditions therein expressed. 

Mr. Viadison issued his proclamation, announcing the 
fact, and declaring that the intercourse with France, 
migiit he renewed after the 2d of November following. — 
Thus the parties were halauced through the year. 

In May, 1811, the affair of the Chesa|»eak was renew- 
ed by an attack of the British sloop of war, Little Belt, 
upon the American frigate, President; several brodd- 
sitles were exchauL^'ed, and much damage done, but noth- 
ing decisive. 

At the opening of Congress, in November, the Presi- 
dent, in his speech, couMdered the in-ult as a just cause 
of war, unless due reparation should be made by Great- 
Britain. 

This speech gave serious alarm to Congi tiss, and they 
passed sundry resolutions, preparatory to the national 
defencr". Twenty five thousand troops were ordered to 
be raised, and great preparation was made, to enlarge 
and improve the naval establishment. The whole nation 
felt the siiock and prepared for the contest. 

This spirit continued through the year, and early in 
1812, a resolution was brought forward in Congress, to 
raise 20,000 volunteers, in addition to the former force, 
for the purpose oi wresting ihe ('anadas and Nova Sco- 
tia from Great-Britain; but the resolution was lost, 49 
to 57. 

This plan had for its object, to defeat a conspiracy, 
then suspected to be carried on between certain leadmg 
characters in the northern or eastern Stales, with the 
British government, through the agency of a (^a})tain 
John Heiu'y, to dismember the Union, by a coalition 
with Canada, an 1 to form what was then termed the 
Northern Kingdom. 

The Presitient communicated to Congress, by Mess- 
age, an intercepted correspondence, between this Cap- 
tain Henry and the Governor of ('anada, purporting" 
the same; but upon a cL^se investigation of the sub- 
ject, no satisfactory evidence appeared, and the alarm 
subsided. 

27* 



318 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Congress pursued their liofjtile preparations, and laid 
an emhargo for OOdavs. — April JJd. 

In June, the President announced to Congress, by 
jMessage, tliat the aggressions on the part of Great-Brit- 
ain, vveje sufficient to justify a declaration of war. A- 
mong other things, he charged Great Britain with excit- 
ing the Indians to acts of hostility on the western fron- 
tiers.* 

Congress met this recommendation of the President, 
promptly, and passed a hill announcing a declaration of 
war against Great Britain. 1 

The northern States were opposed to the war, and 
their Repre.^^enJatives in Congress, formed a minority, 
that entered their protest against the measure, and their 
constituents could never be induced to enter cordially in- 
to the war. 



CHAPTER II. 

WAR WITH GREAT-BRITAIN. 

The war opened by an attack upon Upper Canada.— 
€ieneral Hull advanced friim Detroit, at the head of about 
2000 men into the British dtmiinions, and issued his 
proclamation, with full expectations that the people 
would make a common cause with the United istates; 
rally round his standard, and engage in the conquest of 
Lower Canada; but to his great disappointment and 
moitification, he was met by General BrocK, at the head 
of a superior British army, and constrained to make a 
hasty retreat back to Detroit. — August 8lh, 181^. 

General Brock |>ursued Gei eral Hull to the v>alls of 
Detroit, after having gained a signal victory at the River 
Raisin ; another at Brown's Town, and at Maguaga. — 
August 9th. 



*The Wabash Indians began their usual ravages in 
1811 ; but they were defeated in a severe and bloody ac- 
tion with General Tlarnson, Governor of Indiana Ter- 
ritory, and sued for |)eace. 

tThe Emperor Napf.leon had at this time, assembled 
an army in Poland, of 4 to 600,000 men, in readiness 
to commence the Russian expedition. 



WAR WITH G. BRITxUN. 319 

On the 15tlj, General Brock summoned the fortress 
of Detroit in due form, and on the 16lh, it was surren- 
dered, tojTf'ther with the adjacent country, without fur- 
ther resistance, and the garrison marched out prisoners 
of war. 

The surrendry of this fortress, in this da«tardly man- 
ner, caused <^reat excitement throughout ihe nation, 
which called for satisfaction. General Hull was accus- 
ed of treachery and cowardice, and tried hy a Court- 
Martial, and condemned to be shot. Tlie sentence was 
approved by the President; but the punishment was re- 
mitted, in consideration of his advanced age and for- 
mer services; General Huil was at the same time, sen- 
tenced hy the President, with a total disability for all 
further public service. 

Pending tiiese movements on the land, the naval force 
of the United States, prepared to retrieve the honor of 
their country, by their gallant exploits on the water. 

Commodore Llodgers put to sea from New-York, in 
the President, with a small squadron, early in June, to 
cruise on the West-Indta station. (lorn, flodgers fell 
in with, and attenspted to enj:aoe, the British friuare Bel- 
videra ; but had the misfortune to receive a severe wound, 
and lose at the same time, nineteen men in tlie chase, 
by the bursting of one of his guns. 

Commodore Rodgers next cr<!sst'd over to the Europe- 
an coast, where he cruised with success, three months, 
and then returned to Boston. 

Captain Porter, in the Essex, and Captain Hull, in 
the Constitution, put to sea, in August. On the 19th of 
Septembj-r, the Constitution leil in with his Briitanio 
Majesty's frigate, the Gurriere, Captain Dacres ; an ac- 
tion commenced with desi)erate valour, and in 1.5 min- 
utes, the Gurriere struck her colours, a comjdete wietk; 
with the loss of 15 killed and 60 wounded. The (Con- 
stitution had 7 killed and 7 wounded. Captain Hull 
burnt ihe jjrize at sea. 

Captain Porter pursued his course, and cu! out a brig 
from a convoy, on the coast of Brazil, and took out of 
her, 14,000 d(»llars in cush, and 150 soldiers. He next 
fell in with, and captured, the sloop of war, Alert, in S 
minutes, and ihrn continued his cruise. 

Commodore Rodgers put to sea again, in October, 
lifith his little squadron; fell ia with, and captured, th« 



320 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

British packet Swallow, with 2<>0,00() dollars in species 
onboard. 1 he squadron returned to New York, after 
a successful cruise. 

On tiie 18th of October, Captain Jones, in the United 
States' sloop of war VVasj). of 16 guns, fell in with, and 
captured, his Brittanic Majest}'s sloop of war Frolic, 
of IS gunSs Captain Wingates, after a sharp and des- 
perate action of 43 minutes. The Frolic lost 30 kilted 
and 50 wounded; the Wasp, Skilled and live wounded. 

Wis P»rittanic Majesty's ship of war, Poictiers of 74 
guns, fell in with, and captured, the Wasp and her prize, 
soon after the action. 

Commodore Decatur, on the 25th of October, off the 
Western Isles, fell m with, and captured, the British 
frisfate, Macedonian, J. S. ('arden, commander, after an 
action of one hour and 30 minutes. The Macedonian 
lost 36 killed and 68 wounded. The f'nited States, 5 
kdled and 7 wounded. 

On the 29th of December, the United States' frigate, 
Constitution, 44 guns, Commodore Bambridge, fell in 
with, and capture<l his Brittanic Majesty's frigate, Java, 
of 44 guns. Captain Lambert, oif the coast of Brazil; 
after an action <d' 50 minutes. The Java lost (JO killed 
and lOi wounded. The Constitution, 9 killed and 25 
wounded. 

Formidable preparations were now in forwardness, a- 
gainst Canada. One army was assembled under the 
cojnmand of General Harrison, Governor of Indiana, 
called the North- Western Arn)y. Another under the 
conuiiand of General Stej)hej» Van Ren.^eiaer, called 
the Army of the Centre, and another under the com- 
mand of General Dearbon, called the Army of the North. 

in the course of the general operations against Cana- 
da, this autumn, the Americans surjinsed and took two 
valuable fur shi[>s, upon Lake Erie, and brought oft' one 
valued at 100,000 dollars. This successlul enterprise, 
kindled fresh ardor in the breasts of the Amerjcan troops, 
and they i)ressed General Van Renselaer to lead them 
agaitist the ehemy. The General gratified their wishes, 
and on the I2th of October, crossed over the River, near 
Niagara, at the fiead of about 2000 men, and eftecied a 
landing upf»n the CanauA slujre, at Queen^town. Gen- 
eral Vaii Renselaei was severely vvouhded upon his first 
landmg, but kept the field at the head of his brave troops. 



WAR WITH G. BRITAIN. 321 

where he was soon joined by Colonel Scott, with his artil- 
lery, and the British retired before liie victors. The troops 
at Buftalo and Lewiston, were put in motion at the same 
time, to be in reaoliness to cross over <xnd support Gen- 
eral Van Rensehier. 

Pending thesp operations, General Brock advanced to 
the combat, with a stron«j reinfifrcenient of regulars and 
Indians, and the battle became fierce and bloody ; but 
the British recoiled. Stun^ivvith chagrin and mortifica- 
tion, General Brock rallied his tr(M)ps to the charge; but 
he fell, mortally wounded, in the heat of the action, and 
his troops again recoiled. 

At this eventful moment, when the American troops 
were exhausted with the fatigues of the day, and anx- 
iously expecting tlie volunteers to cross (sver and secure 
the victory they haf4 gained, General Van Rense'aer, 
impatient of their delay, crossed ovei in person, to lead 
on the reserve; but to his inexpressible disappointment 
and mortification, they refused to follow, upon consfiiU' 
tional grounrls. 

During this parley, the British again rallied to the 
combat, to revenge the death of their brave General 
Brock, and to wipe ofl* the disgrace of the day. The 
C(»nflict was renewed, anrl raged with S'jcli violence, that 
the Americans were overpovver<Ml ; about fK) were Kdled, 
100 wounded and 1000 taken j)risoners. Had the volun- 
teers foHovved their Gunera!, the victory of the day would, 
most prt>bably, have be«^n complete, and the whole as- 
pect of the campai<!;n, clianged. 

General Van Renselaer soon after, retired frotn the 
command, and was succeeded by General Sn.»yth. 

General Smyth reconnoitered the |K>sition of the en- 
emy, and made great preparations to cross over and re- 
new the combat on tiie siiores of Canada. He accord- 
ingly issued a proclatuation, calling for vokiuteers to 
join in the enterprise, and actually assembled liis troops 
up(m a given day, (i\MVf'mber 28) to embark upon the ex- 
pedition against the ew^my. The van of the army cross- 
ed over, and findiii" the enemy ready to receive them, 
they retired from the fire of thf ir batteries, and return- 
ed ; leaving a detachment of about 30 men, who had ef- 
fected a landing, to fall into the hnnds of the enemy. 

Such was the resentment of the f^ffi.ers and troops 
generally, at this dastardly failure, that General Smyik 



823 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

was constrained to renew the attempt; and General 
Porter, of" the New- York volunteers, took the cf)mmand 
of the van. — December 4th. I'he iroops were generally 
emhaikedand ready for the onset; hut General Smyth, 
at this interesting moment, when all hearts were alive to 
the ohjpcl before them, abandoned the enterprise, for the 
seasrm, and the troops retired into winter quarters. 

Sueh wa-^ the mortiheation and resentment of the ar- 
my, that General Smyth thfiught it necessary to chal- 
len2:e General Porter, to vindicate his courage, and then 
to withdraw from the command. 

During these operations on the northern frontier, the 
In<Jians committed such depredations and murders on 
the north western frontiers, a^ deepU wounded the pride, 
and excited the resentment of ihe States of Kentucky 
and Ohio. They roused to the contest, as volunteers, 
and rallied round the standard of General Harrison, in 
such numbers, that he was constrained to dismiss sever- 
al whole regiments, as superiiumeraries. 

General ITarrison, in September, sent several detach- 
ments of those volunteers, into the Indian country, to re- 
lieve such posts as were in immediate danger from sav- 
age war, and desperate attacks; particularly Fort Har- 
rison, upon the Wabash, which Captain Taylor was 
then defending with desperate valour. 

In those expeditions. Generals Hopkins and Tupper, 
with Colonels Campbell aiid Russell, distinguished them- 
selves, in giving relief and stcurity to the Forts and 
frontier, generally. 

Fending these movements, General Winchester de- 
tached a strong party from Fort Winchester, under the 
command of Colonel Lewis, to give assistance to the 
village of Frenchtown, upon the River Raisin. Colonel 
Lewis with his 500 Kentucky volunteers and regulars, 
reached the Raisin, on the 18lh of January, 1813; and 
by a bold and deicisive movement, attacked, routed and 
dispersed the enetny. 

Genera! Harrison, baving arrived at Fort Winchester, 
at this time, sent forward General Winchester, at the 
liead of 200 men, to support his detachment, and take 
the command. He arrived safe, and encamped for the 
niiiht, contiguous to the fortified camp of Colonel Lew- 
is ; hut the enemy collected his forces, and, supported by 
a strong reinforcement, on the night of the 2'2dj com- 



WAR WITH G. BRITAIN. 320 

menced a desperate attack iipoii the camp of General 
Winchester, killed and lodk the whole party, together 
with the General and Colonel Lewis. This opened the 
way for an attack upon the fort'fied camp; but a firm 
retiistance and desperate conflict ensued, until about 11 
o'clock, then a parley commenc^ed. The enemy proffer- 
ed an honorable capitulation, if the party would surren- 
der prisoners of war; but threatened savage ven<.»eance 
if they refused. His arts prevailed; the whole detach- 
ment laid down their arms and submitted as prisoners 
of war. 

General Proctor violated his engas^ements, and gave 
up the prisoners to indiscriminate massacre, as well as 
cruel savage torture; and the wounded were, the next 
day, to the inimber of 60, all consumed in the general 
conflao^ration of the village. 

To attempt to paint th<i horrors of this scene, would 
exceed the powers of my pen; language would fail ; hu- 
manity stand appalled, and even Brittania herself, would 
blush at the deed. 

General Harrison, upon the first intelligence of this 
defeat, constructed hastily, a stockade upon the Miami 
of the Lake, for the protection of his troops, which he 
called Fort Meigs.* 

General Proctor followed up his victory ; advanced t© 
meet General Harrison, and invested him in Fort Meigs. 
He commenced his attacks upon this Fort, with ijreat 
fury, which continued for several days, until General 
Clay and Colonel Dudley advanced for the relief of the 
Fort, and put the enemy to flight. Colonel Dudley, in 
his unufuarded pursuit of the enemy, fell into an ambush, 
and suffered severely in the loss of his whole party. 

General Clay, in co-operation with the garrison, suc- 
ceeded in raising the siege and dispersing the enemy ; 
and thus Fort Meigs was relieved, after a siege of thir* 
teen days. 

These gloomy and distressing scenes of the forest, 
served as so many shades to the brilliant scenes on the 
ocean, where the American flag continued to wave vic- 
torious. 

On the 24th of February, 1813, Captain Lawrence, 
in the Hornet, of 10 guns, fell in with, and captured, his 

*In honor of the then Governor of the State of Ohio. 



€24 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Brittanic Majesty's bi*i^ Peacock, of l.--^ jifuns, after an 
action of ];"> minutes. The Peacock went d«)vvu, at ihe 
close of t!ie action, with her hr ve Captain Peake and 
the rest ol' her kil-ed; but the 33 wounded, were all sav- 
ed. The Hornet had one kdled, 4 wounded, and lost 
three sunk in the prize. 

In April, Captain Lawrence returned tti port, and was 
promoted to the contmand of tlie Chesapeak, then lying 
at Boston and ready for sea. 

The British friirate Shannon, (Cuptain Broke,) with 
theTenedosin com|;any, appeared off the harbour of 
Boston and invited the Cliesapeake to the contest. Cap- 
tain Lawrence accepted the invitation. |)roniptly, and 
put to sea. — June 1. The Shannon manoeuvered for the 
combpt, and the ships were soon inaction and aiono-side. 
A short, but desperate conflict ensued; Captain Law- 
rence was wounded early in the action : but kept his 
station until the fatal ball pierced his body, and he was 
carried below. He then exclaimed, " Don't give up the 

Captain Broke seized the favorable moment: boarded 
the Chesapeak, and carried her, after all her officers 
were either killed or wounded ; and 70 of lier crew were 
killed and SO w<>unded. The Shannon had 23 killed 
and 5G wounded. 

The Shannon sailed for Halifax, with her prize, where 
Captain Lawrence and Lieutenant Ludlow, were honor- 
ably interred, with the honors of war.* 

About the same time, the United States' bris^ Aroas, 
Captain Allen, sailed for France, with the American Min- 
ister, and from thence on a cruise in the British Chan- 
nel, where her successes led the British governn>ent to 
despatch several frig^ates to check her career. The Ar- 
gus fell in with one of those friofates, the Pelican, and after 
a sharp aciionof47minutes. was captured and carried into 
port. Captain Allen fell, mortally wounded, at th«^ first 
broadside ; his Lieutenant, soon after, and his •vheel be- 
in<r shot away, the brig became a wreck ; yet she main- 
tained a brave and obstinate conflict until all resistance 



*Tlie remains of Captain Lawrence, were afterwards 
removed to New-York and interred with great solcm* 
nit/. 



WAR WITH G. BRITAIN. 8di 

became inefFfn'iual, then surrendered.— August 14th.— ««' 
Tiie l()ss npoii both sides, w:i.s nearly equal. " 

In the month of August, the skirmisiiinjir commenced 
upon Lake Ontario, with various success. The Creek 
and Choctaw Indians, began their successful ravai^es.— 
The British fleet under ihe command of Sir J. B. Warreiii 
blockaded the ports south of Jhe Chesapeak Bay. 

On the 3d of September, the United States' brij^ En- 
terprise, of 16 gmia, Capiam Burrows, fell in with, and 
captured, his Brittanic Majesty's bri^r Boxer, of 18 guns, 
Captain Blythe, after an action of 45 minutes. The 
Enterprise lost 9; the Boxer, 45. Both Captains fell in 
the action. 

On the 26th, Commodore Rodgers arrived in port, af- 
ter a long cruise. He exploretl the Atla tic ; circum- 
navigated the British Isles, and had but one conflict, in 
which be captured the Highflyer, one of the tenders of 
Sir J. B. Warren's fleet, off* the American coast. 

The limits of this work will not permit me to pursue 
this brilliant scene of naval war, and shew in detail, the 
capture of his Brittanic Majesty's frigates Cyane and 
Levant, by the United States' frigate Constitution, in a 
desperate acticm; of his Brittanic Majesty's brig Eper- 
vier, of 18 guns, by the United States' sloop of war Pea- 
cock ; of his Brittanic Majesty's sloop of war Reindeer, 
by the United States' sloop of war Wasp ; or of his Brit- 
tanic Majesty's brigs Lettice and Bon Accord, and sloop 
of war Avon, by the Wasp. Tlie last of which, sunk in 
the action. 

These captures were the result of desperate conflicts. 
Many of these prizes were stripped of every spar; and 
several so cut to pieces as to become unmanageable, and 
were burnt at sea. Others sunk in the action, or imme- 
dititely after. 

In December, Mr. Madison was re-elected President, 
jmd Mr. Gerry was elected Vice-President, in place ®f 
ireorge Clinton, deceased. 



m6 HISTORY OF V. STATES, 

CHAPTER III. 

BRITISH WAR CONTINUED — GENERAL OPERATIONS UPON THE 
SEA BOAKB AGAINST CANADA, LOUISIANA, &LC. PEACE, 

Early in the sprinjf of 1813, a British squadron enter- 
ed thr Delaware Bay, under the command of Admiral 
Bercsford, and comnien<*ed their operations on th*^ Amer- 
ican sea-board. Lewistown suffered severely. The en- 
emy next proceeded to the Chei^apeak, where they com- 
mitted the most cruel rava^jfes; Frenchtown, Havre-de- 
Grace, Fredericktown, Georgetokvn and Norfolk, all felt 
the ruthless hand of the marauders, and several of those 
places were wholly destroyed. Admiral Cockhurn join- 
ed Admiral Beresford, and took the command. 

Admiral Warren made an unsuccessful attack upon 
€faney Island^June 24, (near Norfolk.) The next 
day the enemy made a descent upon Hampton, and gave 
it up to indiscriminate plunder, liceniiouHness and bru- 
tality ; such brutality as was never alleofed against a sav- 
age, and such as would make a ravage blush. 

During these operations, three American friirates 
which had been blockaded in the port of New- York, 
made their escape through the Sound, and were chased 
into the port of New London, where they were blockad- 
ed through the remainder of the war. 

The enemy attempted to bombard Stonington, about 
this time ; but the borough was so valiantly defendedj 
that It suffered very little damage. 

General Dearborn, who had succeeded General 
Smyth, m the command of the Northern Army, com- 
menced his operations early in the spring of 1813, to 
carry the war into Canada. He detached General Pike, 
with 2000 men, to make a descent upon York, and sieze 
on the naval and military stores, as well as the vessels on 
the stocks. 

General Pike embarked his troops on the 25th of A- 
pril, crossed over the Lake, and executed his commission 
promptly. The enemy were driven from their redoubts, 
imd General Pike had halted his troops to ^'ive them a 
momeHl's repose, when he was astonislied by the explo- 
sion of a terrible magazine, which overwhelmed his 
troops with a shower of stones, timber, &c. that killed 
■and wounded more than two hundred men. The indig- 



WAR WITH G. BRITAIN, 827 

aation of thn soldier.* soofi recovfred them from thoir 
sur|>nse aiiH rallied tliem Ji^ani to the charj^e. Their 
brave ^leiiera! aniin-ite;! tlieir c.<mvn^je, as is?- hiv expir- 
inu under a severe cojiln^ion from ihe aWMi! exph>>!on, 
W 'h this snieinn chnrgo : ^^ Rcv'nge the death of your 

(m>I >nel Pease led on the troops to the e.onqte^t of 
York, without fii-tlier opposition, nnd the t'wii >:urfeu- 
dered hv tvipitulrtiion. 

ft »> recorded of York, ''thai a Ihman akall wa^ found 
in th,- Rail of the Assembly, placed over fhi mare of the 
Sf>enkprr 

(MMieral Dearbrun .«ecured the sitores, |)risoners, &c. 
ant^ii'oan loiied the place. 

Oij tiie "22d of Mav, the General etnharked his army 
and pioceesle ] aijamst th^ Urjrish Forts <!n tiie .\'a.iara» 
undercover of Commodore Chainicey's fleet, fieueral 
Lewis led on the troops to vicforv and conqijpj^r. durmg 
the illness of Geaera' Dear horn. Tiie (irdish F oris, 
and more ♦^fan 50i) < » .da militia, surrendered prison- 
ers of war. The AiriCiicarn lost 39 killed an;! ill 
W;»Mnded. The next day the Briljsh Mew no Fori Filrie, 
and all remaining foriificaiions, ami retiiedio the head 
of Burlinfftoii-Bav. 

On the 1st of June, Generals Chandler and Wijiler, 
were detached with a force of 2600 men, (jost dunhle 
tlie number of theenemv) to destroy this Brdish foiee. 
They advanced to Stoney ("^reek, to prepare for ihe at- 
taf'k ; but the enemy anticipatcil theii views; coinmeii* 
ced a finJo'.!> attack upon their cam •, in dead of njijlii ; 
rouled and dispersed the pariy, after a severe conflict, 
an>i carried their tvvr» Generals into capiivitv. 

Penclin^ these operations and da-mij;- the ahsen; e of 
Cfnnmodore Chauncey. Cr)!rnnodore Yd appeared wnh 
his fleet, before Sacket's Harbor, arul lan<led about I'200 
men, under the c(>mniand of Sir Geor:fe Prevost. 'iiie 
}3lace was in a deienceless sitiia'icfi, and w >uld have 
fallen an easy conquest ; bur (if-m ; d Brown ra'lie ; >'i« 
neifrhborini,' militia anri fell upon <he enemy with stich 
fury as put h'm to flijjjht, and comjielled him l«» abandon 
the enterprise and retire into (^mada. Sutdi was the 
panic excited by this invasion, that fhe Ame ica»^s des- 
troyed by fire, a irreat (pi mtity of onbllc stores that were 
not exposed to the depredations of the enemy. 



3SS HISTORY OF V. STATES. 

The Six Nations now joined the Americans, in the 
war. 

General Lewis, who had succeeded to the command, 
ufKin the resignation of General Dearborn, detached 
Co!« lie! Boerstler with 500 men, to dislodge the British 
at La Louvre House, (so called ;) but unfortunately, he 
fell into an Indian ambuscade, and was taken with all 
his party. 

General Boyd and Colonel Miller, about this time, sur- 
prised and took Fort George, after a sharp and severe 
conflict. 

General Proctor, at the head of a strong party of reg- 
ulars, Canadians and Indians, attempted to surprise 
Fort Meigs, on the Miami, and Stephenson, on the San- 
dusky ; bothof which failed; but at the latter, the enemy 
met with signal defeat and disgrace. 

The general njovoments for the reduction of Canada, 
were now completed; the fleets on Lakes Erie and On- 
tario, were about equal, and ready for action. The A- 
mericaii forces under General Harrison, moved towards 
Detroit. An action ct^mmenced at the same time, oh 
Lake Erie, between the American fleet, under the com- 
mand of Commodore Perry, and the British fleet, under 
the command of Commodore Barclay. — September 10, 
Xttl3. 

The fleets were nearly equal.* Commodore Barclay, 
an old, experienced oflicer, in the school of Nelson, had 
seen much service. Commodore Perry was a young offi- 
cer, and without experience. 

The conflict commenced on the part of the enemy, a- 
bout noon ; the action so<ui became general and despe- 
rate. Commodore Perry *s ship, (Lawrence) being dis- 
abled, he changed his flag orj board tlie Niagara, in aa 
open boat, in the lieat of the action, and at once bore 
down upon the enemy; broke through their line, and 
the fleets were closely engaged. The action was short 
and terrible. The whole British squadron surrendered 
to Commodore Perry. 

The Commodore announced this victory to General 
Harrison, in the following style: 



*The British force consisted of five vessels and 69 
j^uns. Ths Am«ricaa force of nine vessels and 54 guns. 



WAR WITH G. BRITAIN. 329 

**T)ear General, — We have met the enemy, and they 
are ours. Two ships, two brijj^s and one sl«>^)p. 
Yours with respect and esteem, 

O. H. Perry. 

September 10th, 1813." 

The British im.nedifitely evacuated Detroit; General 
Harrison advancer!; took possessi(ui, and pursued into 
Canada. — September '28th. The illustrious Perry join- 
ed him, and became his companion in arms. 

On the 5th, of October, Geneial Harrison gained a 
complete victory over General Proctor, and captured 
and destroyed his whole army. 

Commodore Chauncey at the same time, took and des- 
troyed seven sail ol' the British squadron on Lake Onta- 
rio.* 

On the 4th of November, overtures for peace, arrived 
from Enfj[land, and at the same time General Wilkinson 
took the command of the JNorihern Army; moved his 
whole force to Sacket*s Harbor, and from thence down 
the St. Lawrence to Offdensburg; where he appointed 
an interview with General Hampton, at St. Regis, which 
failed. 

PendinsT these movements. General McClure evacuat- 
ed Fort Geor3:e; set fire to the village of Newark, and 
retired out of Canada. 

General Harrison had followed up his victory, and 
proceeded down to join General Wilkinson; but his 
movements were so hasty, that he left the whole Niag- 
ara frontier uncovered. The enemy availed himself of 
this; crossed (»ver and burnt the village of Bitffah*, with 
several others, to revenue the destruction of Newark; 
took Fort Niagara, and put the garrison to the sword. 

These movements closed the campaign of the norths 
and both armies went into winter quarters. 



*Such had been the naval competition on Lake Onta^ 
rio, that several ships wer'^ constructed by b«)th parties, 
of from 20 to 60o:uns, at Sacket's Harbor and Kingst<m ; 
and at the close of the war, the British had one ship oa 
the stocks, of about kiii) guns, at Kingston, an I the A- 
mericans had two ships of the lar^rest class, on f<e stocks 
at Sacket's Harbor. All which were nearly ready fof 
8ea< 



aSO HISTORY OF V. STATES. 

At this time, General Jackson took veng^eance on the 
Creek Indians, for their predatory ravages, and in the 
ensuing spring, they were completely humbled. 

Messrs. Gallatin and Bayard, had been appointed 
Commissioners, and sent out to Petersburg", (Russia) in 
April, to meet such Commissioners as the British cc-urt 
miijht send, and in union with Mr. Adams, then Minister 
Resident, of the Dinted States, at Peieri^bui gh, enter 
upon negotiations for peace, under the mediation of the 
Emperor Alexander. 

Great-Britain declined this orerture ; but appointed 
Lord Gambier^ Henrv Golbourn and William Adams, to 
meet the American Commissioners at Gottenbur«^. 

1 he President of the United States, appointed J. Rus- 
ael and H. Clay, to unite with the American Commis- 
sioners named in April, and the city ot Ghent, was a- 
greed upon as ihe place of neaotialion. — January, 18 1 4. 
In Aujjust, the whc)le of the above nanjed Commission- 
ers a^sembled at Ghent, and entered upon the business of 
their apf)ointment. 

The United States' frigate Essex, Captain Porter, 
which had sailed early in the war; cruibed with great 
success, in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast ol Peru 
and Chili, and captured and destroyed the British whale 
8hi}ts in those seas. Captain Porter at the close of hi» 
eruise, repaired to the bay of Valparaiso, to obtain sup- 
plies, where he was overtaken aud blockaded by a supe- 
rior British force, the Phoebe and Cherub, and was cap- 
tured, afuran action of two hours and 30 minutes. — 
March 2Sth, 1814. 

On the 3d of June, operations rt-commenred upon 
the northern frontier. General Izard had now succeed- 
ed Generals Wilkinson and Hampton, anii General 
Brown took the command upon the Niagara station. 

On the 3d of July. General Brown commenced o)»era- 
tions by crossinjr over and surpiising Fort E^rie, which 
fell an easy conquest, and the next day he advanced to 
the plains of Chippewa, where he engaged the enemy 
and oained a signal victory.* This victory gave great 
eclat to the Ameriran arms, and diffused a general joy 
throughout the nati^. 



*Tbe Americans lost 60 killed and '^48 wounded.— 
The British lost 133 killed and 3*^0 wounded* 



WAR WITH G.BR IT AIl?^. 3S1 

General Brown returned to Queenstown, and from 
ihenee to the plains of Chippewa, to await the enemy, 
wh<> was advancing with a strong reinforcement, iindeF 
General Druinnjond. 

General Brown, supported by General Scott, met th» 
•neiny at Bridgewater, commanded by Generals Drum- 
ruond and Riall ; a desperate action comine.ic»'d and 
contiimed, with various successes, until mulnii^ht. The 
Americans earned the field, and the Bt itish retired. — 
Generals Brown and Scott, were b<jih w<tunded in this 
action, and GeneraJ Ripby led back the army, the next 
day, to Fort Erie. 

The loss of the British in this action, was estimated at 
860 killed and wounded; and the h>ss of the Atnericans 
at about the same number. The whole force engaged, 
was 4000 on the part of the British, and 3000 on the 
part of the Americans. Few actions have been record- 
ed more bloody than this, for irs numbers eniraired. 

General Drummond advanced and invented the Amer-« 
ican army in Fort Erie; but tindinir an obstinate resist- 
ance, ne attempted to carry it by storm. — August 15th.-^ 
Here the scenes of Chippewa and Bridgewater. wer» 
renewed. The enemy were repulsed with great loss. 

General Biown had now recovered of his wounds and 
succeeded to the command. — September 2d. 

General Drummond continued his operations before 
Fort Erie; strengthened his works and pushed thesiejre. 

On the f7th. Genera! Brown executed a ga'lant sor- 
tie, by performing a circuitous march, and siirprising the 
enemy upon the flank of his trenches; chnraed lum ia 
column and carried his works with a dreadful carnage. 
More than 800 men fell, on the side of the enentv. uid 
the Americans lost 3-:)l>. General Drummond raised iho 
siege and retired to Chip|)ewa. 

Durini»- these operatM>ns, (ieneral Izard arrived with a 
reinforcement from Plattsb'^rgh, of 400 men, to support 
the Jiarrison at Erie; but fin hnir the garrison relieved 
by the retreat of the enemv, he ordered the Fort to be 
destroyed, and retired into winter quarters at Buflfliln, 

Onthelllitot" Sf'pte(n:)er, (soon alter the depar ure 
of General I/.ard,) the town of Plattsburg was assaidted 
by a land force, under the command of General Prevost, 
andanaval force under the con.nuHid of ( <iinm< ore 
Dowaie. Th© towii was defeaded by General McCombj 



^32 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

in the ahsenceof General Izard, and the Harbour, by a 
squadron uttder the command of Commodore McDo' 
li<»ugh. The merits of this action, so glorious to the A- 
meriean navy, may be seen by the foHowing official re- 
port of Commodore McDonoujih.* 

" United States' ship Saratoga, off) 
Phittsburg. September llth, 1814. ] 
Sir — The Almighty has been pleased to grant us a sig- 
nal victory on Lake Chanjplam, in the capture of one 
frigate, one brig and two sloops of war. 

I have the honor to be niost repectfully. 

Sir, your most obedient servant, 

T. MlDoNOUGH. 

Hon. Wm. Jones. Secretary of the Navy." 

(ilenpral I'revost commenced a formidable attack at 
the same time, upon the town of Plattsburg ; but he was 
repulsed with such spirit as to be constrained to retire, 
with the loss of a great part of his ammunition, baggage 
and wounded. The Americans pursued, and he returned 
into Canada. 

This action closed the campaign in the north, and the 
troops went into winter quarters. 

Ab<»ut the middle of August, the British entered the 
Chesapeak with a fleet of about 60 sail, including trans- 
ports, and landed about six thousand men at Benedict,! 
on the Patuxent, under the command of General Ross. 

On the 22d, General Ross reached the Wood-yard,* 
(so called) 12 miles from Washington, where Commo- 
dore Barney caiised a Inrge flotilla of gun-boats to be 
destroyed, to prevent their falling into the hands of the 
enefny. 

On the ^21?d General Ross reached Bladensburg, six 
miles from Washington, where he dispersed the militia, 
afier a short resistance, and advanced to the city. — 
Commodore Barney had assembled a small force in de- 
fence of the capital, with several 18 pounders, and made 
a stand; but he was soon overpowered by numbers, 
wounded and taken prisoner, and the Capital fell into 



*'l he British naval force consisted of 95 guns and 1050 
men. 'I'be Amerion force of 80 guns and 8i6 men. — 
Tr« J.sjj of rhe British to that of the Aniericau&, wsa 
$4 t ryZ killed, anr' 1 10 to 98 wounded. 
^FA)rty miles irom the City of Washiugton* 



WAR WITH G. BRITAIlSr. 8^ 

the hands of the enemy. The Navy yard was destroyedi 

Here stnrids recorded one more display of Briiish 
magnanimity. By order of Gem ral Ross^ theCa^ritol^ 
the P resident'' s house, and Exeeutive tj/ices were burnt. 

The enemy retired on the nij»;ht of th<! '25fh, by rapid 
marches ; re*iained their ships and emharl^ed. 

A detachment from this fleet, visited Alexandria: 
plundered the city, and carried off a great quantity of 
flour, &c. 

On the 1 Ith of September, a lari^e detacliment of thi« 
fleet appeared at the mouth of the Pctapsco, 12 miles 
from the city of Baltimore. A ftart of this fleet moved 
up to the north point, and Ian led abrmt 7000 men, un- 
der thf command of Major-General Ross. The next 
day, General Ross moved forward to enter the city. A 
sharp action comtnenced ; but the Americans were con- 
strained to retire within their lines. On the i7th, Gen- 
eral Ross ac'vanred again to the comba* ; but the AmeF^ 
icans shewed so firm a front, that he abandoned the en- 
terprise; drew oflf his tr(K)ps, and hastily embarked.-v 
MajorGeneral Ross fell in this enterprise. 

On the same day, the enemy commenced a serious .nt 
tack, from his fleet, upon Fn't MMlenry, and a terrible 
cann<made ensued, that continued into the ni^ht. At 
the same time. Admiral C<ickbnrn landed about '2000 
men, with a view of surpri.sin<i- the city ; but the Aneri- 
cans were in force, and the British were a^^ain compelled 
to abandon the enterprise and retire hastily and with 
loss, on board their fleet. The next day the wliole fleet 
moved down the bay.* 

Early in October, a special committee was appointed 
by the General Court <»f Massachusetts, to take into con- 
sideration that part of the speech of his Excellency, 
Governor Stronjr, which related to national defence, &c.. 
and report. On the 8th, this committee made the fol- 
lowing: report, viz. "that ten thousand men be raised 
for the defence of the sea board, that a number of dele- 
gates be appi>inted to meet such delej^ates, in conven- 
tion, as may be appointed by other states, to confer oa 
the subject of their public grievances ; upon the best 



*The loss of the parties was about equal; between 
two and three huadred each, killed, wounded and mis< 
sing;. 



384 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

means of preserving their resources, and of defence a- 
gainst the enemy; and to devise and sujjuest for adop- 
tion, by those re.-pective States^, such measures as they 
may deem expedient ; and also to take nii'asures, if they 
think proper, for procunn<>^ a convention ol delciiates 
from all the United Siates, in order to revise the consti- 
tution thereof," ifec. 

Tises*^ resolutions were adopter! and forwarded to the 
several New-En«rldnd Stales, tor their eonsidcrati(»n. — 
Massaclnisi'tts, Conuecricut and Rhode-Island, chose 
thf'jr (Jele«rHt<^s accordini^ly ; but New-llainpshire and 
Verm our declined. 

About/the mifldle of December, these delejj^ates as- 
sembled in Convention, Ht li:irtfor I, (Coii5)ecri.ut.) On 
the r'mirrh of January, 1S15, they sum iia'ily thus re- 
ported: ''That the constitution be altenMJ so that taxa- 
tion ai\i\ representation le in direct pi- »{)ortion to the 
nunber of free persons: tiiat no new State be adniuted 
into the Union, without the concurrence ot i wo-thir<'s of 
b> L» Houses of Cou^xress: that no embar2;o belaid for 
m .';*' Tiian >ixty days: that coniniercial intercourse siiall 
not l^e Mirerdicted, nor war declared, without tiie con- 
currence of iwo'lhirds of both Mouses of Cou<rress : 
that no {sersoM hereafter naturahzed, ^ha). be eljoible as 
Senator or Representative: that no President shall be 
twice (dected, nor a President chosen twice from the 
same State, in su<H*ession," &c. 

I'his Convention then resolved, "that another Con- 
vention be called, to carry into effect the doings of .his 
Convention. &c. in cjise the p»vernm' nf of the United 
States relVise permission to the New-England Stales to 
assume tiie delenee of their territ<u'y ; h<ddinj]j a reason- 
able proportion of the public taxes to defray the neces- 
sary expense, until peace shall take place, or Conjjjress 
assume their just and proper defence," &.c. 

Peace soon after took place, and the doinirs of this 
Convention, became null and void.* 

Ol. the 15th of Septcnd)er, 181 4, a small British 
squad •*(m appeared before Fort Bowyer, at Mobile Point, 



*Althoug^h the resolutions for amending" the constitu- 
tion, weie submitted to the C(»nsideration of the I.eifis- 
latures of the several States, they were almost universal- 
If rejected. 



WAR WITH G. BRTTAIIV. 335 

to co-i»perate with aland force of 100 Marines and 400 
Indians, in rediicinjr the fortress; but such was the firm 
iiess of Captain Lawrence, that with a jjjarrison of 120 
men, he resisted the repeated attacks of the enemy, and 
obhifed him to retire with loss, and abandon the enter- 
prise. 

On the 5th of November, General Jackson marched 
to Pensacola, at the the head of a force of about 3000 
men, to chastise the Enj^lish and Spaniards, who had 
kindled and kept alive, the war with the Seminole In- 
dians. After destroying their Forfs and dispersing the 
British, he returned to Mobile. 

The marauders of the Chesapeak, when they aban* 
doned the enterj^rise against Baltimore, retired to Ber- 
muda, where they prejiared a formidable armam^nt, and 
sailed for New-Orleans, with a fleet of sixty sail, besides 
transports and barges. 

Upon the first intelligence of this movement, General 
Jackson marched with his whole force, to the defence of 
this key of the western country. On the 2d of Dtfcem- 
ber, he reached New-Orleans', and hastened his prepara- 
tions to receive the enemy. The citizens, as well as the 
slaves, united with the troops in the arduous labors of 
constructing works of defence, and the General partici? 
pated in all their toils. 

On the 12th of December, the fleet of the enemy, ap- 
peared in the Bay of St. Louis, and the American flotilla 
retired up the River to a more favorable position. On 
the 14th, the enemy commenced an attack upon the flo- 
tilla, and captured the whole. 

G<Mieral Jackson next ordered martial law to be pro« 
claimed, and the whole militia to ai)pear on duty. 

The liCgislature made the necessary appropriations, 
and laid an embargo jn all vessels then in port. 

On the 21st, General Carrol arrived and joined Gen- 
eral Jackson, with 4000 brave Tennesseeuns, (partially 
armed) and the Barratarians arrived at the same time* 
to join ill the general defence. 

General Jackson next ordered all the canals leading 
1 to the Lake, to be closed; but the enemy, about 12,000 
I strong, reached the high banks (»f the River, on the 28th, 
I notwithstanding this prec lution, where they halted to 
; take refreshment, before they entered the city, then full 
1 in their view. 



mo HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

General Jackson assembled his whole force of about 
60(^0 ineji, an»i marched down to meet the enemy; but 
did n«>t reacli them before dark. After reconnoiternig 
their position, he commenced an aitack, which surp.ised 
the British and threw thfm into disorder; but they soon 
rallied to the combat, and a sharp rencounter ensued. — 
A ^liick fog arose that rendered it necessary for General 
Jackson to withdraw his troops, and he retired about two 
niilf^s up the River, and took his stand at his fortified 
position. 

Af the dawn of day, the British army was in motioiij 
and advanced in columns to the combat. General Jack- 
son reserved his fire until the enemy approached withm 
th» reach of his junape, he then opened a destructive fire 
from his artiliery, that mowed down their ranks. These 
were successively closed, and the enensy continued to 
advance, until they came within musket shot; then the 
whole lines vomited forth one incessant sheet of flame 
frcmi the deadly rifle, which strewed the plain with indis- 
criminate slaughter, and threatened the whole columns 
with univerj^al ruin. The enemy broke and fled in c-on- 
fusion; except a small detachment that bravely advan- 
ced to the lines ; but these all fell, to a man. Stung with 
indignation, the British officers rallied their troops and 
advanced again to the charge. Again they were over- 
whelmed with the fire of the deadly rifle, and again they 
fled; leaving the field str<nved with the carnas^e of more 
than 20@0 wounded, dead and dying. The General-in- 
Cliief, Sir Edward Packenham, together with several 
other Generals and an unusual proportion of (jfficers, 
were among the slain. About 500 were taken prisoners ; 
total loss of the enemy, about 3000. The loss of the 
Americans in this action, did not exceed "20 killed and 
wounded. — January 8th, 1815. 

The British who survived, retired on board their fleet; 
descended the River and proceeded to attack Fort Bow- 
yer, which they carrieil, after a brave resistance ; but the 
return of peace, soon restored it sgain to the Ameri- 
cans. 

On the 15th of January, 1815, the United States' frig- 
ate President, Cj)mmodore Decatur, was pursued by four 
British frigates, and a sharp action commenced with the 
Bndymion ; but she was beaten oflf and sj4enced, Th« 



WAPv Wmi ALGFERS. :3gl7 

other three availed thomselves of this action, and cnirr- 
pelled tlie Presidejit to siirronder. 

Oil the llth of February, news arrived in New-York, 
that peace lind been oonckided by the C(^mmisj;ioiUM's at 
Ghent, on tii(''24th of Decejisher. On the ITthot' Janu- 
ary, 1815, 'he treaty wasratilied by the Senate and re- 
ceived the siifnature of the President. All parties re- 
joiced at the event. 

The (grievances complained of by the American Gov- 
ertifnent, as causes of tiie war, were not noticed in the 
treaty. 

Tims ended this mighty war with Britain, and the A- 
merican Navy bore a^vay tlie palm. 

On the id of March 1815, war was d^vclared by the 
American i^ctvpirminnt, aoainst the Megi/acy of Algiers, 
ami a squadron of II fn^ates and armed vessels, w^re 
des))atched to the Mediterranean, in two divisions, .'inder 
Commofiores B;iiabridge and Decatur, to huaibie tliat 
nest oi' pirates. In four moiiths, ail the Barbary j^owers 
were united in treaties with ihe Ini'-rictn irovernment ; 
our own prisonf^rs, and th-jse of several Kuropean States, 
released; expressii'us of submission, from several of 
th<»se powers, obtaineil. not hitherto contemj)lated, and 
such as ha'l never bevn extorted by any other nation.'— r 
A just tribute to ike. American jhig. 

The nation set! led down ar» i became trauq lil u'l.ler 
the peace, and notfsmir of i:n > •r.i.i ^" ;s'ca.Te<i dciin^y 
the remainder of Presid^^n^ VlaUsoa'- A I a;nisl:Hlion. 

[n !3i(), Mr. Mad{S)a declin ul a re-t'lp..- '.'»n a;»d Mr. 
Monroe was chosen Piesident and .Mr. To-a >r^jiis was 
chosen Vice-P'esident. 

The cha-tis»>me(it of the S(?minole Indians and Use 
conquesr, of Pensacola, by General .Tacksoii in ic^l3, 
opened the way for a ces-sion of th ^ Florida to ihe .v'nit- 
ed States, by Soain, in February, 18il. Taa • a \h\^ 
and intere.sr(n.r Spanisli negotiation termmated; war 
with Spain, so loui^ C!)ntemp<aie'l, was averted, anf' a 
suiiaMe indemnification was made to tliosf AmerJoan 
citizens that had sulf-rf-d from Soani-^h s;)a!>atio.i -. 

Ttie Floridas, tlie same year, n*iT! e ^^ ' v' •' .oi) a Ter- 
ritorial sfovernment, and General Andrew Jackson wat 
appointed Governor. 



33S HISTORY OF tJ. STATES, 

Under the first term of President Mn roe's Adminis- 
tralion, the asperity <»t' party srreatly softened down, and 
the naiion hecame more united. 

in l*i'.M, >lr. M«»nroe was re-elected President, 9nd 
Mr. Tnniplvius was hIso re-ekf,red V^ice President. '5 he 
same increase of union and harmony, prevails iu the 
natuni, aod promises fair to continue to prevail. 



3PAliT VIII- 

CHAPTER I. 

^:'caRONOLOGTCAL VIEW OF THE WESTERN STATES, AS THE¥ 
BECAME TFn.FlTor.lAL GOVERNMENTS AND WERE ADMIT- 
TED INTO THE FEDERAL UNION* 

The country formerly known by the name of the 
^orth- Western Territory, was first explored by i\Iar- 
«|uette, a Frenchman, from Canada, in the year 1671. — 
He-traversed the country, by the way of tlie Lakes; as- 
eeii.led the Fox River, from Lake Michijian; crossed 
over the portaoe to the OuisC(M»sin ; descended the hitter 
and discovered the Mississippi; descended that rliver to 
the mouth of the Missouri, and returned. 

La Sidle, another Frenchman, exjdored the country 
from the St. Lawrence to the Ohio; f(dh)wed its coun-se 
to the Mississippi, and discovered their junction. — 1680. 

Fr(»m this time, numerous French trailers visited this 
vast interior, for the benefit of the fur trade ; bu? no set- 
tlements were attempted until the year 1735, then the 
French commenced the settlement of Vincennes, upon 
#ie Wabash. 

In 1750, the English i^overnment made a arrant to a 
4Bompany in Viru^inia,of (500,000 acres of land upon the 
River Ohio, for the purpose of establishinii^ the British 
©laims to this western wilderness. 

To counteract these claims, the French ere^^ted Fort 
Duquesne, at the head of lite Ohio. — 1753. 

In 1758, the FiU^lish dispossessed the French of this 
Fort, (as has been noticed under the old French war,) 
which struck a fatal blow to the claims of F'rance. 

Attht* peace of Paris, 1763, France relinquished to 
Great-Britain, by the cession of Canada, all further 
claims to this western country. 

In 1788, the Ohio company, under the direction of 
Kiifus Putnam, Esq. commenced the settlement of Mari- 
<stia, ar the confluence of the Muskingum. 

In 1789, John Cleves Symme>-, commei-ced a settle- 
ment at the confluence of the Great Miami. The same 
jeafj a settlement commenced at the confluence of the 



346 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Little j^uami, and Fort Washinj>to» was erected upon the 
Scioto, {or general piotPCtion. 

The hostile disjH).sition of the savisjes prevented a gen- 
eral settle nient oi this couiitry, iir.tii the peace of Green- 
ville, which ftilirwed tlie tamous victc.rv of General 
Wayne. — August \i6. 171;5. Since that tm^e, the settle- 
ments have progressed rapidly. Three fiee and inde- 
pendent Stales have ^pmiig np in this Nor'.h- W eslern 
Territory, and added a numerous j)opulaiion to the Fed- 
eral Union. 

1 he finiits of this work will not permit me to give that 
historitiil view of the Western States generally, which 
the iiris ortance of the suhject demands ; I shall I'herefore 
compress the whole into the following chronological torm : 

KENTUCKY. 

lliis State originally composed a part of Virgin- 
ia, and was fii»i settled by Colonel Daniel Boon, 
fron. P..weli's Valley, 1773. 

Adventurers from Virginia followed Colonel 
Boon, and atten»pted the seliiement of the coun- 
try ; but their progress was greatly obstructed by 
the Inciiaiis, until the successiul excursions of Gen- 
eral Clark, 177S. 

Frcun this time the settlements progressed so 
rapidly, that Virginia erected Kentucky into a 
county, and established a legular system of laws, 
with a Suijrenje Court, 1779.- 

The sasne yenr, the first tree was cut in Lexing- 
ton ; whuh is nc'W thf (""apiial of tIe.Siute, vvilh a 
popu'a.i«!n of i.eaiiv tl.OO. Such and so raj)id 
were the settlements in this county, that they pe- 
titioned the Legi-latuic of Virginia, to be set oft' as 
an ludej-enfiem Dis'rict, 1785. 

Th.e Legislature of Virginia tr.vAi the prayer of 
tl'eir petition nuo consuieiation, and finally grant- 
ed it, 1790: 

M;(li isnd DOW beconne tlse };oj)n]ation of Ken- 
tuck v, that ih< V j'»:'.*j(ned (J<-i!gress for admission . 
into tie Federal ? nion, uhicli was granted, 1792. 

In < igli! }<ar.- after this, the Legislature of Ken- 
tucky incorporated the Transylvania University, 1708. 



WISTERIV STATES. 341 

Rnutnnkv ad')bte<l lierprnsHiit Constitution, 1799. 

The .seminary of Transylvania now contains 
»iore than 2^10 sUulents, 1822. 

For a more particular vifnv of the rapid popula- 
lation of Kentucky, see tlie census of the United 
States. 

TENNESSEE. 

This State formerly composed a part of Caroli- 
na, and upon a division of that i»<»vern!nent. Ten- 
nessee fell wi'hin the limiisot Norlli-Carohna. 

No attempts were made to set le this wilderness, 
west of the Allcij^any, until the year 1754. 

This first settlement failed, and no further at- 
tempts were mr^do until the year 1765. 

Thisyeai a settlement commenced upon the Kiv 
er Watawga, which flourished and irrew uj) under 
their own laws and regulalions, indepeiident of 
Carolina, until the year 1776; 

This district then sent delegates to the Conven- 
tion of North Carolina; assisted in formino- and 
adopting her Constitution, and became an intetjral 
part of the government. !>forth Carolina ceiled 
her hinds west of the A!leo:any, to the United States, 1789.. 

Siii'h was the rapid popuiaiion of this district, 
that the next year Coni^ress erected Tennessee in- 
to a Territorial <i:overnment, 1790, 

Six years alter, the present Constitution was 
formed and adopted, and rennessee was admitted 
into ihe Federal Union, 1796* 

Three public seminaries are incorporated in 
West-Tennessee, und one in East-Tennessee. 

Tennessee like Kentucky, has grown up under 
a most rapid population. — Sec the census of the 
United States. 

OHIO. 

This State composed a part of the North West- 
ern Territory, so c;ined,an(l was formerly claimed 
by Viii^iuia and Connecticur. 

Vir^nnia ceded all her claims to this country ex- 
cepting- certain reservations for military pur[)oses, 
at the close of the Kevoluti.m, 1783, 

29* 



342 HISTORY OF TJ. STATES. 

Connecticut also ceded all l»er claims, (excepting 
a reservation of about four millions of acres, lying 
tipon the south side of Lake Erie. 

The seitleuient and jfopidation of the State, were 
slovv, until the peace of Gieenville humbled the 
Indians, 1795* 

From that time forward, emigrations from ^ew- 
Endand and other parts of the Uniitfi States, 
multiplied so rapidly, thai at *he first census, Ohio 
could boa^t a population of 42,000, 1800. 

Tvo years after this, Ohio was admitted into 
the Union, 1802. 

in the succeedinji eight years, the population of 
Ohi(», multiplied to the amount of 231,000, ISlOo 

The Slate of Ohio piii(,ha!?e{! of the Indians, on 
their north-western borders, ab(;ut 4,000,000 of 
acres, 1818. 

A\ the third census, the State of Ohio could 
boast a po| ulation of more than 500 COO, 1820. 

The town of Cincinnati contained at that time, a pop- 
ulation of about 12,000. A!.-() more than 2(00 build- 
inos, of brick, stone and wood; and from one to four 
stories high. IVIore than 70 Ste.'\nj Br.ats, ^( n^e ol 4C0 
tons burthen, had at that ;ime been built at Cincinnati. 
A grist-mill 85 feet by 62, upon tl:e ground, and nine 
stories or 110 feet high, was then in o[)eration by steam. 

For the encouragemerit of litei atine m this State, three 
entire townships I>a\e l>een granted from the public lands, 
and one mile square, near the centre of each township, 
is reserved for the benefit of c< n mon schools. 

Three of these t(»wnships have been appropriated by 
the Legislature, for the su];port of the Ohio Lniversity, 
Two other of the I ni versifies, the Miami and Cincin- 
nati, have also been incorfjcrated by tite Slate Legislature. 
The funds of the Mianii University', are said to exceed 
8500 dollars, arising from the sale of lands appropriated 
by Congress. TliC funds of tht Uiiiversity of Cincin- 
nati, arise entirely from private donations. 

For a description of the ancient fiutifications of this 
State, see Antiquities and Curiosities, in the chapter of 
geographical sketches. 



WESTERN STATES. 348 

LOUISIANA. 

This State, whirh lies between the Territory of 
Arkansas. <in the nonli, and the Gulf of Mexico 
on the south, was puuhaserl of France, tojrefhcr 
with tfie va.Ht rej^ions of Louisiana, for 15,000,000 
of dollars, ^ 180S. 

Erected into a State and admitted into the Un- 
ion, 1812L 

MISSISSIPPI. 

This State originally belonged to Georgia, and 
was erected into a Territoiial government, ISOflt. 

Became a State and was admitted into the Un- 
ion, IS 17* 

ILLINOIS. 

This State was originally a part of the North- 
Western Teriitory, and t-rected into a Territorial 
government, 180L 

Became a State and was admitted into the Un- 
ion, 18 la 

ALABAMA. 

This State originally belonged to Georgia and 
West-Florida. Became a Territorial governnierst, 1817. 

Became a State and was admitted into the Un- 
ion, 1819. 

MISSOURI. 

This State, situated upon the great Hiver Mis- 
souri, from whence it derives its name, was erected 
into a Territorial government, 1P04. 

Formed lier State (Constitution, 1820, 

Was admitted into the !'nion, 18215. 

The question, '■ Whether slavery should be tolerated 
in Missouri,'' a«»itated Gonsfess and the nation^lluough 
the session of 1820. VVas resumed again in 1821, and 
threatened the peace, if not the union, of the nation; 
but was filially overruled in favor of slavery iw Missouri. 
A condition was, however, annexed, that slavery .'hoidd 
ferever be prohibited, to the north and west of that State. 



344 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

ARKANSAS. 

This Territory is situated between the States of 
Louisiana r\riK Ai'is>ouri, aruj comunses a part of 
the vast regions of the Louisirma jnuchase. 

Was ejected into a 1 erniorial j^ovei urnent, and 
GeneialJames Miller, appointed (Governor, 1819, 

EAST AND WEST FLORIDA. 

The whole of East, and the reniainint^ part of 
West Fh)nda, we're eeded hy SSpain to the United 
Spates; erected into a TerritorialgcAornnient, and 
Gen ral Andrew Jackson appointed Governor, 1&2]. 

Tiiese St.ites have al! adopteci repuldican fornts of 
governiiKn", iiixii the <!ri|;irutl plans of i\ew Eni^^land 
and Fenn:3viv;!!,!a, and have thus hecome so many pil- 
lars in that Giand Temple of American Liberty, the 
Federal ConstiMinot). 

The ))rini;'ry object of tlus work, has been to shew the 
origin of thi.s jHhc j-vs^ ; in >. liberty, to and trace its pro- 
gres> from the « a)s "> 'he I4th century, down to the 
tiuies in which we 'ive, and sliew how the pure religion 
of the Gospel has fanned the sacred fire, until it has be- 
come one vast column, anri given light and life to tliese 
dari; ;5nd benighted regions of the west. 

'K\enty or thiriy years since, these western States 
we'-' literally the fnlitationw of cruelty; the abodes of 
savaiie beasts e.nd u>n»r .sa»n'ie men. JNciW they are 
covered withiicli and fluuMsinag towns and villages; 
fi'tc (J with n numerous popuiMiion of free and enlighten- 
ed citizens, vvliote nobic and viriuous exertioj-s, have 
added nine iilustiious };!ll;',rt^ to the glorious Kepullic of 
Unilcd Atncriia. 

Tltir^ va,-i interior abounds with every variety of soil 
and clin*ate, and furnii^Kf s in rich .Mbundaiice, all the 
conveniences, and a.^-niany t,i' the luxuries of life, as are 
esseijiial to the happine&.s .auI prosperity of man. 

'V\\i- vast waters of the iliiississippi, thrtugh the medi- 
um o; her numerous tnuutary sn earns, afford all th.e fa- 
cihiies of internal navigation, as well as foeiiin inter- 
course with (he ocean, that coidd possibly be desired. 

Th(- nutnerous ►"^•^'^ani-Boats an ! ve9*5el-- on tiie wpsiern 
waters, (which now exceed one hundred) have rendered 



WESTERN STATES, 345 

this internal navijriition, both safe and expeditions, and 
given to the western farmer and merchant, all the lacil- 
ities of mutual intercl»an<ie of commodities, tliai the At- 
lantic Slates cnj(5y on tljeir extensive sea-hoard. Add- 
ed to aJl this, the Itands of tliese hardy and indusTr(<ms 
sons of labour, have cieared the forests, levelled hills and 
vallies, and (>pened numerous roads that intersect each 
other in all necessary directions, to promote mutual and 
reciprocal intercourse throughout this vast rejiion. 

The Federal Government, ever mindful of the best 
interests of this section of Lniled Amcriea, has provid- 
ed as a permafsent fund ior the education of the rising 
generatit)n, 45,(5(^0 acres of land for each new State, or 
two entire towjiships, to he applied to tlie purpose (»f en- 
dovvino- seminarie.-, of learnini». Also 640 acres for the 
benefit of each town, as a permanent fund lor the feup'- 
port of schools. 

Fiducation is the broad basis upon which the civil and 
religious [jrivileges of United America have rested, and 
must continue to rest; remove this, and tl>e (irand Fab- 
ric of American Liberty, will toller lo its base and tum- 
ble into ruins. Preserve this, with llie virtuous piinci- 
pies, intelligent undersiandinss, and ^kill^ul industrvshe 
now enjoys, and the t'nitcd Ke}!iiblic oj" Anienca may 
bid defiance to faction and conspiracy, and become thd 
Lidmiration ot a«;es ! 



A BRIEF GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Btminrifs. — Tlie United States are bounded on the 
north i)y lJ|)per and Lower (Canada, and tlie British do- 
minions, ani on the north-east by New-Brunswick; 
sou 'h east by the Atlantic Ocean; south by the Gulf of 
Mexico; south-west by New-Mexico, and west by the 
Pacific Ocean. 

Lakes and Rivers. — The United States are intersectei 
and vvatered by the hir^^est and mo^t numerous Lakes 
anil Rivers, that are to Ue found in any country on the 
Globe. Aniontr the former may be ranked tliose vast 
Lakes or inland Seas, that divide the United States from 
Canada, with numerous others of a minor class. Among 
the latter may be ranked the St. Lawrence,* that con- 
veys the waters of the j^reat Lakes into the Gulf of its 
own name. Also the Mississippi, with its majestic trib- 
utary streams, the princij>al of which are the Illinois. 
Missouri, Ohio, White River, Arkansas, Red River, ifec. 
with their numerous tributary streams, that convey the 
vast waters of the west into the Gulf of Mexico. 

Among the numerous streams that convey the waters 
of the coast into the Atlantic Ocean, may be seen the 
Kennebec, Merrimac, Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, 
Susquehannah, Potomac, James, Roanoke, Pedee, San- 
tee, Savannah and Altamaha. These with numerous 
others of a minor class, water the Atlantic coast of the 
United States. 

The Rivers Appalachicola, Alabama, Pascagaula and 
Pearl, that pass throuirh the Floridas and fall into the 
Gulf of Mexico, are majestic streams, and fertilize a de- 
lightful section of the United States. 

Canals. — The Great Canal of the State of New- York, 
now in forwardness, between Albany and Buffalo, will 
connect the Hudson with Lake Erie, and from thence a 
communication will extend through Lakes Huron and 

*Althou2:h the St. Lawrence more properly belongs to 
Britisii America, yet it deserves our notice as the sole 
con^luctor of the waters of the Great Lakes that \ih 
within the United States. 



348 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Superior, up to the Lake of the Woods, on the norths 
west. 

By a short Canal from the heati waters of the Chica- 
go to ihe head waters of ilie Illinois, the same chain of 
communication may he extended throuifh Lake Michi- 
gan, over to the River Mississippi, and from ihe ^Iissis- 
sippi io the head waters of the Misso-jri, and thus the 
trade of this vast interior, may he hroujiht to pass through 
the ^.xreat Canal to Albany, and from thence to New- 
York.* 

A (^anal is already opened from the head waters of the 
Hudson, to communicate with Lake Champhiin and the 
St. Lawrence, and thus rhe trade of the norih may als© 
have free, access to the }>rand mart of New-Y(jrk. 

The facility of transportinjr ^oods through these chan- 
nels, throughout this vast interior, vviij he ^.Tently improv- 
ed, and the conveyance even to the head waters of Mis- 
sissippi and Missouri, w 11 become inu'^.h easier and 
cheaper than from New-Orieans; even by Steam- Boats 
up the Mississippi. 

One more (^anal from the head waters of the Cuva- 
hotra to the head waters of the Muskinirum, w«juld hriuff 
the trade of the majestic Ohio into Lake Erie, and ihiig 
through the Great Canal to Albany and New York, i'o 
effect this. Congress have appropriated 200,000 acres of 
land to be specially applied, when necessary. 

Another Canal from the head waters of the Miami of 
the Lake, or Maun}ee, tr) tiie head waters of the V/abash., 
will greatly promote tiie great current of this vast inte- 
rior commerce Congress have also appropriated 100,- 
000 acres of public laJ.ds to be applied to this purpose, 
and 100,000 more to effect the contemplated Canal from 
the Chicago to the Illinois. 

All these Canals are practicable, and will undoubted- 
ly be entered upon in succession, as soon as the Great 
Canal is completed. 

All these Canals combined, v/ill open to New York, an 



*This great Canal will ulriinately prove one of the 
strongest bonds of union between the eastern and west- 
ern States, that the country affords, and this its pcditical 
advantages may be render<?d equal to its commercial. 



APPENDIX. 349 

unrivalled field of commerce, and render her the London 
of America* 

Soil and Productions^ — Under this head may be rank- 
ed all the variety that is to be found upon the whole hab- 
itable earth. The soil of the United States, is rich and 
fertile, generally, throughout tl)eir whole extent, except- 
ing the high Mountains and the sand barrens of the 
south. 

The productions of the Northern and Middle States, 
are Wheat, Rye, Indian-corn or Maize, Barley, Oats, 
Tobacco, Culinary Vegetables, Apples, Pears, Plumbs, 
Peaches, (fcc. Hemp, Flax, and some Cotton. South of 
35 degrees. Cotton, Rice, Indigo, Sugar-Cane, Figs, 
Pomegranates, Oranges, &.c. Grapes are among the 
spontaneous productions of the United States, and in 
great abundance; Hops, west of the Allegany Moun- 
tains, and they flourish under culture, tkroughout. 

May not the tea-plant flourish in Georgia, Florida and 
Louisiana; and may not the coffee-tree be transplanted 
into that clinsate, with as much success as it was trans- 
planted into the West-Indies, from Asia, in the 17th 
century ? 

Three objects demand tlie immediate attention of the 
American cultivators, viz. the Bee, the Grape, and the 
Silk-worm ; all which might bo rendered very produc- 
tive in the United States. 

Mines and Minerals. — The limits of this work will not 
permit me to pursue this interesting subject, in all its ex- 
tensive ramifications ; suffice it to, say, that no country 
abounds with a greater variety of the most useful and 
valuable metals and minerals, tiian the United States, 
and no people on earth, have more extensive convenien- 
ces to render them productive. Iron, Lead,f Copper 
and Coal, are found extensively, in the United Stales ; 



*The internal commerce of New- York, bids fair to 
rival even that of Petersburgh, in Russia. By one por- 
tage only, fi'om the head waters of the Missouri to those 
of the Columbia, the internal commerce of New- York, 
will extend to the Pacific Ocean. 

f The Lead Mine in the Slate of Missouri, now work- 
ed by Mr. Austin, is calculated to produce $20,000 per 
annum. 

30 



350 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

aiul near St. Lo-jir, (SUite of Missouri,) considerable 
quantitu s o* Tjis, have been discovered. — Dana's sketch- 
es of I he WciU(rji Stales. 

Ss'lines. — These are more numerous and exten&ive io 
the Uniied States, than are to be found in any other 
country, and exceed every thing of the kind, excepting 
the Suit mines of Poland. They may be ranked among 
the si I ikiajj; evidences, that God in his providence, orig- 
inally designed this country to bectine the tlieatre of a 
numerous population ; and we (ourselves are witnesses 
that he is fast accomplishing his purpose. 

Tlse salines of Louisiana, are said to surpass those of 
the interior, east of the Mississippi, both in number and 
ex! ens ^"^1 are sufficient for the u?e of the whole Unit- 
ed Slates, under any degree of population. 

Natural Curicsities. — Under this iiead may be classed 
the vast inland Seas of tlie United States ; the Falls of Ni- 
agara and of St. Anthony ; the passage of the Potomac 
through the Blue Ridge of the Allegany; the Hanging 
Bridge; Blowing Cave, &c. of Virginia, and numerous 
other caves throughout the interior; the Gates of the 
Rocky Mountains,* and Cataracts of the Missouri.f 

Commerce. — The United States have become the se- 
cond commercial nation in the world. They now enjoy 
a free commercial intercourse with all nations, and their 
rapid commercial improvements may be seen by the fol- 
lowing sketch : 

1774, the exports of the British Colonies 

amounted to $6,100,000. 

1784, the exports of the United States 

amounted to 10,150,000. 

1796, 67,004,0l>7. 

1801, 93,0-20,515. 

1807, 108,373,225. 

*The River Missouri passes through an elevation of 
of rocks, 1200 feet perpendicular, from the surface of 
the water, and the River is compressed within the com- 
pass of 150 yards, for the space of more than five miles. 
For more than three miles a man cannot stand between 
the rock and the water. 

tllere the River is 350 yards wide, and the water de- 
scends 360 feet, over three perpendicular falls, in pass- 
ing 18 miUs. 



APPENDIX. 351 

The imports of the United States, have jrcnerally ex- 
ceeded her exports, about one miMion of dollars, aunu- 
allv, down to the year 1809, and most probubiy have thus 
continued down to this time. 

The tonnage of the United States in 1784, 
stood at 190,010. 

Do. Do. 1809, 1,250 0;)0. 

I liave not the documents before me, to .-'.low the ratio 
of increase down to the present time. It may possibly 
vary from the ratio as above stated. 

Mountains. — Under this head may be classed the ranj>e 
of Mountains that diviile tlie Rivers that fall into tlie 
Atlantic Ocean, from those that tail into the Mississippi 
River, known by the name of the Aliejiany or Appalach- 
ian Mountains. These are called the back-bone of the 
United Spates, and extend in a lanjre with the sea-coast, 
nearly the whole lenofth of the United Stales. 

The Rocky Mountains of lionisiana, range extensive- 
ly thronoh that vast interior, and divide the waters of the 
MiSjissip])i from the waters thai flow into the Pacific 
Ocean. These are a continuation of the Arc'es of 
South America, and extend as fur iu)rth as the Frozen 
Ocean. 

East of the Rocky Mountains lies the Chippewan 
Range, which extends from the Afciic Circle dowii into 
Mexico, and forms the hijrh table laiid of titat reijion. — 
Branches of these Mountains, ranij^e bcivveen tlie Arkan- 
sas and Red Rivers, and form also, the source of the 
Osage. 

These are the most important ranges of Mcnuitains in 
the United States, and give rise to tlte principal Rivers. 
The numerous other Mountains may be seen in ihe sev- 
eral Geograpliies and Aliases, common in the United 
States. 

Government. — This maybe denominated a Republican 
Confederacy, united imder one Grand Federal System, 
and the whole formed upon tlie elective plan. 

Religion. — All religions that do not infringe upon 
good order and the laws, are tolerated in t!ie United 
States. 

The number of places of worshij), is about 9000; 
and of Clergymen, 5009; of these, the number of (con- 
gregational Churches, is estimated at 1590, and al)out 
the same number of Ministers. The Presbyterians have 



^52 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

morelhan 1400 Churches, and 900 Ministers, 150 Can- 
didates, and three Theological Seminaries. The Meth- 
odists have three Dioceses; 1100 itinerant Preachers; 
30C0 stationary Ministers, and 2500 places of worship. 
The Baptists have 3594 Churches : 2219 Ministers, and 
three Theological Seminaries. The numhers of other 
denominations, are not exactly known. 

Literature. — I have compressed this article into the 
following tahle, which will shew the principal seminaries 
of learning in the United States. 

Universities founded, Academies instituted, Sfc, 

American academy of arts and sciences in Massachu- 
setts, May 4, 1780, 

Brown's university, Rhode-Island, 1770. 

Bacon academy, Connf.cticut, 1803. 

Bir-ljngton college, Vermont, 1791. 

Baltimore college, 1807. 

Cambridaje, New Englnnd, 1630, called Harvard college, 
founded by .John Harvard. 

Cokesbury college. Maryland, 1785. 

College of physicians at Philadelphia, 1787. 

Columbian college, i%'ew-York, 1787. 

Divinity colieue, IMassachusetts, 1808. 

Dartmouth college, 1769. 

Dickenson college, Pennsylvania, 1783. 

Franklin college, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1787. 

Greenville college, Tennessee, 1794. 

Georgia uisivirsity, 1785. 

Hen.xi'o, Vjrpinia, 1619. 

Mas.sactiust Its' academies in number forty-eight, exclu- 
sive of tlif grammar and other schools in the various 
townships, 1812. 

New-England ct»l!eges, the graduates in 1807, were 200. 

N*;ssau Hall, Princeton, New-Jersey, 1738. 

North Oarrdina university, 178St 

Pennsylvania university, 1779. 

Philadelphia academy, 17-53. 

Rhode island college, 1734. 

St. J(din's college, Annapolis, 1784. 

St. Mary's college, Bnltimore, 1S04. 

Traiisvlvania university, Lexington, Kentucky, 1798» 

Union college, Schenectady, 1794. 



APPENDIX. 



353 



Washington college, Chester-town, Maryland, 1782. 
William and Mary college, Virginia, 1691. 
WjlHamstown college, Massa< husetts, 179i3,, 
Yale college, New-Haven, 1700. 
Hamilton college. 

Population. — The population of the United States, 
amounted to nearly tour millions, in 1790; to more than 
five millions, in 1800; to more than seven millions, in 
1810; and more than nine millons, in 1820. In this 
ratio, their population doubles in about. 25 years, and in 
the same ratio, in the beginning of the next century, the 
po])ulaiion of the United States, will amount to nearly 
100,000,000; provided they continue free from wars and 
wasting sickness, and enjoy their present free govern- 
ment. — See the following table. 

CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



"""""Ti 


i? 


"wTiTte"^iiAir(Tth-7r 


]j 


fc,-*--%,-%,-S- -%.. 


States. llYearsIl 


popula- II ( 


^r free 11 


Slaves. II 


Total. 


11 


11 


tion. jlpersonsjl 


11 




Maine. 


1790 


96,002 


538 


none. 


96.540 




1800 


150,921 


818 




151,739 




1810 


227,736 


969 




228,705 




1820 


297,840 


929 




298,335 


N. Hamp- 


1790 


141,097 


630 


158 


141,885 


shire. 


1800 


184,998 


852 


8 


185.8.58 




1810 


213,290 


970 


none. 


214,260 




1820 


243,236 


786 




244,161 


Vermont. 


1790 


85,268 


255 


16 


85.539 




1800 


153,908 


557 




154,465 




1810 


217,163 


750 




217.913 




1820 


234.846 


918 




235,764 


Massachu- 


1790 


373,324 


5,463 




378,787 


setts. 


1800 


416,293 


6,452 




422,745 




1810 


465,303 


6,737 




472.040 




1820 


516,419 


6,740 




523,287 


R. Island. 


1700 


64,470 


3,407 


948 


68,f^25 




1800 


65 438 


3,304 


380 


69,122 




1810 


73.184 


3,609 


108 


76,901 




1820 


79,413 
30* 


S,554 


48 


83,059 



354 



HISTORY OF U. STATE: 



I! 11 White |lA!Ioth-|l II 

States. IIYears II popula- || er fiee HSlaves. j| Total. 

II II tiofl. |l|)ersons|l || 



Connecti- 


179({ 


232,374 2,805 


2,764 


237,946 


cut. 


1800 


244,721 5,330 


951 


251,002 




IMO 


255279 0,453 


310 


2t) 1,942 




1820 


267,181 7,870 


97 


275,148 


N. York. 


1790 


314142 4,654 


21,324 


340,120 




1800 


505.216 10,374 


20,631 


536,208 




1810 


918,870 25.333 


15,017 


959,220 




1820 1,332,744 29,279 


10.088 


1,372,812 


N. Jersey. 


1790 


169,954 2,762 


11,423 


184,159 




1800 


194.245 4,402 


12,422 


211,069 




1810 


226,561 7,843 


10,851 


245,255 




1820 


257,409 12.460 


7,557 


277,575 


Pennsylva- 


1790 


424,099 6.573 


3,737 


434,373 


nia. 


1800 


602,o65 14,574 


1,706 


618,645 




1810 


786,804 22,492 


795 


810,091 




1820 1,017,094 30,202 


211 


1,049,458 


Delaware. 


1790 


46.310 3.899 


8,887 


59,096 




1800 


49,852 8.268 


6.153 


64,273 




1810 


55.361 13 116 


4,177 


72,654 




1820 


55,282 12.958 


4,509 


72,749 


Maryland. 


1790 


208649 8,043 


103,036 


319-728 




1800 


22L998 19,987 


107,707 


349.692 




1810 


235,117 33,927 


111,502 


380,546 




1820 


260,222 39,730 


107,398 


407,350 


District ol 


1810 


16,(^79 2,549 


5,395 


24,023 


Columbia. 


1820 


22.614 4.048 


6,377 


33,039 


Virginia. 


1790 


442,117 12,866 292,627 


747,610 




1800 


518,874 20.507 


346,968 


886,349 




1810 


551,534 30,570 


392,518 


974.622 




1820 


603,074 36,^89 425. 153 


1,065-366 


N. Carolina. 


1790 


288.204 4,975 


100,572 


393,751 




1800 


337.764 7,043 


133,296 


478,103 




1810 


376.410 10.266 


168,824 


555,500 




1820 


419-200 14.612 


205,017 


638,829 


S.Carolina. 


1790 


140178 1,801 


107.099 


249,073 




1800 


196 255 3.185 


146,051 


345.491 




1810 


295,196 4,55^ 


J 96.345 


49(>,095 




1820 


237,440 6,326 258,475 


503,741 



APPENDIX. 855 



II 


""""1 


1 White II 


"^AUotii 


-II 


.p 


States. II Years. || popula- || 


er free 


II Slaves 


II Total. 


II 


1 


tion. II 


persons 


11 


11 


Georgia. 


17tJ0 


32,886 


398 


29.264 


82,548 




1800 


102261 


1,919 


54,599 


163,779 




1810 


145,414 


1,^01 


105,318 


252,533 




1820 


189,566 


1,763 


149,656 


340,989 


Alabama. 


1820 


85,451 


571 


41.879 


127.901 


Mississippi. 


1820 


42,1:6 


■ 458 


32,814 


75,448 


Louisiana. 


1820 


7:^383 


10,476 


69,064 


153,407 


Tennessee. 


1800 


92.709 


309 


13,584 


106,602 




1820 


339,925 


2,739 


80,097 


422,813 


Kentucky. 


1790 


57,950 


114 


12,430 


70,494 




1800 


179,874 


741 


40.343 


220,958 




1810 


324,237 


1,7 J 3 


80,561 


4C6,511 




1820 


434,644 


2,759 


126,732 


564,317 


Ohio. 


1800 


45,028 


337 




45,365 




1810 


225,947 


1,896 




227,843 




1820 


576,572 


4,723 




581,434 


Indiana. 


1800 


5,343 


163 


835 


5 641 




1810 


23,890 


393 


237 


29,520 




1820 


145,758 


1,230 


190 


147,178 


Illinois. 


1810 


11,501 


613 


128 


12,242 




1820 


53,788 


457 


917 


55,211 


Missouri. 


1820 


55.988 


347 


10,222 


66..>86 


Michi«»an. 


1820 


8,591 


174 




8,896 


Arkansas. 


1820 


12,579 


59 


1,617 


14,273 



May the same kind Providence continue to smile up- 
on the United States, for centuries to come, that has 
poured out his hiesi^ings upon them so profiisely, for the 
two centuries that have past, and may they continue to 
cultivate and preserve the virtues of their forefathers, to 
the latest generation ! 

Antiquities and Curiosities. — Under this head mav be 
ranked those reufarkable nu>unds and fortifications which 
are yet to he seen througlutut the vast interior of the 
United Stales, together with tjie engravings upon the 
flat rocks of the Enchanted Mountains, (so called) in the 
State of Tennessee, and other inscriptions found on large 
flat rocks, in the western country. 

For a more particular description of the works of 



356 HISTORY OF U. STATERS. 

antiquity, see the following extract from Dana's Sketch- 
es of the Western States : 

" Near th3 confluence of the Ohio and Bi^ Miami, 
on the west bank, is an extensive rich bottom, consisting 
of several thousand acres ; on, and in the vicijiity of 
which, are several ancient mounds. Northwardly of 
Hardensburgli, one half mile from the Miami, on the 
top of a hill, supposed to be elevated above the adjoin- 
ing bottom 150 feet, is a fortification inclosing ten or 
twelve acres. The wall of earth, from four to five feet 
high, does not conform to any exact fiaure; but is reg- 
ulated in ils direction by the exremilies of the level 
ground round the top of the hill, at the highest points of 
declivity, in an irregular form, so as to enclose all the 
level ground. There are Iwo or three gale-ways. On 
the soutli, near where the hill is very steep, within the 
fort, IS a considerable mound ; and on the south side of 
the hdl, about one-lhird of the distance from the base 
to the top, IS a spacifMis high-way, more than thirty feet 
in vvj(i(h, remarkably levej and straight; the excavation 
on tiie uj>per side of whic'i, iii some parts «)f the Injl, is 
twtive or fifteen feet deep: this highway extends in 
Ieii5j!th, on the side of the hilJ 160 rods, each enr! termin- 
ate?^ at i>oints where the declivity was gentle, and the as- 
cent easy to the fortification ; within which aie two con- 
siderable artificial concavities. The numerous human 
bones washed bare by the rains, on the sloping places, 
indicate that the ancient population was great. 

On the opposite side of the Miami, on the top of a 
hill, is another extensive fortification, described in Dr. 
Drake's picture of Cincinnati. Another is discoverable 
on a hill near Hamilton, containing more tlian 50 acres, 
near which is a mound; various monuments of ancient 
labours ap])ear in the Miami country. 

Mounds vary both in magnitude and form. Some are 
conical, from the base to the top ; others present only the 
lower segment of a cone; others are semi-globular; 
others in the form of a paralleloaram. At Marietta, is 
one of a conical figure, seven rods in diameter at the 
base ; fifty feet high, and twenty feet at the top. 

The larsfest mound that has been found in the Ohio 
Valley, stands at Big-Grave Creek, near the Ohio, 14 
milesbelow Wliceling. It is between fifteen and twenty 
rods diameter, at the base ; its perpendicular height sev- 



APPENDIX. 357 

enty feet, and on the summit nearly sixty feet diameter, 
in the centre of which i» a regular eavity consiwtinir of 
about '3000 cubical feet, on which is a ^reen white-oak 
tree, three feef in diameter, and more than seventy feet 
high; within a few rods stand five other smaller m<»unds. 
(Quere. What analo^j^y may there he between these 
mounds, and the pyramids of Egypt, in their original 
desitin?) 

The most remarkable mounds, or pyrami-ds, in the 
western country, are on the Mississippi, consistin.^ of 
two groups. The one about ten miles above tlie Kaho- 
kia, which empties near St. Louis ; and the other nearly 
the same distance below it; which in all exceed one hun- 
dred and fifty. The largest of these mounds is a stu- 
pendous pile of earth, to form which must have required 
the labors of thousands, for years. It stands immediate- 
ly on the banks of rJie Kahokia ; the form is a parallel- 
ogram, from north ro soutli ; on the south is a broad a- 
pron, about halfway down, and from tins another pro- 
jection, nearly fifteen feet wide; the whole circumter- 
ence 800 yards, and the height of the mound about 90 
feet. The Monks of La Trappe have settled near it, 
who have made the apron into a kitchen garden, and 
sowed the top with wheat. 

Near St. Louis is a curious work called the Fallen 
Garden.' It sugj^ests to the spectator the idea of a situ- 
ation for assembling the people for public councils." 

Numerous other similar ruins are noticed by the same 
author, extending from the Lakes of Canada to the con- 
fines of Mexico. 

REMARKS. 

These are the records of ages that are past, beyond 
the bounds of the remotest tradition, and hang suspend- 
ed on the field of conjecture, in the age in which we live. 

A few remarks upon this mysterious subject, may not 
be uninteresting in this place. 

It will be recollected that the art of Navigation^ had 
its origin amongst the Fhcenicians and Egyptians, about 
2000 years before the Christian Era, and that this was 
conducted by the coasting adveniure, for about 3,300 
years, down to the time of the discovery of Magnetism, 
and the Marinei^s Compass, at the commencement of the 



358 HISTORY OF IT. STATES. 

14tii century; that in tbe course of tliis time, this coast- 
ino advenlure had led to the discovery of the shores of 
the Mediiprraijean, and the Atlantic shores of Europe; 
and that the v/hole continent of Africa, had been cir- 
curiinavi.rated. Now it is presumed that some of these 
adventurers were blown off the roast, and driven by the 
trade winds across the Atlantic, and formed the settle- 
ment at Mexico; for this would be the point where the 
trade winds and the Gulf-Stream would naturally land 
them. 

To support this conjecture,! Imve presumed to intro- 
duce lh(^ following facts : 

Tl'.e Plioenicians and Egyptians worshipped the sun; 
had the art of embalming their dead ; ])Ossessed the art-s 
extensively, and practised human sacrifice. All these 
were common to the Mexicans, when they were conquer- 
ed l>y Cortez. 

I place no further confidence in the tradition delivered 
by MontrzAirna to Cortez, "that his ancestors came from 
the remote regions cf-tJie cast, and settled that empire; 
end that their descendants should come at some future 
day and take possessicm of the empire," than as it may 
serve for one (>f the links in the chain, by which my con- 
jectures are united. 

These facts being settled, let us pursue the colonies of 
these people, up the Mississippi, and examine their at- 
tempts to settle the interior country, contiguous to the 
great v/aters of tiiatRi\er. 

Here it is true, are no cities like Mexico, to shew the 
relative connection ; but here are to be seen extensively, 
the fortified camj)s, and ancient cemeteries of a people 
who jo^scssed the arts.* Here are to be seen the im- 
pressions of the feet of men, horses, and numerous oth- 
er animals and fowls, curiously engraven uj)on the fiat 
rocks of the Enchanted Mountains of Tennessee; here 
liave been found inscriptions engraven upon large flat 
rocks, in various })arts of the country, in a character 
unknown. These inscri);tions have been exactly trans- 
cribed and sent to the several Universities of our coun- 
try, to be decyphered. where they have been supposed 

*The monuments of antiquity v.re found from the 
southern borders of the Great Lakes, dov/n to the con- 
fines of Mexico. 



APPENDIX. 



359 



to be Phoenician, becaurn they so nearly resemh'e the 
ITt>bre\v and (Chaldean characters, from whence r^prang 
the Phoenician, which is now lost. 

Dr. Morse in his Geography, says " that a copper coin 
has lately been found near the Wabash, several feet be- 
neath the surface of the earth, which retains distinctly, 
lis Pirsian stamp and inscription^ It is well known 
that the Phoenicians sprang from the Persians or Chal- 
deans, and that they used the same coin in their national 
intercourse. All these facts united, have fixed a strong 
degree of probability upon my mind, that these works of 
art, are the monuments of the labors of a part of the 
Mexican colony, in their attempts to settle this western 
country, and may possibly lead to others that may servo 
to unfold the mystery still more clearly. 

Naval Establishment. — The followini; is a summary of 
the names and force of the Navy of the United States.* 



Ships of the Line. 



Names. 


Guns. 


Names. Guns. 


Independence, 


74 


North Carolina, 74 


Wasiiington, 


do. 


Ohio, do. 


Franklin, 


do. 


Delaware, do. 


Columbus, 


do. 


One building at Bos- 


Chippewa, 


do. 


ton, do. 


New-Orlean?, 


do. 


do. do. Portsmouth, do. 




Frig 


itcs. 


Consititution, 


44 


Macedonian, 36 


United States, 


do. 


Contiance, 32 


Guerriere, 


do. 


Mohawk, do. 


Javi, 


do. 


Cyane, 28 


Superior, 


do. 


John Adams, corvette, 24 


One building at 


Wash- 


Saratoga, 22 


ton. 


do. 


Steam Frigate Fulton. 


Constellation, 


m 




Congress, 


do. 





* January 1, 1826.— The Navy of the United States, 
consisted of the following vessels : eleven ships of the 
line, and five on the stocks ; eleven frigates, and four 
building : six sloops and brigs of war ; besides a number 
of schooners, a steam-frigate, &c. At Sacket's-Har- 
bor, there are two ships of the line, on the .stocks. 



360 



HISTORY OF U. SATES. 





Sloops of War. 




Names, 


Guns, 


Names. Guns. 


Lawrence, 


20 


Sylph, 


16 


Erie, 


IS 


Ticonderoga, 


14 


Peacock, 


do. 


Oneida, 


do. 


Ontario, 


do. 


Queen Charlotte, 


do. 


Hornet, 


do. 


Ranger, 


do. 


Detroit, 


18 


Enterprise, 


12 


Jefferson, 


do. 


Shark, 


do. 


Jones, 


do. 


Eagle, 


do. 


Madison, 


do. 


Also several snrialler 


ves- 


Louisiana, 


do. 


sels, bomb-ketches, 


&c. 


Niagara, 


do. 






Linnet, 


16 







DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 



PREAMBLE. 



" When, in the course of human events, it becomes 
necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands 
that have united them with another, and to assume a- 
mong the powers of the earth, the separate and equal 
stations, to which the laws of nature and of natnres's 
God, entitle them, a* decent respect to the opinions of 
mankind requires that they should declare the causes 
which impel them to a separation. 

"We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men 
are created equal ; tiiatthey are endowed by their Crea- 
tor, with certain unalienable rights ; that among these 
ore life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to 
secure these rights, gc)vernments are instituted amongst 
men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the 
governed : that whenever any form of government be- 
comes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the 
people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new gov- 
ernment, laying its foundation on such principles, and 
orgaiiizing its powers in such form, as to them shall 
seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. 

" Prudence indeed, will dictate, that governments 
long established, should not be changed for light and tran- 
sient causes : and accordingly all experience hath shewn 



APPENDIX, 361 

tliat mankind are more dis;;osed to suiYer while evils are 
siifferahle, than to ri<;ht themselves, by abolisliing the 
forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long 
train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing' invariably 
the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under 
abs-jiurc despotism; it is their right, ir. is their duty, to 
throw atF such a j^overament, and to provide new guards 
for their future security. Such has been the p;\t:cjit 
sutferance of llicse colonies, and such is the necessity 
now that constrains them to alter their former systems of 
government." 

Here t'oilows a succession of injuries, in detail, which 
the colonics have suffered froin (Treat-Btitain- which are 
closed with this remark, — '" I'o prove this let facts be 
■«ubn iiited to a candid worl(^." Causes of separation 
here loilow: 

As these caus'^s here enumerated, consist only of a 
summary of ihe numerous causes, already noticed, it 
will he unnecessary to swell liiib wo»k with their recital 
liere in detail, a few only shali s'sffice. 

*' Standing armies have been kept up amnnj; us, in 
times of peace, without the consent of our lesisialures. 

" The military has been rendered independent '.}f\ and 
superior to, the civil power. 

"A plan has hei^n formed to subject us to a jurisdic- 
tion foieign to our constitution, and unacknowledgp'i by 
our laws. 

*' Acts have beeji passed by the British legisiaiure- for 
quartering large bodie.< of armed troops upon us; for 
protecting them by a mock trial, from insuishmc p.t ibr 
any murders which they should commit - '. i iiabit- 

ants of these states; for cutting r)ff f-u ' ' .vith all 
pavta of tite world; for imposing taxer U) on i'<s wiihout 
our consent ; for depriving us in mauy cases ol' the ben- 
efits of the triaJ by jury ; for transporting us beyond the 
seas to be tried f ;;• suppose i offerK es ; for abolishing the 
free system of English laws in a neighboring province, 
eRtabiishmg them in an arbitrary government, and en- 
larging its boundaries so as t.o render it at once kn ox- 
ample, and fit instrument for ititroducing the same abso- 
lute rule into these colonies : for the taking a*-^ x^ "ur 
charter, aDoJij-hing our uuiht valuable l;iv. s r lu^ «.•'., ring 
fundamentally the forms of our governments; for sus- 

31 



362 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

pendinof our own lp:!;i^'!atnres, and declaring the British 
Pai iiHtTKiii iiivestj^d with power to legislate for us in all 
cas< > whatsoever. 

'• The «'n>wii of* Great-Britain has abdicated goverft- 
*ine f Itern, Uy d(f('larin<i; us out of its protection, and wa- 
ging war with us. 

*' Our se.is liave been phindered, our roasts ravaged, 
our towns burnt, and the lives of our people destroyed. 

*' Large armies of foreign mercenaries are at this 
time transporting into this country, to complete the work 
of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun, with 
circumstances of cruelty and j)e(fidy, scarcely parallel- 
ed in the most ba* reus Rges, and totally unworthy a 
civilized nation. 

*' Our fellow-citizens taken captive upon the high seas, 
have been constrained to bear arms against their coun- 
try, to become the executioners of their friends and 
brethren, and to fall themselves by their hands. 

" Domestic insurrections have been excited amongst 
us, and endeavors have been used to bring on the in- 
habitants of our frontiers, the merciless savages, whose 
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction 
of all ages, sexes and conditions. 

" In every stage of these oppressions, we have petition- 
ed for redress, in the most hunible manner. Our repeat- 
ed petitions have been answered only by repeated inju- 
ry. ]Nor have we been wanting in attention to our Brit- 
ish brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, 
of attempts by their legislature, to extend an unwarrant- 
able jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of 
the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. 
We have appealed to their native justice and magnanim- 
ity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our com- 
mon kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would 
inevitably interrupt our connections and correspond- 
ence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice, 
and of consanguinity. We must therefore acquiesce in 
the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold 
them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in 
peace, friends. 

" We, therefore, the representatives of the United 
States of America, in Congress asssembled, appealing 
to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of 
fiur intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of 



APPENDIX. 86^ 

the good people of these Colotiies, solemnly publish and 
declare, that these united Cok)nies are, and of 'out.se 
ouo^ht to be, tree and independent JSlates ; that ihty are 
absolved from all allegiance to the Britii^h crown ; and 
that all political connection between them and Great- 
Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolv<>(! ; and that 
as free and independent States, they have full pf)vver to 
levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish 
commerce, and do all other acts and tl.in^s, that inde- 
pendent States may do. And for the support of this 
declaration, with a firm reliance on Divine Providence, 
we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, 
and our sacred honors." 

The above Declaration of Independence, was, b^ or- 
der of Congress, engrossed and signed by the fcdiowing 
Memliers, according to the order of the States — John 
Hancock, President. 

Neiv- Hampshire^ Josiah BarJlett, William Whipple, Mat- 
thew Thornton. 

Massachusett=i-Bay, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Rob- 
ert T. Paine, Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode- Island and Providence Plantations^ Stephen Hop- 
kins, VVilJiam Ellery. 

Connecticut^ Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, Will- 
iam Williams, Oliver Wolcott. 

New-York, William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis 
Lewis, Lewis Morris. 

Ncw-Jerscy, Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Fran- 
cis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. 

Pcnnsi/lvania, Robert Morris. Benjnmin Hush, l?enja- 
min Franklin, John Morton, Ge<irge Clymer, Jjimes 
Smith, George Taylor. James Wilson, George Ross. 

Delaware, (.cesar Rodney, George Rf^ed. 

Maryland, Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, 
Charles ('arrol. 

Virginia, George Wythe, Richard H. Lee, Thomas Jef- 
fer>Jon, Benjamin Harrisoi, Thomas Nelson, Jr. Fran- 
cis L. Lee, Carter Baxton. 

North Carolina, William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John 
Penn. 

/South Ca^wlina, Edwar^l Rulledge, Thomas Heywardj. 
Jr. Thomas Lyncli, Jr. Artliur Middleton. 



^4 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Georgia^ Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Wal- 
ton. 

This is one of the most memorable state papers that 
the whole historic page can boast, and the \yonhiep 
wluse names stand recorded in support of thi.s n»asterly 
production, and who were the authors of this glorious 
epoch, are enrolled in the teirij)le of eternal fame, and 
their names can never die. 

On the 8th of July, the Declaration Wjss publicly pro- 
claimed in the city of Philadelphia, amidst the loud ac- 
clamatjons of the peoj>le. From thence the sons of lib- 
ers.} caught the sacred fire, and procimmed it with loud 
acciun\ations of joy, throu<ihout the natit>ri. Never was 
a people better prepared ibr such an event, and never 
was there a measure in which all hearts were more cor- 
dially united. This was the epoch of permanent liber- 
ty, and the den^h blow to British power, and British in- 
fluence in America. 



"Articles of confederation, and perpetual union, be- 
tween the SlHt4 « of ISew'Hampshne, Massach»sett&- 
Bay, Rhode-Inland ati'j Provideiice Plantation';, Coii- 
neeticuJ, Mew-Yor'h, ^ew-Jerseys IVmisylvania, Dfla- 
ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Car- 
olina, aod GcfMgia. 

'-Artieh t. The stile of this confederacy shall be, the 
United ?^tale;^ c)j America. 

Article '2. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, 
Tx-Dd indepenttcnce ; and evf ry ]iower, jurisdirtion and 
right, which is nut by this confetferation expressly dele- 
gated to the I. nited Slates, fn Congress as>er»ibled. 

Article 3. The said states hereby enter into a firm 
league !'f 'rierids?Mj. wnheach other, lor their common 
defence: the security of their liberties and their nuifual 
an(i genera! weUaie; binding themselves to assist each 
other agfvinst all force oflered to, or attacks upon them, or 
either of them, on a.'count of religion, soveieignty, trade, 
or any oiher pieteisce whatsoe\er 

Ai-rude 4. '^I'he hetler to secure and perpetuate mutual 
frjend>hi]) ajid intercourse anitong the p< op'e of the dif- 
lerent states in this union, the fttG inhal.itants of eacU 



APPENDIX. 365 

of these states, (paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives frona 
justice, exeepteH,) shall be entitled to all privileges and 
ininjunities of free citizens, in the several states, and 
the people of each state shall have fre^' ingress and re- 
gress fr(»m any other state, and shall enjoy therein all 
the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the 
same duties, impositions and restrictions, as the inhabit-* 
ants thereof, respectively; provided that such restric- 
tions shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of 
properly imported int(» any state, to any other state, of 
which the owner is an inhabitant; provided also, that no 
imposition, duties, or restriction, shall be laid, by any 
state upon the property of the United States, or either of 
them. 

If any person guilty of, or charged with treason, felo- 
ny, or other high misdemeanor, in any state, sliall flee 
from justice, and be found in any of the United States, 
he shall, upon demand of the Governor or Executive 
power of ihe state from whence he fled, be delivered up,, 
and removed to the state having jurisdiction of the of- 
fence. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these 
states, to the record*, acts, and judicial proceedings of 
the courts and magistrates of every other state. 

Article 5. For the more convenient management of 
the genertd interests of the Lnited States, delegates shall 
be annually appointed, in such ma5>ner as the les>isla- 
tuie of each state shall direct, to meet in Congross on 
the lirst Monday in November in every year, with a pow- 
er reserved to each state to recall it.-* mtmbers, or any of 
them, at any time within the year, and to send others in 
their stead, for the remainder of the year. 

No state shall be represented in Conjrress by less thas 
two, nor more than seven members ; and no person shall 
be capable of being delegated lor more than three years, 
in any term of six years; nor shall any person, behig a 
delegate, be capable of holding an r.flice under the Unit- 
ed Stales, tor which he, or any other for his benefit, re- 
ceives any salary, fees, or «m<»!iiment of any kind. 

Each state shall maintain its own delegates in any 
meeting of the states, or while they act as members of 
the committee of the states. 
31* 



366 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

In determinino; questions in the United States, in Con^ 
gress assembled, each state shall have one vote. 

Freedom of speech and debate, in Congress, shall not 
be in)pcached, or questioned in any court, or place out 
of Congress; and the members of congress shall be pro* 
tected in their persons, from arrests and imprisonmeiits, 
during ihe time of their going to and from, and atiend- 
ance on Congress, except ibr treason, felony or breach 
of the peace. 

Anicle 6. No state, without the c(»nsent of the UnJted 
States, in Congress assembled, shall send any embassy 
to, or rect'ive a»y embassy from, or enter into aiy con- 
feience, agreement, alliance, or treat}, with any king, 
prince, or state ; nor shall any peri^on holding any of- 
fice of profit or trust, under tlie United States, or any {)f 
them, accept of arsy pres-nt, tmohnient, r.ffice or title 
of any liind whatsoever, from any king, prince, or for- 
eign state ; nor shall the United States, in Congress as- 
sembled, or any of them, granr any title of nobility. 

No two or more states, shall enter into any treaty, 
Gonfederalion, or alliance whatever, between them, 
without the consent of the United States, in Congress 
assembled, sjiecifying accurately the purposes for which 
the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall con- 
tinue. 

No state shall lay any impost or duties, which may in- 
terfere with any stipulations, or treaties entered into by 
the United States, in Conifresf* Uhsenibied, with any 
king, prince, or state, in pursuance of any treaties al- 
ready proposed by Congress to the courts of France 
and Spain. 

No vessels of war shall be kept by any state, in time 
of peace, excf [it ^uch number only, as shall be deemed 
necessary by the United States, in Congress assembled, 
for the defence of such state, or its trade; nor shall any 
body of forces be kept up by any state, in time of peace, 
except such nuedjeronly, as in the judgment of the U- 
nited Stat* s, in C<)ngre.>s assembled, shall be deemed re- 
quisite to garrih-on the forts necessary f( r tl:e defence of 
such state: buj every state shall always ke- p up a well 
regulated and discipline ! militia, sufficient!} a'i>i(d ;:nd 
accoutred, and slall pr</v,de, and have const, nily for use 
m public stores, a due number of field-pieces and tents. 



APPENDIX. S67 

and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp 
equipage. 

No state shall enijage in any war, without tlie consent 
of tlie United States, in Conwress asseinble<l, unless surh 
state be actually invaded by enen!ie>, or shall have cer- 
tain advice of a resolution beinjr foi ti ed by some nation 
of Indians to invade such state, and the daniner is so im- 
minent as not to admit of a delay until the United States, 
in Congress assembled, can be conj^ulted; nor shall any 
state grant commit-sions to any ships, or vessels of \vur, 
nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be aftc!- a 
declaration of war by the I niled Slates, in Congress as- 
sembled, and then only against the kingdom or state, 
and the subjects thereoi', against which war has been so 
declared, ami under such regulations as shaU be estab- 
lished by the United States, in Congress assembled, un- 
less such state he infested by pirates in which cuse ves- 
sels of war may be fitted out for the occisjon, and ! ept 
so long as the danger shall continue, or uhld the United 
States, in Congress assembled, shall delern.ijic other- 
wise. 

Article 7. When land forces are raised by any stnte 
for the common defence, all officers of, or under tiie 
rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the Icgislatuie of 
each sgite respectively, by ^;h< m such forces aie r?ii^fd, 
or in such manner as stjch siaie shall direct; and ail va- 
GRncies shall be filled up by the state which first made 
the appointment. 

Article 8. All chnrges of war, and all other exigences, 
thatsliall be incurred for ll;e ci.ninioi'! «!efence, (<r jiCiier- 
al welfare, and allowed by the United States, in (Jon- 
gress assembled, sliail be defraved out of a (.(unn^on 
treasury, which -^.all be supplied by the several elites, 
in proportion to the value of all land within each stjite, 
granted to, or suiveyed for any person, as such land, 
and the buildings and improvements thereon, shail be es- 
timated, aceordinjito such mode as the United States, in 
Congress assembled, shall from time to time direct and 
appoint. 

The taxes for paving that prop()rtion shall be laid and 
levied by the authority and dirnction of the legif^la'iires 
ef the several states, within the time a2;reed upon by the 
United States, in Conffress a'^senjbled. 

Article 9. The United States, ifi Congress assembled, 



368 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

shall have the sole, am\ exclusive right and power, of 
determining on peace and war, except in such cases 
mentioned in the sixth article, of sending and receiving 
ambassadors ; entering into treaties and alllances,^provid- 
ed that no treaty of commerce shall be made, whereby 
the legislature of any state shall be restrained from im- 
posina' such imposts and duties on loreigners as their 
own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the ex- 
portation or importation of any species of goods or 
commodities, whatsoever; of establishing rules for de- 
ciding in ail cases, what captures on land and water shall 
be legal, &c. in what manner prizes taken by land, or 
naval forces, in the service of the United States, shall be 
divided, or appropriated; of granting letters of marque 
and reprisal, in time of peace; appointing courts for the 
rial of piracies, for felonies committed upon the high 
seas, and establishing courts for receiving and determin- 
ing finally, ap|>eals in all cases of captures, provided that 
iio member of Congress shall be appointed jeidge of any 
of said courts. 

The IJmted States^ in Congress assembled, shall also 
be the last resort on ajjpeal in all dis putes and differen- 
ces now subsisting, or thrjt may hereafter arise between 
two or more stales, concerning boundary, jurisdiction, 
or any other cause whatsoever; which authority shall al- 
ways be ex(3rcised in the maun«;r folh)Vving, viz — 

V»'hf-never the legislative «>r executive auth.ority, or 
lawfid agent of any state, in controversy with another, 
shall present a jietition to Congress, stating the matter 
in question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof 
sh<}*i he given by order of Congress, to the legislative or 
executive authority of the other stnte in controversy, 
and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties, by 
their lawful agents, w'-o shall then be directed to ap- 
point by joint consent, commissiiiners or judges to con- 
gtiUfte a court, who shall hear and determine the matter 
in question ; but if tl^ey car.not a;>ree, Congress shall 
name tliree uer«^ui»a from each of the United 8t:itesi. and 
from the list of such pers-ons, earh liarty shall ahernate- 
ly sti 'ke out one, the j.etitiuiiers beginning, until the 
nuuJu'! simll be reduced iown to thirteen, and from that 
numVser not les^ than sevnn ffor mnre than nine names, 
as Congress shall direct -ha!! st the presence of Con- 
gfess, be drawn out by lot, and the persons so drawn out. 



APPENDIX. 36^ 

©r any five of tliem, shall be commissioners or judges, 
to hear an<^ finally determine the contruverbV, sf- always 
as ft major part of the judges vvIjo shall aurec in the 
determination; and if either parry ^hall lit gleet to at- 
tend at the day appointed, vvithcut tlicwing reasons 
whi<'h Congress shall judge sufficient, or being present 
shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nom- 
inate three persons out ot each state, and the .-ecretary 
of Congress shall strike in behalf of such [)arty absent 
or refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the 
court to be appointed, ia the manner before prescribed, 
shall be final and conclusive ; "and if any of the parties 
shall ret'uiie to submit to the authority of such coiiik or 
to appear or defeini their claim or cause, the court shall 
nevertheless proceed lo pass sentence or judgn ert w hich 
shall in like manner be final and conclusivt, ih" j'^'g- 
nient or sentence', in either case, being tr;i!!^n::tit(i to 
Congress, and lodj^ed among the ;i*cts ot ("({!.:? for 
the security of the parties concerned ; provided 'hat ev- 
ery commissioner, before he sits in judgment, sLali ia!:e 
an oath, to be administered by one of the judge^ of 'he 
Supreme or Superior'Court of the state where ,be cr.iise 
shall be tried, " well and truly to hear and determuie 
the matter in question, according to the best of I is jndfy- 
m*^nr, without favor or affection, or hope of rcwjirii;" 
provided also, that no stnte sh;dl be df-privcd of territo- 
ry for the benefit of the f'siiied States. 

All controversies conecriung ilie }>iivnie ri<:ht of Si^il, 
claimed under different ji'nnts of two ov more states, 
wlv.)>e jurisdictions, as thev may resjjert sucli lands, and 
the states tliat passed such graiits. aie juyusted, the said 
grants, or either of (hem, being at the same time claim- 
ed to have oriirinatcd anttccdent to ^■\-^i'\\ setth-ineiit of 
jurisdiction, s'nall, on the petition of eaher parij to the 
"CotiL'rcKS of the United States, be d«'t(M-mined as near as 
mav be in the same manner as i« before j>r<'sci ilu'd for de- 
ciding; disputes, resj>ecting territorial jurisdiction be- 
tween different states 

The Tnited States, inCon'jjress assembled, shall have 
the sole and exclusive power of regulating the alloy and 
value of coin, struck by their own authority, or by that 
of the res[>ective states ; fixinir the standard of weights 
and measures thr«ughont the United States; regulating;- 
trade, and managing all affairs with the Indians, noj 



370 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

members of any of the states, provided that the legisla" 
tive rights of any state, within its own limits, he not in- 
fritsged or violated. Establishmg and regulating post 
offices, ft om one state to another throughout the United 
Slates, and exacting such postage}^ on the papers pass- 
inn through theii!,as may he requisite to defray the ex- 
peu.ses of suchiffices; appointing all the officers of the 
naval forces, and commissioniBg all officers whatever, in 
the service of the United States; making rules for the 
governing and regulating of the said land and naval 
forces, and rlireciing their operations. 

The United States, in Congress assembled, shall have 
authoMtv to appoint a committee to sit in the recess of 
Coiigress, to be denominated the Committee of the States^ 
t«d ctjusist of one delegate from each state, and to ap- 
point such other committees, and civil officers, as shall he 
ftecessary for managing the general affairs of the United 
States, under their direction; to a])pomt one of their 
number to preside, provided no person be allowed to 
serve in the office of President, for more than one year, 
in any term of three years ; to ascertain the necessary 
sums of money to be raised for the service of the United 
States, and to appropriate and apply the same for de- 
fraying the public expenses; to IxMrow money, or emit 
bills on the credit of the United States, transmitting 
every half year to the several states, an account of the 
sums of money so borrowed or emitted ; to build and 
equip a navy, to agree upon the number of land forces, 
and to make requisitions from each state for its quota, '\n 
j)roportion to the number of white inhabitants in such 
state; which requisition shall be binding, pnd thereup- 
on the legislature of each state shall ap}»oint the regi- 
mental officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm and equip 
them, in a soldier-like manner, at the expense (»f the 
United States ; and the officcu's and men so clotheil, arm- 
ed and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, 
within the time agreed u|M>n by the United States, in 
Congress assembled: but if the United States, in Con- 
gress assembled, .shall upon consideration of circum- 
stances, judge proper that any state should not raise men 
or should raise a less number than its q iota, and that 
any other state should raise a greater number than its 
quota, such extra number shall be raised, officered, 
olothed, armed and equipped, in the same manner as the 



APPENDIX. 371 

quota of such state, unless the lejS^islature of such state 
shall JM'Ige that such extra number cannot be safely 
spared out of the same. In such case they shall raise, 
offifer, clothe, arm jwid equip, as n»any of such extra num- 
ber as they judi^e can be safely spared. Aad the officers 
and men, so clothed and equipped, shall march to the 
place appointed, and within the time ai^reed on by the 
United States, in Congress assembled. 

The United States, in Congress assembled, shall nev- 
er engage in war, nor grant letters of omrque and repri- 
sal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alli- 
ances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, 
nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the 
defence and welfare of the United States, or any of them ; 
nor emit bills of credit, nor borrow money on the credit 
of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor agree 
upon the number of vessels of war to be built or pur- 
chased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, 
iior appoint a commander-in-chief of the army or navy, 
unless nme states shall assent to the same; nor shall 
a question on any point, except for adjourtiing from day 
to day, be determined, un'.ess by the votes of a majority 
of the United States, in Congress assembled. 

The Congress of the United States, shall have power 
to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place 
within the United States, so that no period of adjourn- 
ment be for a longer space than six months, and shall 
publish the journals of their proceedings monthly, ex- 
cept such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or 
military operations, as in their judgment require secre- 
cy; and the yeas and nays of the delegation of each 
state, on any question, shall be entered upon the jour- 
nals when it is desired by any delegate ; and the dele- 
gates of a state, or either of them, at his or their re- 
quest, shall be furnished with a copy of said journal, ex- 
cept such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the 
legislatures of the several states. 

Article 10. The committee of the states, or any nine of 
them, shall be authorised to execute, in the recess of Con- 
gress, such of the powers of Congress as the United States, 
in Congress assembled, by the consent of the nine states, 
shall see fit, from time to time, to vest them with ; pro- 
vided that no power be delegated to the said committee, 
for the exercise of which, by the articles of confedera- 



372 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

tion, the voice of nine states in the Congress of the 
United Slates assembled, is requisite- 

A flcle li. Canada acceding to this confederation, and 
joiniDi;' ill the measures of the United States, ^hal! be 
admitted i»,to, and i'e entitled to all the advantages of 
this union ; hut no other eoIr»ny shall be admitted into 
the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine 
states. 

Arti-"'e 12. All bills of credit emittetl, monies borrow- 
ed, ano debts contracted, bv, or under the authority of, 
'Oon_i^res3, before the assemblino; of the United States, 
in pursuance (»f the present t onfederation, shall be 
deenied a'-d consii^ered as a charge against the United 
Stares, for payment and satisfaction whereof, the said 
United States and the public faith are hereby solemnly 
pledged. 

Article 13. Every state shall abide by the determina- 
tions of the United States, in Congress assembled, on all 
questions, which by this confederation arc submitted to 
them. And the urticles o{ this confederation &hat! be 
inviolably observeil by evei^y state, and the union shall 
bo perpetual ; nor shall any alteration, at any time here- 
after, be made in any of tliem ; unless sucl; alteration 
be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, ar d be 
^afterward confiin=ed by the legislature of every state." 

This confederation was submitted to the several states 
for their approbation and acceptance,* and when (i»:ly 
approved by all the states, went into operation, arid be- 
caiiie the palladium of the United States, ihrou-h the 
revolutionary war, and down to the year 1789, when the 
present Federal Constitution was organize<], and went 
into operation- 
Such was the virtue of the American character, that 
evc!? this rope of sand possessed powers and energies 
sufricieni to manage the affairs of a rising state, and reg- 
ulate and controui al) their essential concerns, for the 
best interests of the >vhole ; but when peace had remov- 
ed t!ie pr-- ssurc of the common danger, and private 
inteiost isegan to claim precedence of the |iublic i^riod, 
and corrupt intrigue Itegan to trample upon the public 

*Tw«^lve states ratified this confederation, in Decern^ 
J>er following. 



APPENDIX. 373 

virtue and public riglits, iIku it became necessary to re- 
vi!sellu> compact, arul ruisu in 's pl.ico ihat stupendous 
monument of wisdom and virtue, the Federal Constittr- 
tion. 

CONSTITUTION OF THE U. STATES. 

As-proposed bv the Convention held at PlulaJelphia, 
September 17th, 17S7, and ratified liy the several 
•States; with tlie subsequent amendments. 

PUKAMBf.E. 

We, the people of the Unite! States, in order to forna 
a more perfect union, esiabiish justice, ensure domestic 
trauquihty, provide i\n^ the common defeiio(\ promote 
the general weirnre, and secure the ^l'essin«:s of liberty 
to ourselves and »ur posterity, do ordain and establish 
this Constitution, for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

Section 1. All -o^aislative powers herein jrranted, shall 
be vested in a Con«jre>s of the Uni ed States, whicii shall 
•onsist of a S«'nate, and a H'^u'^e of K«'presen' ilives. 

Section 2. The House of R'-oresentatives shall b« 
ooiii,)osed of Members choseu every second year, by the 
people of the several states: loH the eUrt- '.- in each 
stale, shall have the qualifications requisite fo= the most 
numerous brawc'' ol the state le^rishuure. 

No person shall b^ a liei)re>en*ative who \\\\. io' at- 
tained to the ai^e of twenty live years, and b.' en seven 
years a ci»izen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of tha*^ state in which h« 
shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxe?, shall he app(»rtioii- 
«d among; the several states, whi* !» may be included with- 
in this Union, accord. n;» to their '•espectiue nuuihers, 
which shall be deternr'ieJ by adilingMo tlic whnir. nuna- 
ber of free persons, including' those bosiij! iw servsce for 
a term of years, and excludinjr Indiana not taxed, thre«- 



374 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

fifllt'^ rif a!l other })t'rs'»ns. The acuiol eimraeratioR 
shMli ';i' !!!ai!e vvitljui \\m(h years atier tiie first meeting 
of .!.(? f ' .nirress of llie Ciiiied Srares, and within e\ei'y 
suhserjiient term of ten years, in sucli manner as they 
sh !l ny hiw direct. The nnniber of Representatives 
»hail not exceed one for every thirty tliousand ; hut each 
state shid! have, at least, one Representative. And until 
such enumeration shall be made, the state of New- 
Hampshiie shall be entitled to choose three — Massachu- 
setts eiaht — Rhode island and Providence Plantati<ins 
©ne — Connecticut five — New- York six — New- Jersey four 
— Pennsylv?inia eight — Delavtare one — Maryland six — 
Viriiinia ten — North Carolina five — South Carolina 
five — and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from 
any state, the Executive authority thereof, shall issue 
writs of election, to fill such vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall choose their 
S})eaker ai^d other officers, and shall have the sole power 
of impeachment. 

Section 3. "I'he Senate of the United S tates, shall be 
composed of two senators from each state, chosen by 
the legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator 
shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled, in conse- 
quence of the first election, they shall be divided as equal- 
ly as may be, into three classes. The seats of the sen- 
ators of the first class, shall be vacated at the expiration 
of the second year; of the second class, at the expira- 
tion of the fourth year, and of the third class, at the 
expiration of the sixth year; so that one-third may be 
chosen every second year. And if vacancies hapjien 
bv resiiination, or otherwise, during the recess of the le- 
gislature of any state, the Executive thereof may make 
temporary appoinlments, until the next m.^eting of the 
leirislature, which shall then fill the vacancies. 

No person shall be senator, who has not attained to 
the a"^e of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen 
of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, 
be an inhabitant wf that state for which he shall be chosen. 
The Vice-President of the I'nited Stages, shall be 
President of the Senate; but shall have no vote, unless 
they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also 



APPENDIX. 375 

a President pro tempore, in rhe absence of the Vire- 
PretJident, or wUen he .shnll exercise tht^ office r-t' I'resi* 
dent of the Lniteil Spates. 

The Senate sh'iil have the sole power to try all im- 
peachments. When titling for that ptirfxise, they shall 
: be on oath (H' affirm;. tion. When the President of the 
United States is tried, the (^hief Justice shall preside; 
and no peison shall he convicted, without tite concur- 
rence of two-thirds of the members present. 

Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shaii not extend 
further than removal from office and disqualification to 
hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, under 
the United States; but the party convicted, shall n< ver- 
theless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg- 
ment and punishment, accordin«r to law. 

Section 4. The times, places and manner of holding 
©lections for senators and representatives, shall be pre- 
scribed in each state, b\ the legislature thereof; but the 
Congress may at any time by law, make or alter such 
regulations, except as to the place of choosini»: senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every 
year, and such meeting shall be on the fiist Monday in 
December, unless they shall by law, appoint a different 
day. 

Section 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elec- 
tions, returns, and qualifications of its own members, 
and a majority of each, shall constitute a quorum to do 
.business; but a sm.iller number may adjourn from day 
to day, and may be autliorised to compel the attendance 
of absent members, in such manner and under such pen- 
alties, as each House may provide. 

Each House may determine the rules of its proceed- 
iligs ; punish its m«"mbers for disorderly behaviour, and 
with the concurrence of two-thirds, may expel a mem- 
ber. 

Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, 
and from time to time, publish the same, exceptinjj such 
parts as may in their judirments, require secrery ; and 
the yeas and nays of the mem.iers of eirher House, on 
any qu^'stion, shall at the desire of one fifth o! those 
present, be entered on the journal. 

Neither House, during llie session of ronL*"ress, shall, 
without the consent of the other, adjourn for more thaa 



atG HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

three davs, nnv to any other place than that in which the 
tWii Houses shall he sitting. 

Section 6. The senators and representatives shall re- 
•eivc a ofjinpensarion lor their services, to be ascertained 
by i-iw, and paid out of the treasury of i lie United States, 
Thr'v sh ill in ail cases, except treasoii, felony and breach 
of the peace, he privileorod from arresS dnrinjr ^heir at- 
ten- i,>:ce at tlse session of their respective Houses, and 
in goin^ to anrl from the same. And for any s.-fcch or 
deb;<te in either House, they shall not be questioned in 
an} other place. 

N'> ■senator or representative shall, durin*^ tlie tinn- for 
which lie was elected, be appointed to any civil office, 
under t^he authority of the United States, which ^balj 
have been created, or the emoluments of which shall 
have been increased durinjj such lime ; and no person 
holding: any office under the United States, shall be a 
member of either House, durin*i his continuance in of- 
fice. 

Section 7. All bills for raising reveniie, shall oriafinais 
in the HOuse of Representatives: but the senate may 
propose or concur witii amendments, as in otiies bills. 

Every bill which shall have passe«i the House of {Rep- 
resentatives and \i\' S.'JsaJe, shall, before it becomes a 
law, be presented to the President of the United States. 
If he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return 
it with his objwctiot.s, to that House in winch ithhalihave 
origH\,i ed, who shall enter the obiect.i(>ns at larire, on 
thei?" jfiarpa!, and proceed to re-consider it. 11, after 
such rc-consjderatun), two-thirds of that House shall 
a«reeto pas.^ the 1 dl, it shall be seut, togetljer 'wiH^ the 
objf-ctions, to duM>iher House, Uy which it shall likewise 
be re-cor,s^.!ert d, and d approved by two-thirds of *bat 
Hi ;.3e,'it siia!) bfcome a \hw. But iu all such cases, ihe 
foi > of hi,th H{>uses, sifa'i be deiermimd by yeas atid 
nay : and the names ')f the persons vutinu" for or against 
dui bill, shall be en'er^d <>n the journal of each House 
respectivi \y. If any bi'd shall not be returned by the 
P; evident in ten days, ("^undj'.ys excepted) after it shall 
hav< bf'e;i })re.-ented to !;.m, the same shall be a law, in 
Iil,e manner as if he had sijrned it; unless the Congjess 
by tin 3j- adjo'.'.rnn cut, prevent its return, in which case 
it sir J! not he a law. 

Ever} order, resolution, or vote, to which theconcuiv 



APPENDIX. 37? 

rence of the Senate and House of Representatives may 
be necessary, (except on a question of atljouinrnenr) sdall 
be presented tn the President of the United States, and 
betore the same slial! take effect, shall l)e ajjproved hv 
him, or being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed bv 
tvvo-ihirds of 'he Senate and Ho-jse of llepresentatives, 
according to the rules an I limitations prescribed in tiie 
case of u bill. 

Section 8- The Congress shall have power to lay and 
collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises; to [»ay the 
dei)t.s <d' the United States, and provide for thecomniim 
deioiii-e and general welfire of the United States; but 
all duties, imposts and excises, shall be uniform through- 
out the United States. 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 
to rciTulate commerce with foreign nations, and among 
the several state^i, and with the Indian tribes; to estab- 
lif^h an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws 
on the subject of bankruptcy, throughout the United 
States. To coin money; regulate the value thereof, and 
of foreign coin ; and fix the standard of weights and 
measures; to provide tor the punishment of counterfeit- 
ing the hccurities and current coiii of the United States. 
To establish post-offices and post ro;ids; to promote the 
progress of science and useful arts, by securing for lim- 
ited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right, 
to their respective writings and discoveries. To consti- 
tute tribunals inferi<;r to the Supreme Court; to define 
and pnnisii piracies and felonies, commitied oii the high 
seas, and offences against the law of nations. To de- 
clare war; grant letters of marque and reprisal, and 
make rules conce; ning captures on land and water: to 
raise and suppp«)rt armies; but no appropriation of 
monies f<»r th it use, shall be for a longer term than two 
years; to provide and m>iintain a navy; to make ru.es 
an^ reiiuiarions fn* the land and naval forces. To ^iro- 
vide for calling forth the militia, toexecut*' the laws of 
the Union, suj.iprt ss insurrections, and repel invasio;ig.^ 
T*' provide for organizing, arming and disciplininy: the. 
KniU^ia. and (or gove niuii such part of them as mav be 
em 'ioved in the service of the United Sfates ; reserving 
to ilie >t;Ue-i respectively, the a})pc;lntment of the (offi- 
cers, and the aulhontv of training the militia, according 
3-3* 



'S7S HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

to the discipline prescribed by Connjress. To exercise 
exclusive Jegislation, m ail cases, whatsoever, over such 
district (not exceedmo ten miles square) as may. by the 
cession of j)aiticular stiites and the acce})tance of Con- 
gress, become the seat of the oovernment of tlie I nited 
States, and to ipxercise like autliority over a!! such pla- 
ces purciiastd by the consent of the I«i;isiature of the 
stale in which the same shall be, for the erection of tortSy 
dock-yards, and other needful buildinijs. And to make 
all laws which may he necessary for carrying into exe- 
cution the foregoing- powers, vested by this constitution, 
in the government of the United States, or in any de- 
partment or office thereof. 

Secti(»n 9. I'he mi2,ration or importation of such per- 
sons as any of the scates now existing, shall think prop- 
er to admit, shall not be prohibited by Congress, prior 
to the year one thousand, eii^-ht hundred and esght ; but 
a duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceed- 
ing ten dollars per each person. 

The privileges of the writ of habens corpus, shall nv>t 
be suspeniJhed, unless in cases of rebellion or invasion, 
the public ?ia!ety ma}' require it. 

No bill of attainder or expost facto law shall be pass- 
ed. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, un- 
less in |)roportion to the census or enumeration herein 
before directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid 
upon any articles exported iVom any state. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of 
commerce or revenue, to the ports of one state over those 
of another: nor shall vessels bound to or from one state 
be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

No monies si all be drawn from the treasury, but in 
consequence of appropriations made by law; and a reg- 
ular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- 
tiiies of all public monies, shall be published from time 
to time. 

No title of nobility, shall be granted by the United 
States. And no person liolding any riffice ot profit or 
tru-t. under tliem, shalh without the ccjnsent of Con- 
gress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title 
of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign 
state. 

Section 10. No it-re slsall enter into any t-eaty, alli- 
ance or confederation ; grant letters of marque and rep- 



APPENDIX. 37fe 

risal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any 
thin<»- hut gold -iiid silver a tender in payment (»t' debv.s ; 
pass any lull of attainder or expost facto iuw. or law irn- 
pairino- the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of 
nobility. 

No slate shall, without the consent of Congres;-, lay 
any impost, or duties on imports or exports, except vvliat 
mav be absolutely ncessary for executing its iuspecvion 
laws; and ihe net produce of all duties and imposts iuid 
by any state, on imports and exports, shall he for tiie 
use of the treasury of the United States; and all such 
laws shall be subject to the revision and control ol ('on- 
gres.-:. 

No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay 
any duty of tonuase, keep troops, or shipts of war, m rime 
of peace ; enter into any unga<»ement or c<»m(-»act with an- 
other state, or with a foreign power, or enj^age in vvar, 
un4ess actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as 
will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a 
President of the United States of America. He shall 
hold his (»ffice during the term of lour years, and togeth- 
er with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be 
elected as follows: 

Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legis- 
lature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal 
to the whiile number of senators and representatives to 
which the srate may be entitled in the Ccmjrress; but no 
senator or representative, or pers(m holding- an office of 
trustor profit, under the United States, shall be appoint- 
ed an elect()r. 

The electors shall meet in their respective states, and 
vote by ballot, for two persons, of whom one at least, 
shah not be an inliabitant of the same state with them- 
selves. ■ And they shall make a list <d all the persons 
voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which 
I list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed, to 
the seat of o-overnment of the Uii4te<l States, directed to 
the President of the senate. I'l e Pre«ident of the sen- 
ate yhall, in the presence of till- Senate and House of 
Re]>jes€ntatives5open all the certiicates, and th« vote« 



t79 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

sliJill tlien be coimled. T!ie person Imviiiir the jrreatest- 
luirnher of votes, shall be President, if ^^uch numbi-r be 
a njajortty of the w!io!e number of electoLs app'unteil; 
anr] if there be more than one who shall have such ina- 
joritv, and have an equal number of votes, then itie !l<»use 
of Representatives fchall immediately elioo^e by ballot, 
one of them for President And i\ no person have a ma- 
jority, then from the five hi<iljest on the* list, the said 
House shall m liUe manner, choose the President. But 
in choosino; the President, the votes shall be taken by 
states; the representatives of each state, having one 
vole. A quorum for this purpose,^shall c<msist of a mem- 
ber or members from two-thirds of the states, and a ma- 
jority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. — 
111 evt^ry case, after the choice of the President, the per- 
son hrtvinj^the «rreatest nuniber of votes of the elect/>rs, 
shall be Vice President. But if there be xwu or more 
who have equal votes, the senate shall choose from tbem 
•by balhft, the Vice-President.* 

'i'he Coni^ressmay determine the time of choosinirtbe 
electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; 
vvldch day shall be the same throughout the United 
States. 

N(» person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen 
of the Miiited States, at the time of the adoption of this 
constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; 
neither shall a«iy person be eligible to th it offi^-e, who 
shal! not have attained to the age of thirty five years, and 
been fourteen years a lesident within the Ignited States. 

In case of the removal of the President from office, 
or of his death, resignation, <jr inability t(j discharge the 
p<>wf'>-.- an;' tiuties of that office, the same shall devolve 
on the Vice President; and the Congress may provide 
bv hiw. for ihe case r»f remov d, dv*ath. resignation, or 
inabiiity, boih of the Ptesident and Vice-President, tle- 
clarfiig what officer glial! then act as President, and such 
officer shall act accordiiisly, until the disability be re- 
moved, or a President be elected. 

ThePr^'sideni shall at stated times, receive for his ser- 
vices, a cur. u'ensation which shed! n< itlipr be inc.(a>ed 
y)o»' <!".niui!S .Cii during the inrioil for which he shal! have 
bc^m eh rn'd ; and he »hall not receive within that perir 

See i2tb amcndaieut. 



APPENDIX. 38® 

•d, any other emolument from the United States, or anj 
of rhein. 

Before he enter on the execution of his office, he 
shaH lake 'he following oatli or affi; mation : I do solemn- 
ly swear (or affirm) that 1 vvili faiihully execute t!ie of- 
fice of President of the United St ites, and vviJl to the 
best of my ability, preserv*-, protect and defend the con- 
stiuition of the United Stales. 

vSection 2. The President shall be Commander-in-^ 
Chief of the army and navy of the Uniteo" Stairs; and 
of the militia of the several states, when called iiito ac^ 
tual service of the United Stales; he may require ^the 
op-.nion in writiuir, of the principal offi' er in each of ihe 
execMitive departments, upon any snhjoct relatinij to tlio 
dunes ot their res{>ective offices; and he shall have 
power to tjrant repiieves or j)ardons i'or offences ai»ainst 
the United Sta-es, except in cases of impi-achment 

lie sliallhave the power, by and wiih ihe advice and^ 
conseni of the senate, to make trea!;es, })rovided two- 
thirds of the senators present, concur; and he shall 
nominate, and by and wirh the advice and coMseiit (if the 
senate, ap'poim ambassadors, other prd)lic ministers and 
consuls, JMdj;es ot tiu; supreme court, and all other of- 
fi<-er>of the United States, whose appojurments are not 
he -ein otherwise provided for. and \\hic|) slrall be est'ab- 
lishf'd b-v law. Bit tlie Congress nay, by law, vest tiie 
appointment of such inferior officers, as they t! juk 
proper, in the Presiilenr alone, in l!ie courts oi' law, or 
in thf^ heads of departni'mts. 

The President shall have the power to fill all vacan- 
cies that mav happen durini»- the recess of tlio senate, 
bv ^x'Jintiau (jiuiunssions which shall expire at the end of 
the iirxt ses>tnn. 

Section 3. He shall from time to time, "ive to the 
Cori^ress, inforination of the statt^ of the Union, and 
recommend to their consideration, such measures as he 
sh dl j'»d2;e necessary and expedient He may on ex- 
traordinary occasions, convene both Houses of Con- 
gress, or either of them ; and ni case of disagreement 
between them, with respeci to the tirnf of adjournment, 
he may adjourn them tf) such time and [>luce as he 2-hall 
think proper. He shall receive ambassad'irs and otiier 
j>ubHc ministers. He shall take care that the laws ^ar®. 



381 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

faithfully executed, aiir) shall commission all the oncers 
©f rhe United Stiites. 

Sectioii 4. Tlje President, Vice-President, and all the 
officer?! of the United States, shall he jeuiovcd from of- 
fice, on impeaehment for. and conviction of, treason, 
bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

Section 1. The judicial power of the United Statep, 
«hal! be vested in one snpretne court, and in such inferior 
courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain 
and establish. The judges, both of tlie supreme and 
inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good be- 
haviour, and i^hall, at stated times, receive for their ser- 
vices, a compensation, which shall not be diminished 
during their continuance in office. 

Section 2. Thy judicial power shall extend to all ca- 
ses in law and equity, arising under this constitution, 
the laws of tl-.e United States, and treaties made under 
their authority ; to ail cases affecting ambaSv>adors, other 
public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty 
and maritime jurisdiction : to controversies to which 
the United States shall be a party; to controversies be- 
tween two or more states; between a state and eitjzens 
of another state; between citizens of diffi^rent states; 
between citizens of the same state, claiming lands under 
grants of different states, and between a state, or the 
citizens thereof and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 

In all cases affectinof ambassadors, or other public min- 
isters and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a 
party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. 
In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme 
®ourt shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law 
and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regula- 
tions as the Congress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- 
ment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in 
the state where the said crimes shall have been commit- 
ted ; hut when not committed within any state, thf trial 
shall be ar such place or places, as the Congress shall by- 
law, have directed. 

3. Treasorj airainst the United States, shall consist 
•nly in levying war against them, or in adhering to their 



! 

■ APPENDIX. 882 

enemies, o;ivinff them nid and comfort. No person sliall 
be cMivicteJ of trea^ittn, tuilt^ss on tliP testimony of two 
witiiPssses to the s.ime overt act, or on C(mfession in open 
cou.t. 

The Coiiirress shall have p(»wer to declare the pniiish- 
ment of treason ; but no attainder of treason, shall 
work corrnption of blood or forfeiture, except during 
the iife of the person attained, 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be ffiven in each 
state, to the public acts, records, and judicial proceed- 
ings of every other state. And the Congress may, by 
general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, 
records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect 
thereof. 

Section 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled 
to all the privileges and immunities of the citizens of 
the several states. 

A person charged with treason, felony, or other crime, 
in any state, who shall flee from justice, and be found 
in annther state, shall, on demand of the executive au- 
thority of the state from which be fled, be delivered up, 
to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the 
crime. 

No person held to service or labour in one .<5tate, under 
the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in conse- 
quence of any law or regulations therein, be discharged 
from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on 
claim of the party to whom such service or labour may 
be due. 

Section 3. New states may be admitted by the Con- 
gress, into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed 
or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor 
any state be formed by the junction of two_or mor« 
states or parts of states, without the consent of the le» 
gislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Con- 
gress. 

The Consfress shall have power to dispose of, and 
make all needful rules and regulations respectinjf the 
territory, and <»ther property belonging to the United 
States ; and nothing in this constitution shall be so «on° 



IJ83 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

»tri«c ed as to prejudice any claims of the United States,, 
«r any particjilar state. 

Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every 
state in this* Union, a repubnean form of government ; 
and shall proteft each of them against invasion; and on 
app<ic;ition or the leJ^i^lat!!re or of t!ie executive, (when 
the 'eiiislatuie cannot he convened) against doraestiG 
violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses 
shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to 
tliis constitution ; or on the application of the legisla- 
tures of two-thirds of the states, sliail call a convention 
for proposing amendments, which in either case, shall 
be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of tins con- 
stitution, when ratified by tiie legislatures of three- 
fourths of the several slates, or by conventions in three- 
fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode may be 
proj)Osed by the Congress; provided, that no amendment 
which may be made prior to tlie year one thousand, eight 
liundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first 
and f(»urth clauses m the ninth section of the first article; 
and that no state without its consent, shall be deprived 
•f its equal suffrage in the senate. 



autici.e 



VL 



All debts contracted, and engagements entered intOj 
before the adoption of this constiiution, shall be as valid 
against the United Stales, under this constitution, as un- 
der the confecieratir.u. 

This constitution, and the laws of the United States, 
which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all trea- 
ties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the 
land ; aiid the judge in every state shall be bound there- 
by, any thing in this constitution, or laws of any state to 
the contrary, notwithstanding. 

The senat(»rs and representatives before mentioned, 

and the members of the several state legislatures, and 

all exeiuihve and judicial officers, both of the United 

States and of rhe several states, shall be bound by oatb 

■ &r affinnalion. to support this constitution ; but no relr- 



APPENDIX. ~ ^M 

gious test Siiall ever be rc'{iiii>';l a-^ n qiifilification to any 
ofiiL^e or public iruit, unJer the Uiuied States. 

ARTICLE Vir. 

The ratificarion of the coaverition of nine stales, shall 
be suffi 'iei)t .for tiie esraMish n 'it <»f rhis coastitutioQ, 
between the slates so ratifyiti^ the sarnc. 

AMENDMENTS, 

Article I. Congress shall make no law re?penfini!^ the 
esfal»Hshiaeiit of" reli'^iou, or prolubiving ti»e fme e\e,r- 
ci.-e thereof, or abi Mli^intj the free. lorn of sj»ee(;h, or of 
the [>res,s ; or ih'^ iij;}ir of the people ])ea;eably to assem- 
ble, and {(> petition the government for a redress of 
gri«>v i;;c-es. 

A. iicie'2. A well resiulatej rniUtia beinsj nece=«arj to 
the security of a free statt;, ihe nojht of the pesiple to 
keoj) and bear arms, shall not be infringed. 

Articles. IV;» S)ldier sijajj, in time of peace, bo (jnar- 
tered in any h »ase, with<mt the consent of the own*ir; 
nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by 
law. 

Article 4. The right of the people to be secure in their 
persons, houses, papers and effects, against uoreasonuble 
searches and seizures, sliall not be violated; and no 
warrants shall issne. bat upon prahable cause, sup[)orted 
by oatii or affirm<ition, and p irUcuIarly describing the 
, place to be searched, and the persons and things to be 
seized. 

Article 5. No person shall be held to answer for a capi- 
tal or otherwise infamous crime, noless on a pr^-sen^n-Mit 
or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arismg 
in the land or naval service, or in the militia, when in 
actual service, in time of war or jxiblio danger ; nor shall 
any person be subjej't for the sanie off<^nee, to be twif-e 
put in jeitpirdy of life and Imib; nor shall be compelU 
ed III any criminal case, to be witness against himself, 
nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, vvahoui due 
process of law : nor sliall private property be taken for 
Ijlie public use, withonr just compen-ntion. 

Article 6. Iti all cnmitial prosecutiuus, the accused 

3;^ / 



385 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

shall enjoy the right of a speedy and public trial, by an 
impartial jury of the state and district wlierein the crime 
shall have been previously committed; which district 
shall have been previously ascertained bylaw, and to be 
informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; 
to be confronted with the witnesses ngainst him; to have 
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, 
and to have the assistance wf counsel, for his defence. 

Article 7. In suits at common law, where the value in 
controversy, shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of tri- 
al by jury, shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a 
jury, shall be otherwise re examined in any court of the 
United States, than according to the rules of the com- 
mon law. 

Ar'icle 8. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor 
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- 
ments inflicted. 

Article 9. The enumeration in the constitution of 
certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or dispar- 
age others retained by the people. 

Article 10. The powers not delegated by the constitu- 
tion to the United States, nor prohibited by it to the states, 
are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. 

Article Jl. The judicial power of the Ueited States, 
shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or 
equity, commenced, or prosecuted against one of the 
United States, by citizens of another stale, or by citizens 
or subjects of a foreign srate. 

Article 12. (In lieu of the third paragraph of the first 
section of the second article.) The electors shall meet 
in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President 
and Vice-President, one of whom at least, shall not be 
an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. They 
shall name in their ballots, the person voted for as Pres- 
ident, and in distinct ballots, the person voted for as 
Vice President; and they shall make distinct lists of all 
persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted 
for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for 
«ach: which lists they shall sign and certify, and trans- 
mit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United 
States, directed to tlie President of the senate. The 
President of the senate shall, in the presence of the Sen- 
ate and House of Rep4'esentatives, open all the certifi- 
cates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person 



APPENDIX. 3S6 

haviiif? tbe greatest number of votes for Presitlent, slall 
be the Piesjdent, if such number be a nmjorii y of liie 
wboif number of electors appointed; but if no person 
have !*!icb majorit), tber from tbe persons bavin^- the 
hii'hesi number, not exreedinjjf three, on the list ol those 
v«.ti (i for as President, tlio H(HiSe of Representatives 
shall elu>ose immediately, hy ballot, the President. But 
in choosinji the Piesident. the votes slijat! he taken hy 
states; the refoesenuitives from each "V.wf. bavin*: • le 
vote. A tjuornm for this purpose, sliajl constsi u; a 
member <)r memheis from two tlnrd> of Jl^e f-ian's, t^nd 
a majority o^ all "he ■states shall l)e nec< -sary ton t'ti.! -e. 
Amu it tlie House of Representatives shall not cho<»«.t a 
Pre>ide(it, vvhene\e the riiiht of iboice sf>a!l devolve, 
up'>n ihem, before the 4tli day of March, next foihuvinjj, 
tl t n flie Vice-President sha'l ac-t as Presuient. as 'n 'lie 
ca.^e ot the death of or other constitulionai disabihlv *>£ 
the Presideni. 

i'he per>on havinjr tbe gfreatest number of votes as 
Vire President, shall he Vice Piesident, if such nnniUei* 
be a majority of tiie whole mnnher of elect jrs a, »;i! mint- 
ed ; hut if no pers' n liave a majority, then from l!)':' two 
bij^hesr nund)ers on the list, the senate shall choo^-e the 
Vice-President. A tjuorum for this porpnse, sb;dl con- 
sist of two thirds of the whole numher of senatcus, and 
a inajority of the whole numher, shall be necessary to a 
ciioice. But no per^on constiJuticwialiy ineU:: hie to the 
offire ot President, shall be eligible to tlie otfice of \ ice- 
Pre-.!dent. 

Tins 12th article was ratified in 1804. 



Soon after the treaty aiide in 1684, by tbe colonies 
with ;he Five iNat.on^ uf Indians, .Vi-iusieur Dc la B - re, 
Gtkvernor of C;U)a >a, comujenced a war upon ttteiu, 
ai.d eruered their c<tnutry with an army i.f 1700 men, 

an i the total ruin (d the Five IXations. was meditaio«J 

De ia Barre imported fresh troe»j»s from France, to pros- 
ecute the war, aiid 'I e OuKe ot Yorh. at the same time, 
instructed Governor Dongan, to maint;iin a strict neu- 
trality ; huT the (lovei nor saw with ineal concern the 
stoi m iha; vv-'s about n» biosi upon liie >avaijes; disre- 
garded the Duke's instructions ; gave tiiem timely no- 



387 HISTORY OF V. ^TiTES. 

tice, and promised his assistance. A riiortal sicluipssj 
arifsing fioHi bafi provisi(;i!S, ccrimu Jiced sn the Fjei'ch 
arn;y, and cleleattd the enterprise, and ccnijttlied De la 
Barre to rnakn oveiniies «)f pf are, nni; invite, the Five 
Nations to a eonference. Go\err)ikr D<'ngan by iiis influ- 
ence, prevenied tJ e Mohawks and 8enec."-s, ircm attf nd- 
inij the treaty; hut the v.-nor)dagas, Oneidas anw Cayu- 
gas, ntet the Frencli G(;verno! in councd, where he ad- 
dressed them with the f'l liowin^; speech: 

"The Rinii my ma.-ter, heinii informed that the Five 
Nations have often mfraijied the peace, has orderet me 
to come hither >\ith a guard, and to send Ohguesse to the 
Onondagas, to !>rin:r tie chief Sachems to njy canip. — 
The intention of hie Great Kiiiif, is that you and I may 
sn!<!ke the Cakmet oi peace together; hut on this con- 
dition, that you promise me, in tiie iLr.n*e oi the Seneca?, 
Cavugas, Onondagas and Mohawks, to give entire satis- 
faction and reparation lo his schjecis, and lor tl;e iuiurc, 
never to molest them. 

" The Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas and 
Mohawks, have robbed and abused all the traders that 
were passing to the Illinois and Miamis, and other in- 
diari nations, the children of my Ring. I'hey have Jict- 
ed, on these occasions, contrary to the treaty of peace 
with my preiiecessor. 1 am ordered, therefore, to de- 
mand satisfaciion, and to tell thetn, that in case of re- 
fusal, or their phindering us any more, that 1 have ex- 
press orders to declare war. This l^elt confirms my 
words, 'i he warriors of the Five INatitns, have conduct- 
ed the English into the Lakes, which belong to tlicKing, 
my master, and brought th.e English nni(;n;> the iiations 
that are his chUdrcn, to dest! oy the trade of his sid)jects, 
and to with<Jraw these nations from him. They have 
carried the EngliTb hither, notwithstanding tise prohibi- 
tion of the late Governor of JNew-YorU, who foresaw 
the ri^qtie that both they and you vvotdd run. I am wil- 
ling to forget those things, but if ever the Lke shail hap- 
pen for the future, I have express orders to dechire war 
against you. This belt confii ms m\ wor(is. Yo'irvvar- 
riors have made several barbarous nicursu^ns on th.e Il- 
linois and Fmannes: they have mas:- av red men, women 
and chtltiren, and have n?ade many of these nations y-ris- 
oners, who thought themselves safe in their villages, in 
time of peace; these people, who ar© my Ring's chil- 



APPENDIX. 388 

drer),rnust not be your slaves; yoii must give tliem their 
lib :• -^v. 'iiid send them back into their own country. [f 
th«* Five Nations shall refuse to do this, I have express 
orders to declare war against thein. This belt contirins 
my words. 

"This is what 1 have to say to Garranirula, that he 
may carry to the Senecas, Onondaij^as, Oneidas, Ca\ii- 
gas and Mohawks, the declaration which the Rinji;, tny 
master, has commanded nieto make. He doth not wish 
them t<» force him t<» semi a oreat army to Cadarackai 
Fort ro begin a war which must be fa»ai to them. He 
Wiadd be sorry that this Fort, that was the work of peace, 
should become the prison of your warriors. We must 
endeavour, on b<ith sides, to prevent such misfortunes. — 
The French, who are the brethren and friends <d' Hie 
Five Nations, will never trouble their re[)<»se, provided 
that the satisfaction which I lU-mand, be given ; and that 
the treaties (jf peace be hereafter observed. 1 shall be 
extren.ely grieved, if my words do not produce the ef- 
fect which I expect from them ; for then 1 shall be oblig- 
ed to join with the Governor of New- York, who is com- 
manded by his master to assist me and burn the ca*<tles 
of the Five Nations, and destroy you. Tliis belt con- 
firms my words.'' 

The contempt with which Garrangula listened to the 
speech <»f De la iiarre, was first expressed by his wdk- 
inj>five or six times round the circle, in the midst of whieli 
the French warrior was seated in his elbow-chair, and 
then by his rhus addressing him : 

" YoNNONDIo. 

" I honor you, and the warriors that are with me 
likeA'ise honor you. Your inteipreter has limshed y<>ur 
speech; I nov/ begin mine. My words make haste to 
reach your ears ; h< aiken to tliem. 

'' Yonnond'O, you must have believed, when you left 
Quebec, that the sun had burnt up ail the forests, which 
render our country iriaccess'Me to tlie Fi-ench, or that 
the lakes had so far overflown the hanks, that they hiid 
surrouiide<i our oastle«, and that it was impossible ior us 
to net OUT of theai. Yes, Yonnondio, suieiy von nuist 
have dreampt so, ami (he curiosity of j^f^eiog so ^rreat a 
wouvler hns bi-onih? you no far. N«>w v ou :.ic UM.:ieceiv- 
ed, since that 1 and the warriors here present, are come 
33* 



389 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

to a~?urp you, thai ihe Seneca?, Caynpfas, Onondagas, 
C; iJi^;, i.iid Mohawks, are yet aiive. 1 thaiiK you, in 
Ul* i naiiie, for bniiffinaf back into itieir country, the ( al- 
lunel which your predecf t^sor received from their hands. 
It was hajiw for you that y<*u left under gr(.u :d that 
mMic:eni.o I aichet, i!;at has been ^o oiten dyed in the 
bl()0(i of the French. Hear, Yoniicndio, 1 do not sleep, 
I h v( my eyes open. End the sun which enlighieus me, 
di-^('<.*vers to me a great capttjin at the heaci < f a company 
of soldiers, who speaks as if he were dreaming. He says 
that he only came to tlie Lake to smoke on the great 
Calumet with the Onondagas. But Gairanguia says 
Yiiar he sees the ctmtrary, that it was to knock them on 
th(. lit ad, if sickness had not weakened the arms of the 
French. 

'• 1 see Yonnondio raving in a cam}) of sick men, 
whose lives the Great Spirit ha? saved, by inflicririi:- this 
sickness on them. Hear Yonnondio, our Wdmen had 
taken their clubs, ©ur children and old men isad carried 
their bows and arrows into th( heart of your camp, if 
our warriors had nf>t disarmed then! and keptihem back, 
tvhen y<tur messenger. Ohguesse, came to our castles, — 
It is done, and 1 have said it. Hear, Yonnondio, wg 
plundered none of the French, but those that carried 
guns, powder nnd bail, to the I'wiohtwies and Chictag- 
hi( ks. b-ecause those arms mif:ht have cost us our lives. 
Herein we ioJIow the example o{ ijie Jesuits, who stave 
all the kegs of rum brt.uglit to oirr castles, lest the drunk- 
en Indians should knock them on the head. Our war- 
riors liave not beaver enough to pay for all these arms 
tnai tney have taken, and our old men are not afraid of 
tro war. This bell preserves my words. 

" We carried tlie English into our Lakes, to trade 
there vt'ilh the Utp.vvawas and Quat(»ghies, as the Adiron- 
dacks broright the French to (nir castles, to carry on a 
trade, whicli rlie English say is theirs. Wo are born 
free; wt ncithei depend on Yonn<;n('io nor Corlear. 

" We may go where we please, and carry with us 
whom we please, and buy and sell what we please: if 
your allies be your slaves, use them as such, command 
them \i) receive ;to other but your people. This belt 
prfv5 rves my words. 

'' VVe knockeo the Twightvvies and Chictaghicks on 
tki^ iiead, becauso ihey had €Ht down the trees of peaee, 



APPENDIX. 390 

wliich were the limits of onr countiy. Tlsey have hnnt- 
ed beavers on our lands; ilwy have acted conirary to vhe 
cusioms of all Indians, for they have left none of the 
beavers alive, they killed both male and fcniale. — 
They brought the Satanas into the country, to lake part 
with them, after they had concerted ill designs aiiainst 
us. We have done less than either the English or 
French, that have usurped the lands of so many Tudian 
nations, and chased them from their own country. This 
belt preserves ray words. 

" Hear, Yonnondio, what I say, is the voice of all the 
Five Nations; hear whfit they answer ; open your ears 
to what they speak. Tbe Senecas, Cayugas, (.)nimda- 
gas, Oneidas and Mohawks, say that wfien they buried 
the hatchet at Cadarackui, (in the presence ol your 
predecessor) in the middle of the Fort, they planted the 
tree of peace in tbe same place, to be tbcre carefully 
preserved, that in place of a retreat for soldiers, that 
Fort niightbe a rendezvous for nierciias:ts; that in [ilace 
of arms and amciunition of war, beavers and merchan- 
dize should only enter tliere. 

" Hear, Yonnondio, take care for tlse future, that so 
great a number of soldiers as appear there do not choak 
the tree of peace planted in so small a Fort. It will be 
a great loss, if, after it had so easily taken root, you 
should stop its growth, and prevent its covering your 
country and ours wilh its braiiches. 1 assure you, in the 
name of the Five Natio'is, that our warriors shall dance 
to the Caltraiet of peace under its leaves, and shall re- 
main quiet on their mats, and shall never dig up the 
hatchet, till their brother Yonnondio or Corlear, shall 
either jointly or separately endeavor to attack the coun- 
try which the Great Spirit has given tf) our ancestors. — 
This belt preserves my words, and this other, the au- 
thority wliich the Five Nations have given me." 

Garrangula then turning to the interpreter, iMonsieur 

\ La Main, thus addressed him: — "Take courage Oligu- 
esse, you have sj)(rit, speak, explain my words, forget 
nothing, tell all that y< ur brethren and friends say to 

i Yonnondio, your Governor, by the mouth of Ga.-rangu- 
la, who loves you and desires you to accept of this pres- 
ent of beaver, and take part with me in my feast to 
which I invite you. This present ot br aver is sent to 
Yonnondio, on the part of the Five Nations." 



391 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Monsieur De la Barre withdrew in silent chagrin, and 
retired to Mourreal, aisd the uexi year he was s-nccee. ed 
in tlie oovpuiineiii, by the Marquis De JNoiiville, who 
brought out from France a rejrintieul of troops m 1685. 

1 have given the. above display of eloquence veibatnn 
fnun Siutih's History of iNew-York, as being perfectJy 
characteristic of the two nations. 



INDIAN AND FRENCH WAR OF 1697. 

The details of individual sufferings that occurred dnr- 
injij this war, were tney faith fulJv recorded, would excite 
the sympathies of the most unfeehng bosom. One in- 
stance only, can v/e relate. 

In an alt;»ck, by a body of Indians, upon IJaveihill, 
Nrw-Hampsliire, in the winter of 1697, the concluding 
year i*f the war, a party of ihe assailants, burning with 
savag(! aniuiosity, approached the house oi' a Mr. Dtis- 
tan. Upon the first alarrn, he flew from a neighboring 
fieki, to iiis family, with the hope of hurrying them lo a 
place of safety. Seven of bis children, he directe*! to 
fife, while lie himself went to assist his wife, who was 
ct> ifined to her bed with an infant a week old. But be- 
fore she could leave the bed the savages arrived. 

Inttespairof rendering her assistance, Mr. Dustan 
flew to the door, Piounted his horse, and determined in 
his own mind, to snatch up the child which he loved best. 
He followed ill pursuit of his little flock, but on coming 
Uj> wilh them, he found it impossible to make a selection. 
He <!etern5!ned, therefore, U) meet his fate with them; 
to defend :\ni\ save them from the kiufe of the pursuing 
Sf.Vfjoes, or die by tlieir side. 

A body of the Indians soon came up with them, and 
fioiu short (listances, commenced a fire upon him and 
hss iittle company. For more than a mile, h"i confined 
to retreat, placinir himself between the fire of the In- 
di n>s and his chiMren. and returning their shots with 
g '> ti sjMi it Pud success. At lenirth he saw them all 
SHJeiy lodged from their bloody pursuers, in a distant 
h use. 

It is no^ easy to find a n »h]er instance of fortitude and 
Courage, inspired by ali'ecUon, than is exhibited in this 



APPEND!:^. ^92 

heroic act. Let u? ever cultivate the infliirnce of lho«e 
ties of kindred, wlucli are eapab'e of giving so j^eiier- 
ous and (^levafed a directed to our actions. 

As Mr Dusran qoiited Ins house, a party of Indians 
entejed it^ Mr?!. Diistan was in bed ; but ti.ey ordered 
her to rise innitantly, and bet'Me »he Cf)u!d linish dress- 
inji;, obhi^ed lierarid ffie nurfcC, who fiad in viin attempt- 
ed to escape with the infant, to quit the house, which 
tliey phmdered and burnt. 

in the.-e distressinof circumstances, Mrs. Dustan be- 
gan her niarcli v/ith otjier captives, into the wihlerness. 
The air was keen, and their path h*d throuiih snow and 
deep niu(), and iheir savajje coi.(hjC(ors deli^^lited rather 
in their affliction, tiian in Hilevjarinjjj iheii- distress. 

The company liad jiroceeded hut a slioi t distance, 
when an Indian, tlunking the infant an incisiuhrance, 
took it from tlie arms of the nurse and violently tcimin- 
ated Its life. Sucli of the other caprives as became 
weary and inca))able of procecdino-, ijip Indians IvilJed 
with >heir tomahawks. Feeble as Mrs. Dustan was, both 
she and her nurse sustained, with wondertul energy, 
the fati'i,ues and mit^ery attending a journey ot one hun 
dred aad fifty miles. 

On their arriving at ihe place of their destination, they 
found the wigwam of the snvage who claimed them, to 
be inhabited by twelvi; Indians, in the ensuing April, 
this family s*t<«ut, with ihcir captives, for an Indian set- 
tlement, Still more remijle. The captives were mionued 
that on their arrival v.x the settiement, they must suLnsit 
to he f,ttij)ped, scourged, and run the gauntlet between 
two files (»f Indians. This information earned distress 
to the mindsofthe captive women, and led tliem prompt- 
1 ly to devise some means of escape. 

Early in the nuirmngof The'Jl.s^tof April, Mrs. Dus- 
tan awaking her aurse and anotjicr fellow prisoner, they 
dispatched ten of the twelve Indian-, while they were 
asleep ; the otlier two escaped. The women then com- 
menced their difficult and dangercjus journey ihrotfgh 
the wilderness, and at length {^rr ved safe at liavcrhdl. 
I Subsequently they vislred Boston, and received from the 
! Gei'.f'raj C<Hirt, a'handsi-me consideration for their ex- 
I traordinary sufferings and heroic conduct. — JJwighfs 
' Tiavch. 



393 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

DESCRIPTION OF LOUISBURG. . 

The harbour of Louisbiirof, lies in hititude 45 deg. 55 
niin. its f^ntiaiioe is ahuul four hiin«hed yards wide. — 
The anchorage is uniformly safe, ai d ships may run a- 
shoie on a soft muddy boUom. 'i i»e depth of water at 
the entrance i.- about 9, to 12 ftiihom. The harbor lies 
op«'n to the south east. Upon a neck of land upon the 
soiith side oi the Imibour, was built the town, two miles 
an 1 a quarter m circumference; fortified in every actes- 
Slide part, with a rampart oi' stone, from thirty to six'y 
feet hisih, and a dit(;h eiohty feet wide. A spfict ()f a- 
bonr iwo hundred yard^ was left withtrnt a ran-part, «)n 
the side next to tlie sea, it was encic'sedvvith a fein>p'e 
dike, and a line of j»iv*ket.s: the Sf^a was so slialh.w in 
tliis place, that it mnut oiiiy a narrt)w channel, inaccess- 
ible from its numerous reefs, ro anv shipturig uhalevrr. 
1 he side lire fi(»wi the bastions secured this spot Uom 
attack. There were six bastions and three batie.ies, 
coiuaming emhrazures for one hutidred and forty ct-ht 
cannon, of which sixty-five <'nly were monmed, 'ind 
SiXiren mortars. On an islam! at the entrance of the 
h:^:bour, was planted a battery of thirty cannon, carry- 
ing 28 pound shot ; anfl at the boitoni oi the haibour, 
diiectly oppo^^ite to the entrance, was the <»rand, or roy- 
al battery, of tweniyeijrhl cannon, foity-t wo pounders, 
and livo ei<ihteen pounders. On a hi»^h clitf, opposite to 
the island l»attery, stood a li^ht-honse; and within this 
pomt, at the north-east part of the harbor, ivas a careen- 
ins: wharf, secure from all Winds, and a magazine of na- 
val stores. 

The town was reyjularly laid out in squares ; the streets 
were broad, the houses mostly of wo<»d, lait some of 
atone. On the west side, near the ranjparl, was a spa- 
cious cita<]el, and a laroe pajade; on the one side of 
which were the Governor's apartments; under the ram- 
part were casemates to receive the women and children, 
duritio a siejj[e. The entrance of the town on the land 
cide, was at the west gate, over a diaw-bridge, near to 
w^iich was a circular battery, mounting sixteen guns of 
24 p< und shot. 

IT.^^se works had been twenty-five yeas in building, 
and had cost the crown of France, not less than thirty 
millions of livres. The place was so strong as to be 



APPENDIX. S9i 

called the "Dunkirk of America." It was in peace a 
safe retreat for tiie ships of France, boiind homeward 
from the East or West Indies; and in war a source of 
distress to the northern Eiiujlish Colonies ; its situation 
bein^ extremely favourable for privateers to ruin their 
fishery, and intercept their coastinaj and foreign trade; 
for which reason the reduction of it was as desirable to 
them, as the reduction of Carthage was to the Romans. 
— Abbe Rei/nal, 



MARQUIS LA PAYETTE AND BARON VIOMINEL. 

General Washington detached the Marquis La Fayette, 
in the morning, at the head of the American iii^ht in- 
fantry, supported by the Baron Viominel, from the lint 
of the French, to advance and storm those redoubt*, 
which had so annayed them throuujli the niglit. Lieuten- 
ant Colonel Hamilton commanded th»^ van of the corps 
of General La Fayette. The redoubt was promptly 
carried by La Fayette, at the point of the bayonet ; but 
the captives were spared. The Marquis La Fayette sent 
his aid, Major Barbour, through the whole line of the 
enemy's fire, to notify the Baron Viominel of his suc- 
cess, and to inquire where he was; to which the Baron 
replied, " I am not in .ny redoubt, but shall be in five 
minutes;" in five minutes his redoubt was carried. 

General Washington was highly gratified with this ex- 
ploit, and commended the officers and soldiers engaged 
in it in the highest terms, in ihe followiri j: orders : 

"The Marquis La Fayette's division will m ant the 
trenches to morrow. The Commander-in-C^hief con- 
gratulates the allied army, on the success nf the enter- 
prise last evening, against the two important redoubts 
on the left of the enemy*s W')rks. He requests the Bar- 
on Viomuiel, who commanded the French irrenadiers, 
and the Marquis La Fay; tte, who commanded the A- 
merican light infaatry, to accept his warmist acknowl* 
edgments for the excellence of their dispositions, and 
for their own gallauf •oaduct upon the occasion. And 
he begs them to present his thanks to t^V'^iy in liv d lal 
officer, and to the men uf iheir HS(>f-ctiv(> •?>.n!tMiHls, 
for the spirit and the rapidity witii wiuch they advanced 



m:j HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

to ihe points of attack assigned them, and for the aduii- 
rabiefirinrsess with which they supported tl'Crn, under 
the fire of the enemy, without rctnrnini>' a sh(<t. 

The General refiv^cts with the hi^rhcst pleariiire, upon 
the confidence which the troops of the two nati<»ris i/nist 
hereafter have in each other; assured of nuUtrnl sup- 
port, he is convinced there is no dan;):er v/hsch ih/^y will 
ijot clieerfuMy encounter; no difficuhy whicli they wiH 
not bravely overcome/' 

ADVENTURES OF SERGEANT CIIAaiPE. 

" Having! matured the plan, General Washinin<rto« 
sent to Major Lee, to repair to Head-Quarters, (at i ap- 
pan, on the Hudson.) where upon his arrival, he thus ad- 
dressed liim : 

"1 Ijave sent for you in the exj)ecta[> s tltat you have 
some one in your corps, who is wilhnji lo undertake a 
delicate and liazardous ))roject. \\ hoever comes for- 
ward, will confer great obhii[;ations upon me, personally, 
and in behalf of tlie L'uited States, I will reward him 
em ply. No time is to be lost: he mui^t proceed, if possi- 
ble, tltis night. I intend to sieze Arnold, and sa^e An- 
dre." 

Major Lee named a Serg^eant Major of his corjjs, by 
the name of i^hampe; a native of Virginia; a man full 
of l)(>ne nnd muscle, with a countenance g'r:ae, thought' 
fui and taciturn, of tried courage and inflexible perse* 
vera nee. 

Champe was sent for l>y Major Le^^^', and the plan pro* 
popused, vvhitdi v^'as to desert and escape to New Yoik ; 
apj)ear friendly to the enemy ; watch Arnold, and by the 
assistance of such trusty friend as he could (irocure, seize 
Arnohi and convey htm to some private place upon the 
River, to be a<rreed u son, where boats should be in wait- 
in fjc to convey lam away. 

(jbampe listened to the plan attentively; hut with the 
spiiitof a soldier of honour and integrity, replied, "It ia 
ni't tianycr nor difficulty thiit deter me from immediaudy 
acceinuJij t!^- propo-nl, i>ui \\'i' ignominy of diset'i'wn, and 
t-^ie h>!p .rii^-sf of mlistivg irith the enrmt/.''^ 

To which Major Lee replied, " thai itlthmigh he would 



APPENDIX. 890 

cppear tod«!seit,}'et as lie obeyed the call of Iiis Com- 
mander-in Chief, his departure could not be considered 
as crimnia!, and if he suffered in his reputation for a time, 
the matter should one day be explained to his credit." — 
It was further urj^ed, " that to brinj^ such a villain as Ar- 
nold to justice, loaded with guilt as he was, and to save 
Andre, so young, so brave, so accomplished, and so be- 
loved; and to achieve so much j/ood, in the cause of his 
country, was more than sufficient to counterbalance all 
his objections." 

Champe fell the force of this reasonin«r and accepted 
the service. It was eleven o'clock at night ; hut he has- 
tily returned to camp, with his instructions in his pock- 
et, and taking his cloak and vahce, A-c. drew his horse 
from the picket, mounted and pushud forward with full 
speed for New- York. 

Within the space of half an hour, Captain Carnes, 
the officer of the night, waited upon Major Lee, and in- 
formed him that one of the patroles had disco\ered a 
dragoon, who being challenged, put spurs to his horse, 
and made Ids escape. 

Major Lee, who was in vain attempting to rest, com- 
plained of fatigue, and coolly replied, "that the patrole, 
most probably, had mistaken a countryman for a dra- 
goon," and thus attempted to elude the complaint, and 
save a pursuit. But Captain Carnes was alive td 
his duty, and retired in haste, to assemble his corps. — 
On calling the roll, it was found that Champe was mis- 
sing. Carnes returned hastily and informed Lee of the 
fact, adding, "I have detached a party to pursue the de- 
serter as soon as you will furnish the written tirders." 

Major liee roused from his broken slumbers, proceed- 
ed to draw his orders with as much deliberation as pos- 
sible, without exciting suspicion, thus concluded : "Bring 
him alive, that he may suffer in the presence of the ar- 
my ; but kill him if he resists, or escapes after he is 
taken.'* 

A shower of rain fell soon after Chftiiipe's departure, 
which enabled the pursuers to take the trail of his horse, 
his shoes, being made in a peculiar form, (as was com- 
mon to those of the army,) with a private mark upon 
each, which was seen in the path. 

Middleton, the leader of the pursuing partv, left 
34 



3tr HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

camp a few minutes past 12 o'clock, which jrave Champe 
the start about haif an hour; a period much shorter than 
had been contemplated. 

During tiie night, the drajjoons were often delayed in 
examining the road, to keep the track of the fu^^itive; 
but upon the approach of morning, the impression of 
the h(»rse*s shoes were so apparent that they pressed on 
with more rapidity. Several miles above Bergen, (a 
villaire three mJes above New-York, on the opposite side 
of the Hudson,) on ascending a hill, they descried 
Champe, not more than half a mde ahead, and Champe 
at the same time descried his pursuer.*;, and knowing 
their object, put spurs to his horse to secure his escape. 

By taking a different road, Cliampe eluded his pursu- 
ers for a few moments, but on approaching the River, 
lie was Hgain descried. Aware of his danger, he lashed 
his vahce, which contained his clothes and orderly 
bfjok, to his shoulders, and prepartul to plunge into the 
River. 

Swift was his flight, and swift the pursuit. Middle- 
ton and his party gamed upon the fugitive, and would 
fsoon have overtaken him; but he threw himself from his 
horse; plunged into the River, and called loudly for 
help, to sotnt' Briti'ih gallies that \ay off in the stream. 
Ttiey despatched a boat instantly, to re^^cue Champe, 
and commenced a brisk tire upon his pursuers. When 
they liad taken him on board ihe boat, they carried hirn 
to New- York, with a letter from the Captain «f the gal- 
lev, stating minutely, the whole affair, as it had passed 
under his view. 

iMiddleton took Champc's horse and cloak, and return- 
ed to camp, where he arrived about three o'ch>ck the 
next morniQg. When the soldiers saw Champe's horse, 
they made the air resound with their acclamations, that 
the scoundrel was Killed. 

The agony of Major Lee was indescribable, at sight 
©f the horse ; but Iws fears were soon relieved when he 
learnt that his faithful Champe had efFectcd his escape, 
and he repaired instantly t<> Head Quarters, to bear the 
jovfiil tidings to WHshington. 

Soon after Champe arrived in New York, he was car- 
ried before (ieiieral Clinton, who receive*! him kindly; 
t>ut examiiud him • vlo>«'ly for m 'le than an Jvour : many 
^i his 4ueblions were so close, that it required ail the art 



APPENDIX. SOS 

®!mmpe was master of, to answer them without exciting 
st)me suspicion- He succeeded, however, and Sir Hen* 
l*y ^ave him a couple of guineas and recommended him 
to General Arnold, who was deairous of gainujo- Ameri- 
can recruits. 

Arnold received him kindly, and proposed to liim to 
join his legion; hut Champe declined, and expres*e<l a 
desire to retire from the scenes of war; assnri»nj the 
General, at the same time, that should he change Ins mind 
be w<)uld enlis\ 

Champe soon found means t(» acquaint Major Lee 
with liis adventures; hut unfortunaiely, he could no^ -uc- 
®eed in takinir Arnold, liefore the ♦execution of Andre. 

Ten days before Champe hruioht his mea-<ure> to a 
conclusion, Lee received trom him his final comuiuiiica- 
tion, appoinlinif the third subsequent jnijln. f<»r a parij" 
of «1ra;:joons to njefi liini ar Holiokc'ti, (ojjjjosite to New- 
York) where lie hopt^d rodeiivtr Arnold ;<► ihe ctli! ers. 

(Champe had enlisu-d into Ainold's lejjii^n, fiom w i'.icli 
time, he had every opportunity he coiiid Wisli, to a'tfnd 
to the habits of the GHueral. He s«>on di>covere(! tnat 
it w IS his custom to returji home about twelve every 
niaht, and tiiat previous to going to bed, he aUvivwisiied 
th(^ ijarden. Duiingthis visit, the c<«nspiraf<Ms were to 
sieze an(i gag Inm. ( hani{»e had iak( n « tf .srvoai of 
tlic jtaleings ot" ti e lence, near the house, anti re- j»l;n',ed 
th^ m III such a n. aimer that ;'1m y couhi be a^ain removed 
viirnMit nojse, v\ liich wonhi open a pa.'-.saye tnt' an ad- 
joi}iin<i alley. Lto (|li^ alley he inten* <ci lo ((Hjvey Ar- 
nold, with tlie ail! of his < onti/anion, n ho was an dissoci- 
ate that hnr! been inrrocinced u> j.itn by the fueiid to 
whom Champe iiad been onuintaiy niaee known, ly let- 
ter from the Crinmamler in Chiei. ain with v\liot;e aid 
and counsel he had >o far <'on(UicTed the eiifer])rise. His 
otiier associalc wa.s uiih the boat, rea«.!\ at one oi ilie 
wharves on the Hn<ison River, to receive the paity. 

('hatnpe and his frimd, intended ea<"h to hrive placed 
themsefves under the shoulders t»t \i-nok!, and thus fjave 
borne hun along, ihrongh the most nnfn quentcd aileya 
and streets, to the boat, and in case they sli >uid be qnes- 
titnied, fhey were prepared to say that they were convey- 
ing a drunken soldier lo the iiuard-house. 

When arrived at the boat, all diffi-aiiies would hnve 
lieen surmounted, and they could have easily crossed 



309 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

over to tlie Jersey shore. When the plan was made 
known to^Major Lee, he communicated the .same to the 
Commander-in Chief, who was highly gratified with the 
intelharence. lie desired Major Lee to meet Cliampe, 
and to take care that Arnold should not be hut. 

The day arrived, and Lee with a party of accoutred 
horse, repaired to the place of rendezvous, in high ex- 
pectation of meetinjr Champe, with his prisoner. The 
party reached Hoboken, about midnisrht, where they 
lay concealed in an adjoininsf wood ; bur Major Lee, with 
three drai^o<ms, t<»ok their station near the River. Hour 
after ht.ur passed away, but no boat appeared, until day 
dawned, and Major Lee found it necessary to withdraw 
his party and return tn camp. Fie repaired directly to 
Head-Quarters, to acquamt the General with their mys- 
terious disappointment. General Washington felt the 
disappointment the more sensibly, because he was fully 
eonvinced that the plan would succeed, and Arnohl the 
traitor, be brought to justice, in presence of the whole 
arnjy. He felt sensibly, at the same time, for his faith- 
ful (Champe, lest he should have been detected in the ex- 
ecution of his plan, and fallen a victim to lus fidelity. 

In a ^ew days. Major Lee received an anonymous let- 
ter from Champe's patron and friend, informing him that 
on the day precedinor the night fixed for the execution of 
the plot, Arnold had removed his quarters to another 
pari of the city, to superintend the embarkation of 
troops for a secret expedition, and that the American le- 
gion, consisting chiefly of deserters, had been removed 
from their barracks to one of their transports, to guard 
against their desertion before the troops could sail. 

Thus it happened, that ,Iohn Champe, instead of cross- 
ing the Hudson, was safely lodged on board of one of 
the transports, from which he never departed, until he 
landed with Arnold, in Virginia. Nor was he able to es- 
cape trom the British army, until after the junction with 
Lord Cornwallis, at Petprsburgh, when he deserted. — 
Proceeding high up into Virginia, he passed into North 
Carolina, near the Saura Towns, and keeping in the 
friendly districts of that state, safely joined the army, 
after it had passed the Congaree, in pursuit of Lord 
Rawdon. 

His approach excited extreme surprise among his for- 
mer companions, which was not a little increased when 



APPENDIX. 400 

ihiSj saw the cordial reception he met with from the late 
Major, now Lieutenant-Cnh>nel, Lee. if is whole story 
was soon known to the corps, wliich re-produced the 
love and respect of otficer and soldier, heietofore inva- 
riably entertained for the Serp;eant, heightened by uni- 
versal admiration of his late daring and hazardous at- 
tempt. 

Champe was introduced to General Greene, who very 
cheerfully complied with the promise made by the Com- 
mander-in-Chief, so far as was in his power; and hav- 
ing provided the Sergeant with a good horse, and money 
for his journey, sent him to General Washington, who 
muiiificently rewarded him, agreeable to his wishes, and 
presented him with a di-^charae from further service; 
lest he might, in the vicisitudes of war, fall into the hands 
of the enemy, where he was sure to die upon a gibbet. 

We shall only add, respecting the after life of this ad- 
venturer, that when General Washington was called by 
President Adams, in 1798, to the command of the army 
prepared tt) defend the country against the French, he 
sent to Lieutenant Colonel Lee, to inquire for Champe; 
intending to bring him imo the field, at the head of a 
comptmy of infantry. Lee sent to L(>udon county, Vir- 
giniii, where Champe had settled after he was discharg- 
ed ; but learnt that he had jemoved to Kentucky, where 
he soon after died. — jLec's Memoirs, 

The cruelties inflicted by the British in the progress 
of the war. drew from Congress, the following represen* 
taiion and remonstrance : 

In Congress. April 18, 1777. 

"The committee aj>pointed to inquire into the conduct 
of the enemy, beg leave to report, — 

That in every place where the enemy has been, there 
are heavy complaints of opjiression, injury and insult, 
suffered by the inhabitants, from soldiers, and Ameri- 
cans disaffycted to their country's cause. The commit- 
tee found these complaints so greatly diversified that it 
was impossible to enumerate ihem, so it appeared ei^ 
ceedingly difficult to give a distinct and comprehensive 
view of themj or such an account as would not, if pub- 
34* 



401 HISTORY OF tJ. STATES. 

iislied. appear extreaiely defective vvlien read by theun- 
ha|)py sufferers, or the country in general. In order, 
however, in some deirree to answer the drs .in of llieir 
appoinUneni, they deterniiued to divide ihe object of 
their inqniry into four parts. First, the wanton and op- 
pressive devastation of the country, and the destruction 
of property. Second, tlie inlniman treatment of tiiose 
who were so unhappy as to become their prisoners. — 
Third, tiie savao^e butchery of many who had submitted 
or were incapable of resistance. Fourth, the hist and 
biutalityof the soldiers in abusinu; of women. They 
will therefore now briefly state what they found to be 
the truth upon each of those heads separately, and sub- 
join to the whole affidavits and other evidence to support 
their assertion. 

First, — The wanton and oppressive devastation of the 
ecu n try. and destruction of property. 

The whole track of the British army is marked with 
desolation, and a wanton destruction of property, par- 
ticularly through West Chester county, in the State of 
New-York, the towns of Newark, Elizabeth-Town, 
A\o()dl)ridij;e, Brim>wick, Kinajston, Princeton and Tren- 
ton, in N^w-Jersey. Tlie fences destroyed, liouses de- 
serted, pulled in pieces, or consumed by fire, and the 
general face of waste and devastation, spread over a rich 
and once well cultivated and well inhabited country, 
would affect the most unfeeKng; with compassion for the 
utdiappv sufferers, and with indijiiiiation and resentment 
ao^ainstthe barbarr>us ravaoers. It deserves notice that 
thouiih there are many instances of rajre and venjfeance 
against paiticalar {)ersons, yet rhe rlestruction was very 
general, and olten undistinjiuished ; those who submitted 
and took protections, and s«)me who were knf)wn to fa- 
vor them, having frequently suffered in the conunon ruin. 
Places and thinirs. which from • heir. public nature and 
weneral utility should have been spared by civilized peo- 
ple, have been destroyed or plundered, or b(>th. But a- 
bove all, fdaces of worship, ministers, and other reli- 
gious persons of some particular Protestant denomina- 
tions, seem to have been treated with the most rancor- 
ous hatred, and at the same time, with the highest con- 
tempt. 

Second, — The inhuman treatment of those who were 
»p unhappy as lo become prisoners. 



APPENDIX, 40t 

The prisoners, instead of the fiumane treatment which 
thoge tak^n by the United States (experienced, were in 
general treated with the greatest barbarity. Many of 
them were near fonr days without food altogether. — 
When they received a supply, it was both insulEiicient in 
point of quantity, an 1 often of the wor»t kind. They 
suffered the urmost distress from cold, nakedness and 
clnse confinement. Freemen and men of SLd^stance 
suffered all that a a^enerous mind could suffer from the 
contempt and mockery of British and foreign mercena- 
ries. iMultitudes died in prison. When they were sent 
out, several died in the boats while carrying ashore, or 
upon the road attempting to go home. The committee, 
in the course of their inquiry, learned that sometimes 
the common soldiers exprest^ed sympathy with the pris- 
oners, and the foreigners^ mo.e than tln' Enirlish But 
this was seldom or never the case with the officers; nor 
have they been able »o \w,\a- of any charitable assistance 
given them by the inhabitants who remained in or re- 
sorted to the city of New-York, which neglect, if uni- 
versal, they believe was never known to happen in any 
similar case in a christain country. 

Third, — The savage butchery of those who had sub- 
mitted, and were incapable of resistance. 

The commitcee found it to be the general opinion of 
the people in the neiirliborhood of Princeton and Tren- 
ton, that the enemy the day before the battle of Prince- 
tim, had determined to give no quarter. They did not, 
however, obtain any clear proof that there were general 
orders for that purpose, but the treatment of several |>ar- 
ticular persons at and since that time has been .of the 
most shocking kind, and gives too much countetiance to 
the supposition. Officers wounded and disai)led, some 
of them of the first rank, were barbarouslv mattsfled or 
put to death. A minister of the j:: »spel at Trenton, who 
nei;hei- was nor had been in arms, was massacred in 
cold b (od, tbouijh humbly supplicating for mercy.* 

Fo'irth, — The lust and brutality of the so!diers in a- 
busing women. 

I'he commit ee had authentic information of many 
instances of the most indecent treatmett, nnd actual 
ravishment of married and single women, but such is 



*Mr. Rosebur;^h, minister at the Forks of Delaware. 



403 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

the nature of that most irreparable injury, that the per- 
sons suffering it, and tlieir relations, though perfectly in- 
nocent, look upon it as a kind of reproach to have the 
facts related, and their names known. They have how- 
ever, procured some affidavits which will he [)ub- 
lished in the appendix. The originals are lodged with 
the secretary oi the Congress. Some complaints were 
made to the commanding officers upon this subject, and 
one affidavit nmde before a .Justice of the Peace, but the 
committee could not learn that any satisfaction was ev- 
er given, or punishment inflicted, except that one sol- 
dier at Pennyion, was kept in custody for part of a 
day. 

On the whole, the committee are sorry to say that the 
cry of barbarity and cruelty is but too well founded, and 
as in conversation those who are cool to the American 
cause, have nothing to oppose to the facts but their be- 
ing incredible, and not like what they are pleased to 
style the generosity and clemency of the English nation, 
the Committee beg leave to observe that one of the cir- 
cumstances most frequently occurring in thejinquiry, was 
the o{>probious, disdainful names given to the Americans. 
These do not need any proof, as they occur so frequent- 
iy in the newspapers printed under their direction, and 
in the interce]jted letters of those who are officers, and 
call lhem?clves gentlemen. It is easy therefore, to see 
wltat must be the conduct of a soldier greedy of prey, 
towards a people wb(»m they have been taught to look 
upon not as freemen defending their rights on principle, 
but as desperadoes and profligates, M'ho have risen up 
against law and order in general, and wish the subver- 
sion of society itself. This is the most candid and char- 
itable manner in which the committee can account for 
the melancholy truths which they have been obliged to 
report. Indeed, the some deluding principle seerns to 
govern persoHs and bodies of the highest rank in Brit- 
ain, for it is worthy of notice, that not pamphleteers on- 
ly, but king and }uirliament constantly call those acts 
lenity, which on their first publication filled this whole 
continent with resentment and horror. 

The above if prjt received, approved, and ordered to 
fee published with the proofs. 

Charles Thompson, Secretary." 



APPENDIX. 405 

In Congress, November 1, 1777. 

"A PROCLAMATION. 

"Forasmuch as it is the indispehsihie duty of all meia 
to adore the superintending Providence of Almiglitjr 
God; to acknowledge, with gratitude, their obligation 
to him for benefits received, and to implore such farther 
blessings as they stand in need of; and it having pleased 
Him, in his abundant mercy, not only to continue to us 
the innumerable botinties of his common providence, 
but also smile upon us in the prosecution of a just and 
necessary war, for the defence and establishment of our 
unalienable rights and liberties; particularly in that he 
hath been pleased in so great a measure to prosper the 
means used for the support of (»ur troops, and to crown 
OHr arms w* h most signal success : it is therefore recom- 
mended to the legislative or executive j)owers of these 
United States, to set apart Thursday, the ISth day of 
December next, for solemn thank^giving and j>raise ; 
that with one heart and one voice, the good people 5nay 
express the gratefu' feelings of their hearts and conse- 
crate themselves to the service of their Divine Benefac- 
tor ; and that together with their smceie acknowledg- 
ments and offerings, they ma} j«»in llie peniter.t confes- 
sion of their manifold sins, whereby they had forfeited 
every favour, and tlieir humble and earnest supplication 
that it may please God, through the merits of Jesus 
Christ, mercifully to forgive and blot them out of remem- 
brance; that it may please him graciously to aflord his 
blessings on the governments of these states respective- 
ly, and prospprthe public cf»uncd of the whole; to in- 
spire our commanders, both by land and sea, and all 
under them, with that wisdom and fortitude which may 
render them tit instruments, under the Providence of 
Almighty God, to secure for these United States, the 
greatest of all f)lessings, independence and peace; that 
it may please him to prosper the trade and manuficiures 
of the people, and the labor of the husbandman, that 
our land may yield its increase: to t ike schools and 
seminaries of education, so necessary for cullivalmg the 
principles of true liberty, virtue and j)iety, under his nur- 
turing hand, and to prosper the means of religion, for 
the promotion and enlargement of that kingdom which 



406 HTSTOKY OF U. STATES. 

cn!)sistetb in rigliteousness, peace and joy in the Holy 
Ghosn 

And it is fiirllier recommended, that servile hibour and 
sue)) recreation as, th(>ntf!i at «nher times inj^ocent, may 
be nnbecotninp tiie purpose of tins appointment, be omit- 
ted on so solemn an occasion." 

Hy the Congress of the United States of America. 
MANIFESTO. 

" Thfsk Unired States having been driven to bostilities 
by the «p;>ressive and tyrannous measures of Great- 
Britain; bavino- been compelled to commit tbe essential 
rigbts of man totbe decision of arms ; and liavini» been 
at lenji'tb forced to shake off a yoke which had lirown 
too l)ur« ensonie to bear, ihey declared themselves free 
an<; independent. 

• Cobfidiriir \n the justice of their cause; confiding in 
Ilim who disposes of human evenis. allliouob weak und 
ni!| rovided, they set the power ol their enemies at de- 
fiance. 

In ibis c( nfidence tliev have continued, tbroujrh ^he 
vnrutus f(»rtune ot three blo(. dy cann aii»ns, unawK! by 
the |>owers, unsid>dued by the barbarity of tiieir foes. — 
Tltcir virtuous cittz* ns have borne, without re})ininii', »be 
loss of man) tbinjis which nuule bte desirable. TI.eir 
brave tnops l:.>ve paticiiily entbired the hardships and 
danirers of a situati«)n, Iruitlni in both beyond example. 

1 he ( (iigress coitisicierMig" ti:eni!-e!ves b«»und t(» love 
th(ii e!;( Uucs, as chiioien ot thai Beiiig vvbf» is equally 
the Father of all, and desirous, since they eould not pre- 
vent, at least to alleviate the calamiti* s of war, have 
studied to spare ihose who were in arms against thera, 
and to lighten tie chains of capHvity. 

1 he conduct ot th< se serving under the King of Great 
Britain, bath, with some tew ex<'eptkor.s, been diamet- 
rically opposite. They have laid waste the open coun- 
try, burned the defenceiess village.^, and butchered the 
citizens oi Anjeiica. T bnr prisons have been the 
slaughter-houses of her soldiers ; their ships of her sea- 



APPENDIX. 40t 

snen ; and the severest injuries have been a2:<^ravated by 
the grossest insults. 

Foiled iu their vain attempt to subjugate the uncon- 
querable spirit of freedom, they have meanly assailed 
the Representatives of America, with bribes, with deceit, 
and the servility of adulation. They I ave made a mock 
of humanity, by the wanton destruction of men ; they 
have made a mock of religion, by impious appeals to 
Gi*d, whilst in the violation of his sacred commands ; 
they have made a mock even of reason itself, by endeav- 
ourinir to prove, that the liberty and happiness of Amer- 
ica could safely be entrusted to those who have sold their 
r^/^Jrt, unawed by the senr^e of virtue, or of shame. 

Treated wilh the contempt which such conduct de- 
served, thev have applied to individuals; they have soli- 
cited them to break the bonds of allegiance, and imbrue 
their souls with the blackest of crimes; hut fearing that 
none could be found through these United States, equal 
to ihe wickedness of their purpose, to influence weak 
minds, they have threatened more wide devastation. 

While the shadow of hope remained, that our ene- 
mies could be taught by our example to respect those 
laws which are held sacred among civdized nations, and 
to comply with the dictates of a relifjinn which they pre- 
tend in common with us to believe and rt^vere, they have 
been left to the influence of that religi.on, and that ex- 
ample. But since their incorrigible di^ipositiotts cannot 
be touched by kindness and compassion, it becimies our 
duty by other means to vindicate the rights of humau» 
ity. 

VV»*, therefore, the Congress of the United ^^tate.^ of 
America, do solemnly dkci ate and PKot-LAiM, That if 
our enemies presume to exci'ute tiieir threats, or persist 
in thei present career of barbarity, we will take suv-.h ex- 
emplary vengeance as shall deter otherN fr<»m a like con- 
duct. We appeal to that God who ^ea!clJeth tin- he.iits 
of men, for the rectitude of our intentions. And m his 
holy presence we declare, That as we are not moveii by 
any liuht and hasty sugjiestions of anger or revenge. >o 
thrt-ngh every possible change ot fortune, we wi ! aolnre 
to this our d« lerminati m. 

Done IU (you5»ress, by unanimous c»»iisen , the JiOih iiaf 
of Ocit.ber, 1778* 

Aitestf Cw^uLEs Thompson, iSec." 



408 niSTORY OF tJ. STATES. 

LETTER FROM MAJOR ANDRE TO GENERAL WASHINGTON, 
PREVIOUS TO HIS TRIAL. 

''Salem, 2ith September, 1780. 

" Sir — What I have a? yet said, concf rning myself, 
was in the justifiable attempt to be extricated; lam too 
little accustomed to duplicity to have succeeded. 

"1 beofyour Excellency will be persuaded, that no al- 
teration in the temper of my mind, or apprehension for 
my safety, induces me to take the step of addressing you, 
but that it is to secure myself from an imputation of 
having assumed a mean character for treacherous pur- 
poses or self interest — a conduct incompatible with the 
principles that actuated me, as well as with my condition 
in life. 

" It is to vindicate my fame, that I speak, and not to 
solicit security. 

"The person in your possession, is Major John Andre, 
Adjutant-General to the British army. 

"The influence of one commander in the army of his 
adversary, is an advantage taken in war. I agreed to 
meet on ground not within the posts of either army, a 
person who was to give me intelligence ; I came up in 
the Vulture, man of war, for this effect, and was fethced 
by a boat from the shore to the beach : being there, 1 was 
told that the approach of day would prevent my return, 
and that I must be concealed till the next night. I was 
in my regimentals and had fairly risked my person. 

" Against my stipulation, my intention, and without 
my knowledge beforehand, 1 was conducted within one 
of your posts. Your Excellency may conceive my sen- 
sation on this occasion, and will imagine how much 
more I must have been affected by a refusal to re-conduct 
me back the next night, as I had been brought. Thus 
b<^come a prisoner, T had to concert my escape. I quit- 
ted my uniform, and was passed another way in the night, 
without the American posts to neutral ground, and in- 
formed, I was beyond all armed parties and left to press 
for New- York. I was taken at Tarrytown by some vol- 
unteers. 

"Thus as I have had the honor to relate, was I betray- 
ed intn ih'" vile condition of ai enemy in disguise with- 
in your posts. 

" Having avowed myself a British officer, I have DOth- 



Al^PENDIX. 409 

ing to reveal but what relates to myself, which is true on 
the honor of an officer and a gentleman. 

" The request I have to make of your Excellency, and I 
am c«)nscious I address myself well, is that in any rigour 
W^hich policy may dictate, a decency of conduct towards 
me. may evince that though unfortunate, I am branded 
with notliing dishonorable, as no motive could be mine 
but the service of my Ring, and as I was involuntarily 
an impostor. 

" Another request is, ihat 1 may be permitted to write 
an open letter to Sir Henry Clinton, and another to a 
friend tor clothes and linen. 

*' 1 take the liberty to mention the condition of some 
gentlemen at Charleston, who, being either on parolt- or 
under protection, were engaged in aconspiracy against us. 
Though their situation is not similar, ihey are objects 
wh«» may be set in exchange for me, or are persons 
whom the treatment 1 receive might effect. 

" It is no less, sir, in a confidence in the generosity of 
your mind, than on aci^ount of your superior station, 
that 1 have chosen to importune you with this letter. 1 
have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your Ex- 
cellency's m.osl obedient and humble servant, 

John Andhe, Adjutant-General. 

*' His Excellency General Washington, S^^c. tjrc.'* 

March lOi!/*, 1783. — In the midst of the perturbed 
state of affairs in camp, and while the day of final sep- 
aration was supposed to be near at hand, the following 
anonymous letter, calculated to exasperate the passiuni 
of the moment, was privately circulated : — 

TO THE OFFICERS OF THE ARMY. 

" Gentlemen, — A fellow soldier, whose interest and 
affections bind him strcmgly to you, whose past suffer- 
ings have been as great, and whose future fortune may be 
as desperate as you?s — would beg leave to address you. 

*' Age has its claims, and rank is nut without its pre- 
tensions to advise; but, though unsupported by both, be 
35 



410 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

flatters himself, that the plain language of sincerity and 
experience, will neither be unheard nor unregarded. 

"Like many of you he loved private life, and left it 
with regret. He left it, determined to retire from the 
field, with the necessity that called him to it, and not till 
then — not till the enemies of his country, the slaves of 
power, and the hirelings of injustice, were compelled to 
abandon their schemes, and acknowledge America as 
terrible in arms, as she had been humble in remonstrance, 
With this object in view, he has long shared in your 
tods and mingled in your dangers, lie has felt the cold 
hand of poverty without a murmur, and ha^ seen the in- 
solence of wealth without a sigh. But, too much under 
the direction of his wishes, and sometimes weak enough 
to mistake desire for opinion, he has till lately — very 
lately, believed in the justice of his country. He hoped 
that as the clouds of adversity scattered, and as the sun- 
shine of peace and better fortune broke in on us, the 
coldness and severity of government would relax, and 
that more than justice, that gratitude would blaze forth 
on those hands which had upheld her, in the darkest 
stages of her passage from impending servitude to ac- 
knowledged independence. But faith has its limits, as 
well as temper, and there are points beyond which nei- 
ther can be stretched, without sinking into cowardice, 
or plunging into credulity. This, my friends, I conceive 
to be your situation, — hurried to the very edge of both, 
another step would ruin you forever. To be tame and 
unprovoked when injuries press hard upon you, is more 
than weakness; but to look up for kinder usage, without 
one manly effort of your own, would fix your character 
and show the world how richly you deserve those chains 
you broke. To guard against this evil, let us take a 
review of the ground on which we now stand, and thence 
carry our thouglits forward for a moment, into the un- 
explored field of experiment. 

"After a pursuit of seven long years, the object for 
which we set out is at length brought within our reach — 
yes, my friends, that suffeiing courage of your.s was ac- 
tive once, — it has conducted the United States of Amer- , 
ica ihrough a doubtful and bloody war. It has placed 
her in the chair of independe«cy, and peace returns a-, 
gain to bless — v?ho ? A country willing to redress your 
wrongs, cherish your worth, and reward your services 1 



APPENDIX. 411 

A country courting your return to private life, with tears 
of gratitude, and smiles of admiration, longing to divide 
with you ihat independency which your gdllaiitry has 
given, and those riches which your wounds have preserv- 
ed ? Is this the case 1 or is it rather a country that tram- 
ples on your rights, disdains your cries, and insults your 
distresses 1 Have you not more than once suggested 
your wishes, and made known your wants to Coiigress? 
wants and wishes which gratitude and policy should have 
anticipated rather than evaded ; and have you not lately, 
in the meek language of entreating memorials, begged 
from their justice, what you could noloni'^er ex;.eL*t from 
their favour? How have you been answered? Let the 
letter you are called to consider to-nvrr.tw reply. 

" If this then be your treatment, while the swords you 
wear are necessary for tlie defence of x\merira, v\'hat 
have you to expect from pea(!e, when your voice shall 
sink, and your strength dissipate by divisiiUi? wlwn those 
very swords, the instruuients and companions of yc-ur 
glory, shall be taken from your sides, -an ' no nniuiciug 
lu-dv'ii of military distinction be left \ni \n\u wa?.'>, in- 
fiifiiaties and scars ? Can you then conr-en; to b;: the 
on!v Mifferers by this revolution, and retinng from the 
field, grow old in poverty, wretchedness and cf:ntempt? 
Can you consent to wade through the vile mire of de|ien- 
dency, and owe the mirfleralde reri'iiant of that life to 
charity, whicli has hitherto btten s})ent in honor? If you 
<uin — go — and carry with you the jest of lories and the 
scorn of whigs— the ridicule, and what is worse, the pity 
oftJ5e world Go, starve, and be forgotteti ! But if your 
spirit should revolt at this; if you have sense enough to 
difCf>ver,and spii it enough to oppose tyranny under wliat- 
e\er ixarb it may assume; whether it be the plain coat of 
j-epublicanism, or the splendid robe of royally ; if you have 
not yet learned to discriminate between a people and a 
cause, between menand principles — awake; attend to 
your situ.ition, and redress yourselves. If the present 
moment be lost, every future effort is in vain ; and your 
threats then, will be as empty as yotir entreaties now. 

"I would advise you, therefore, to come to some final 
opinion on what you can bear, and what you will suffer. 
If your determination be in any proportion to your 
wrongs, carry your appeal from the justice, to the fears 
of irovernment. i>han"fe the milk and water style of 



412 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

your last memorial ; assume a bolder tone — decent, but 
lively, spirited and determined, and suspect tbe man 
who would advise to more moderation and long^er for- 
bearance. Let two or three men, who can feel as well 
as write, he appointed to draw up your last remonstiance ; 
for I would no longer give it the uing, soft, unsuccessful 
epithet of memorial. Let it be represented in language 
thai will neither dishonor you by its rudeness, nor betray 
you by its fears, what has been pnnnised by Congress, 
and what has been performed — how long and how pa- 
tiently you have suffered — how litile you have asked, and 
how much of that little has been denied. Tell ihem, 
that, though you were the first, and would wish to be the 
last to encounter danger, though despair itself can never 
drive you into dishonor, it may drive yon from the field ; 
thar the wound often irritated, and never healed, may at 
length become incurable ; and tfiat the slightest mark of 
indignity from Ctaigress now must operate like the grave, 
and part you forever ; that in any political event, the ar- 
my ha.-? its alternative. If peace, that nothing shall sep- 
arate you from your arms but death ; if war, tliat court- 
ing the auspices, and inviting the directions of your illus- 
trious leader, you will retire to some unsettled country, 
smile in your turn, and " mock when their fear cometh." 
But let it represent also, that should they comply with 
the request of your late menibrial, it would make you 
more nappy, and thenj more respectable. That while 
war shouhl continue, you would follow their standard in- 
to the field, and when it came to an erul you would with- 
draw into the sliade of private life, and give the world 
another subject ^f w(»nder and applause ; an army vic- 
torious over its enemies — victorious over itself." 

April I8th, 1783.-~The Commander-in Chief 'thus 
addressed the army, on the cessation of hostilities: — 

*' The Commander-in-Chief orders the cessation oi 
hostilities, between the Lnited States of America and 
the Ring of Great Britain, to be publicly proclaimed to- 
morrow at twelve o'clock, at ihe New Building; and 
that the proclamation which will be communicated here- 
with, be read to-morrow evening, at the head of every 
i-egiment and corps of the army ; after which, the chap- 



APPENDIX. 413 

lains, with tlie several brigades, will render thanks to 
Alinji^hiy God for all his mercies, parlicularly for his 
overrnluiof the wrath of man to his own glory, and caus- 
ing the rage of war to cease among the nations. 

*'The ('ommander-in-Chief, far from endeavoring to 
stifle the feelings of joy in his own bosom, offers his ni-st 
cordial c»i*ngratulations on the occasion, to all the otfi- 
eers of every denomination — to h11 the troops of the 
United States in general, and in particular to those gal- 
lant and persevering men who had resolved to defend 
the rights of their invaded country so long as ihe war 
should continue; for these are the men who ought so he 
considered as the pride and boast of the American army, 
and who, crowned with well earned laurels, may soon 
withdraw from the field of glory, to the more tranquil 
walks of civil life. 

" While the General recollects the almost infinite vari- 
ety of scenes through which we have passed, witii a mix- 
ture of phasure, astonishment, and grati-tude — while he 
contemplates the prospects before us with rapture, — he 
cannot help wishii>of that all the brave men, of whatever 
condition they may be, who have shared in the toils and 
dangers of effecting this glorious revolution, of rescuing 
milhonsfrom the hand of r)ppression, and of laying the 
foundation <if a great em[Mre, might be impressed with a 
proper idea of the dignified part they have been called 
to act, under the smiles of Providence, on the stage of 
human affairs; for happy, thrice happy, shall tliey be 
pronounced hereafter, who have comributed any thing, 
who have performed the meanest office in erecting ihiji 
stupendous fabric of Freedom and Empire, on the broad 
basis of independency; who have assisted in protecting 
the righ'.s of human nature, and establishing an asylum 
for the poor and oppressed of all nations and religions. 
"Theglorit»us task for which we first flew to arms, 
being thus accomplished, — the liberties of oar country 
being fully acUriowledged am* firmly secured, by ihe 
smile? of Heaven on the purity of our cause, and tlie 
honest exertions of a feeble people, determined to be 
free, against a powerful nation disposed to oppress them ; 
and the character or those who have persevered through 
every extremity ol* hardship, suffering and darssf r, bt- 
ing immoriahzeci by the illusinous appellation of tht© 
35* 



414 HISTORY OF U. STATES. 

Patriot Army,— Y\o{h\i\^ now remains but for tho uctors 
ot tliis niiol.ty scene to preserve a perfect, unvarying 
con^ir-ttncv of character through tlie very last act; to 
close the drania with applause ; and to retire from the 
military thiiatre with the same approbation of angels and 
men, which have crowned all their former virtuous ac- 
tions. 

" For this purpose, no disorder or licentiousness must 
be tolerated ; every considerate and well disposed sol 
dier must remember it will be absolutely necessary to 
wait with patience, till peace shall be declared, or Con- 
gress shall be enabled to take proper measures for the se- 
curity of the public stores, &c. So soon as these ar- 
rangements shall be made, the General is confident there 
will be no delay in discliarging, with (i\ttry mark of dis- 
tinction and honor, all the men enlisted for the war, 
wlio will then have faithfully performed their engage- 
ments with the public. The General has already inter- 
ested iimself in their behalf; and bethinks he need not 
repeat the assurances of his disposition to be useful to 
them on the present, and every other proper occasion. 
In the meantime, he is determined that no military neg- 
lects or excesses shall go unpunished, while he retains 
the command of the army. 

"The A(ijuiant-General will have such worUinjr par- 
ties detailed to assist in making the preparation for a 
general rejoicing as the chief engineer, with the army, 
shall call for; and the Quarter Master- General will also 
furnish such materials as he may want. The Quarter- 
Master-General will, without delay, procure such a num- 
ber of discharges to be printed as will be suffi« ient for 
all the men enlisted for the war ; he will please tt> apply 
to head-quarters for the form. 

" An extra ration of liquor to be issued tn every man 
to-morrow, to cl^ink per pet uai peace, inch pendtnct and hap- 
pineas to the United States of America*** 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

PARTI, 

PLYMOUTH. 

Commencement o '' the settlement of Niw-England. 

Fasfe. 
Causes which led to the settlement of N.England, 25 
Landing- of the pilgrims at Plymouth, 27 

A treaty of alliance formed with the Massachusetts 

tribe of Indians, 28 

Plymouth patent obtatined, ib. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Grant of Massachusetts-Bay to H. Roswell and 

others, 29 

First settlement in Salem, 30 

Massachusetts hill of riajhts, 31 

Establishment of Harvard Colle.?e, 32 

General Confederacy of Nevv-Eni»;land, 33 

CONNECTICUT. 

Grant of Connecticut to the Earl of Warwick, ib. 

Emigrants from Massachusetts settle at Windsor 

and Wethersfield, 34 

Dutch from New- York, commence establishments at 

Branford and Hartford, &c. ib. 

Of New-Haven settlement, 35 

RHODE-ISLAND. 

Of Rev. Roger Wdliams, and his banishment from 

Massachusetts, 86 

Settlement of Rhode-Island, &c. 37 

Establishme?U of the Lniversity at Warren, 38 

Hhtory of the Pilgrims, continued. 

Pequot war, and destructiiin of lh(^ Fequots, ib. 

General account of the natives ol New-England, 42 

Philip's war, 44 

De.struction of Deerfield, 45 

Victory over the savages, 46 

Ravages of the enemy, 47 

Death of Phihp, and return of peace, 4S 

NEW-HAMPSHIUE. 

Commission of Charles II. for governing New- 
Hampshire, 49 
Separation from Massachusetts, 50 
Troubles in the uovernnjent, ib 
New-liarnpshire again under the protection of Mas- 

issichusetts, iS 



416 CONTENTS. 

Page. 
Extensive Indian war, 52 

NEW-HAMP&HIRE, CONTINUED. 

Kinjr William's war, and Indi:in war, 53 

Attempt to conquer Quebec, wiwch failed, 54 

History of the Pilgrims^ Continued. 
Massachusetts' new charter, embracing Plym- 

outli, &c. 54 

Witchcraft at Salem, 55 

Indian invasion from Canada, and ravage of Deer- 
field, ib. 
History of the Pilgrims, continued. 
General affairs of Connecticut, 57 
Attempt of SirE.lmond Andros to obtain the char- 
ter of the colony, 59 
Notices of the principal events as they occurred, 

down to nil, 60 

Yale College established, 61 

MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW-HAMPSHIRE, CONTINUED. 

Fouith Itidian war, 62 

Treaty of peace with the Indians, ib. 

Troubles in the government, 63 

French war and conquest of Louisburg, 64 

Attempt of the Frencb to recover the same, 66 

Fence, 67 

Controversies in Massachusetts, 63 

General affairs of the Colonies, 

Freneh Forts on the Ohio, &c. Q9 
Atiaik and defeat of a party of French, near Fort 

Duquesne, 70 

Can»paign of 1755 and '57, 71 

C<ini[«aivin of 1758, 76 

Tanipaign of 1759, 80 

Cj(nipai{*n of 1760, 84 
Geneial arrangements in Europe to prosecute the 
war. with a view to obtain an equitable 

peace, $5 

Indian war, 86 

VERMONT. 

Contested claims between New York and New- 
Hampshire, (or this tract of country, 90 
Virjiinia. nr.iH e oi ('•• fiin S'mith, 95 
Uiiitory of Virginia, d«wn to 1763, ib. 



CONTENTS. 417 

Page. 
PART IL 

History of North and Sourli Carolina, down to 1696, 107 
^Tlie same conlinued to Ui85, 111 

IjThe same coniinaed to 1703, 116 

The same C(mtinued to 1717, 121 

The same continued to 1744, 126 

iThe same continued to 1764, 129 

J New York — its discovery ; rise and progress of the 

colony t(. 1701, 131 

History of New York continued to 1763, 141 

Rise and progress of New Jersey to J 758, 144 

Rise and progress of Delaware down to 1762, 145 

Rise and progress of Pennsylvania down to the 

peace of 1763, 148 

Rise and progress of Maryland, from its origin 

down lo the Ami^rican Revolution, 156 

Rise and progress of (Georgia, from its origin down 

to the American Rev<»hition, 162 

PART III. 

Causes that led to the American Revolution, 166 

The same continued, 174 

The same continued to the hattle of Lexington, 179 

PART 1\ 
American Revolution continued from the battle of 
Lexington to the fall of Montgomery at Que- 
bec, ^ 190 
' Revolution continued from the fall of Montgomery 

to the evacuation of Boston, 200 

^ Revolution continued — capture of New- York, 206 

i Revolution continued, 214 

I Battle at Bennington, 218 

Capture of Burgoyn^^'s army, 222 

Revolution continued — proceedings of Congress, 224 

Treaty with France, 226 

' Arrival of a French fleet in the Delaware, 233 

Arrangement for the war in Rhode-Island, 234 

General operations of the Revolution continued — 

attempt of the British commissioners to bribe 

a Member of Congress, 236 

Destruction of Wilkesbarre, 238 

Operations in the Southern States, 241 

Depredations of the enemy in Connecticut, 247 

General operations of the Revolution continued, 249 



418 CONTENTS. 

Pf.ge. 
Unsuccessful attempt of the French and American 

trooj)?, on tfie enemy at Savannah, 250 

Charleston, with General Lincoln's army, captured, 254 
Depredations of the enemy in Connecticut, ib. 

Arrival of a French fleet with troops, at Rhode- 
Island, 256 
Movements of the enemy in the Southern States, 257 
Revolution continued — Arnold's treachery, 262 
Meeting of Rochanibeau and Washington, in Weth- 

ersfield, 263 

Capture of Lord Cornwallis and army, 267 

Revolution continued — Arnold's capture of New- 
London, 270 
Mf>vements of General Greene's army in the south, 272 
Resolution against the further prosecution of the 

war, by the British House of Commons, 274 

NejUfotiations for peac; — and ratification, ib. 

DiSiifiection in the American army. Sec. 275 

General Washington's Circular to the Governors of 

the States, 276 

Disbandment of the army, 277 

Formation of the Society of Cincinnati, 278 

PART V. 
Causes that led to a change of government in the 

United States, 279 

Meeting of the Convention at Philadelphia, and 

formation of rhe Constitution, 281 

General Washington chosen President of the Unit- 
ed States,^' 282 
PARI' VL 
Organization of government — origin of party, 283 
l^leasures ot the first Congress under the Constitu- 
tion, ^ 284 
Tour of Washington through the Northern States, ib. 
Second session of the first ('onirress, 286 
First session of the secon<l Congress, 288 
Indian war, 290 
Second session of the second Congress, 291 
Defeat of General St. Clair's army, by the Indians, 293 
Of parties in the Cabinet, 294 
Insurrection in Pennsylvania, 296 
Measures of Congress — National Debt, 297 



CONTENTS. 419 

Page. 
Second election of General Washington, Presi- 
dent, 298 
French Revolution, ih. 
Proclamation of neutrality, 299 
Measures of M. Genet, French Minister, ib. 
Preparations for the Algerine war, 803 
Depredations on American commerce by English 

and French vessels, ib. 

Indian war — Wayne's battle, 304 

Suppression of the Pennsylvania insurrection, 305 

Ratification of Jay's treaty, 306 

Treaty of ])eace with Algiers, 307 

Arrival of M. Adct, French Minister, ib. 

Retirement of President W^ishington, to private life, 308 
John Adams chosen President, ib. 

PART VIT. 
Adams' administration — negotiations with France, 300 
Raising of an army, 310 

Death of General Washington, ib. 

Measures of party — election of Thomas JeiFcrson, 

President, 311 

Of Mr. Jefferson's inaugural speech, 312 

Difficulties with Spain, and purchase of Louisiana, ib. 
War with Tripoli, 313 

Aaron Burr's intrigue, 314 

Attack on the Chesapeak, 315 

Orders in Council, and Berlin and Milan decrees — 

negotiations, &c. ib. 

James Madison elected President, 316 

Attack by the sloop of war Little Belt, on the Amer- 
ican frigate President, 317 
Of John Henry's correspondence, ib. 
Declaration of war against Great-Britain, 318 
Of the war with Great-Britain — Hull's surrender, ib. 
Capture of the Guerriere frigate, of the Frolic sloop 

of war, and of the Java frigate, 319 

Movements of the Armies in the north and west, 320 
Capture of the brig of War Peacock, and loss of 
the Chesai^eak, and capture of the Pelican 
and Boxer, brigs of war, 324 

War continued — operations on the sea board, a- 
gainst Canada, Louisiana, &c. victory on 
Lakes Erie and Champlain, — peaces 226 



420 CONTENTS. 

PART VIIL Pa^ 

Chronological view of the Western States, as they be- 
came Territoi'iaf governments and were ad- 
mitted into the Union* 
History of the No» th-Western Territory, 339 

Settlement ifec. of Kentucky, Tennef^see, and Ohio, 340 
Do. do. Louisiana, Mississippi, Illinois, 

Alabama, and Missouri, 345^ 

Do. do. Arkansas, East and West Florida, 34^ 
APPENDIX. 
A brief Chronological viiiv (f the United States, 
Boundaries of the U. States, Lakes and Rivers, 34^ 

Canalh and facilities for opening canals, ib. 

Soil and productions of the United Stales, 349 

Mines and minerals, ib. 

Valines, natural curiosities, commerce, 35C 

Mountains, government, religion, 351 

Literature, 352 

Population, census of th€ United States, 353 

Antiquities and curiosities, 355 

Remarks on do. 357 

Naval establishment, 359 

Declaration of Independence, 360 

Articles of Confederation betw^een the States, 364 

Con.stitution of the United States, 373 

Amendments to the Constitution, 384 

De la Barre and Garrangula, 388 

Indian war of 1697 — anecdote of Mr. Dustan's 

fauiily, 39^ 

Exploits of iiaron Viominel and La Fayette, at the 

capture of Cornwallis, 394 

Adventures of Sergeant Champe, 31^5 

Remonstrance of Con^^ress -igainst British cruelties, 400 
Proclan)ation for a national thanksgiving, 405 

Manifesto ot Congress, 406 

Letter from Majr.r Andre to General Wushington, 408 
Ani.nvmous letter to the Revolutionary Army, 4o9 

Address nf General Washington, on the cessation 

of hoaiiiities, 412 

THE END. 



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